identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E5464AFF80CB6EFF56F98CFEF8DE9D.text	03E5464AFF80CB6EFF56F98CFEF8DE9D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eneoptera caliginosa (Walker 1869) Robillard & Benavides-Lopez & Tan & Sperber 2026	<div><p>Eneoptera caliginosa (Walker, 1869) stat. nov.</p><p>Figs 1, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5, 6, 9A, 11B</p><p>Platydactylus caliginosus Walker, 1869: 79 .</p><p>Eneoptera surinamensis De Geer, 1838 — Kirby, 1906: 90 (synonym name); Chopard, 1931a: 16; Chopard, 1968: 348; Otte, 1994: 66; Cigliano et al., 2025 (Orthoptera Species File).</p><p>Eneoptera caliginosus? (Walker, 1869) — Robillard &amp; Desutter-Grandcolas, 2005: 416 (no type examination).</p><p>Eneoptera caliginosa (Walker, 1869) —this study, valid species.</p><p>Synonym names</p><p>Eneoptera gracilis Robillard, 2005 — syn. nov.</p><p>Type material. Holotype (Fig. 1A–D): GUYANA • ♂; #44.85, det. B.C. Townsend, 1975; NHMUK 016032953 [examined]</p><p>Additional material examined. GUYANA • 1♂; British Guiana, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-58.7019&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.3446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -58.7019/lat 6.3446)">Kartabo</a>; [6.3446 N, 58.7019W]; ix.1922; leg. Haviland M.D.; identified Eneoptera surinamensis by B. Uvarov Brit Mus 1924-519; NHMUK • 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.391518&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.273241" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.391518/lat 5.273241)">Kaieteur National Park</a>; 5.273241 –59.391517; on open vegetation; obs. tmurray74; iii.2012; iNaturalist 47297741 • 1♀; Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo; 2.92395, –58.73736; 24.ii.2022; a1virginia obs.; https://www. inaturalist.org/ observations/138951221 • 1♀; Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo; 3.75256, –59.30993, 19 m; 07.i.2025; jware42 obs. https://www. inaturalist.org/observations/257743428 • 1♀; Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo; 3.74749, –59.31245; 03.xi.2025; danbrown_wild-discovery-tours obs.; https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/327023226. BOLIVIA • 1♂; Trinidad; [–14.842134°, –64.888569°]; x.1917; ANSP • 1♀; Cuatro Ojos; [–17.770300° –63.231431°]; ix.1917; ANSP • 1♂; Yung Coroico; Haviland M.D. leg.; ix.1922; identified Eneoptera surinamensis by B. Uvarov; NHMW • 1♂; Prov. Del Sara; 450m; J. Steinbach leg.; ex Carn. Mus. Bruner cln.; ANSP. BRAZIL • 4♂; Chapada, near Cuiabá, Matto Grosso; [–15.555219°, –55.965805°]; previously identified Eneoptera surinamensis, Ex Carn. Mus. Bruner Cln.; ANSP • 5♀, 3♂; Chapada, Chapada; ex Carn. Mus. Bruner cln., identified E. surinamensis; ANSP. • 1♀; Paiva, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-34.94568&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.24975" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -34.94568/lat -8.24975)">Cabo de Santo Agostinho</a>, PE; –8.24975, –34.94568, 163 m; negromonte_ion obs.; 08.ii.2024; https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/250498695 • 1♀; Itamarati, Belo Horizonte, MG; –19.86777, –43.98796, 11 m; 31.x.2024; mogweh obs.; https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/249910264 • 1♀; Franco da Rocha, SP; – 23.33620, –46.69940, 201 m; 22.x.2024; https://www. inaturalist.org/observations/249568171 • 1♀; Caeté-Açu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-41.48652&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.66526" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -41.48652/lat -12.66526)">Palmeiras</a>, BA; –12.66526, –41.48652; 08.i.2024; alexandremarx obs.; https://www.inaturalist.org/ observations/196563162 • 1♀; Sorocaba, SP; –23.49166, –47.50692; 1.x.2023; douglasbete obs.; https://www. inaturalist.org/observations/188319466 • 1♀; Brasília, DF; –15.58674, –47.61565, 8 m; 08.x.2023; cdonner obs. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/186903781 • 1♀; Brasília, DF; –15.76587, –47.85708; 9.x.2023; jeanmartins obs.; https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/186943315 • 1♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.97886&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.19529" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.97886/lat -20.19529)">Piedade do Paraopeba</a>, Brumadinho, MG; –20.19529, –43.97886, 206 m; 03.x.2023; colibri82 obs.; https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/186096994 • 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-38.84528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.63526" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -38.84528/lat 3.63526)">Caucaia</a>, CE; 3.63526, –38.84528, 4 m; 5.xi.2022; ryanvieira obs. https://www.inaturalist.org/ observations/141388138 • 1♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.68648&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.33255" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.68648/lat 23.33255)">Parque Estadual do Juquery</a> — R. Miguel Segundo Lerussi, SP; 23.33255, –46.68648, 201 m; 1.v.2023; rick_costa obs; https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/201336366 • 1♀; Mata de São João, BA,; [–12.701943°, –38.342753°], Rafael Salvador obs.; https://www.insetologia.com.br/2018/07/grilo-eneoptera-nabahia.htm • 1♀; Itajá, GO; –19.067471, –51.548837; on vegetation in open area; vii.2019; vinisouza128 obs.; https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/28825474 • 1♀; Itajá, GO; –19.069642, –51.54068; on vegetation in open area; vii.2019; caroline_brasil obs.; https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/29225471 • 1♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.85889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.729445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.85889/lat -15.729445)">St. Hab Ind Norte</a>, Brasília, Distrito Federal; –15.729445, –47.858891; xii.2019; douglas-u-oliveira obs.; https://www.inaturalist.org/ observations/36297270 • 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.600445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.569503" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.600445/lat -15.569503)">ESEC Águas Emendadas</a>, Distrito Federal, Brasília; –15.569503, –47.600444; xii.2019; open area, on sandy soil; ericfischerrempe obs.; https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/36256476 • 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.05934&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.76587" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.05934/lat -15.76587)">Taguatinga</a>; –15.76587, –48.05934; 16.xi.2021; pedrosisnando obs.; https://www.inaturalist.org/ observations/101278829 • 1♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.88464&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.74373" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.88464/lat -15.74373)">Asa Norte</a>; –15.74373, –47.88464; 28.vii.2021; gafischer obs.; https://www. inaturalist.org/observations/88984221 • 1♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.54008&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.40532" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.54008/lat -22.40532)">Bela Vista</a>, Rio Claro, SP; –22.40532, –47.54008; 2.xi.2020; gussoni obs; https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/64060473 • 1♀; Cocalzinho de Goiás, GO; –15.71750, –48.33586; 24.x.2020; beatrizventura obs.; https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/63422890 • 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.60044&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.5695" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.60044/lat -15.5695)">ESEC Águas Emendadas</a>, Distrito Federal; –15.56950, –47.60044; 1.xii.2019; ericfischerrempe obs.; https://www.inaturalist.org/ observations/36256476 • 1♀; Itajá, GO; –19.06747, –51.54883; 13.vii.2019; vinisouza128 obs.; https://www. inaturalist.org/observations/28825474 • 1♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.42832&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.22139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.42832/lat -21.22139)">Panorama</a>, Araçatuba, SP; –21.22139, –50.42832, 362 m; 19.iii.2022; vinisouza128 obs.; https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/109551544 • 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.73414&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.77998" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.73414/lat 3.77998)">Amajari</a>, RR; 3.77998, –61.73414, 75 m; 20.vi.2025; viniciusviana obs.; https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/292218519 • 1♂; Brasilia, SQDS 403/404; –15.81184, –47.88731, 22 m; 30.ix.2024; mariobarroso obs. https://www.inaturalist.org/ observations/244909592 • 1♂; Brasilia; –15.79876, –47.87254, 25 m; 21.x.2024; andre_ambrozio obs.; https:// www.inaturalist.org/observations/248528622 • 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.95599&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.96301" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.95599/lat 15.96301)">Lago Sul</a>, Brasília, DF; 15.96301, –47.95599, 461 m; 27.v.2024; kamilly_eduarda_fc obs.; https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/218910985 • 1♀; Brasil, Maceió — AL, 57038- 640; –9.61359, –35.69245, 11 m; 19.i.2025; lucaskaminski obs.; https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/259003262 • 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.44824&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.55098" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.44824/lat -7.55098)">Rua Brasíliano Ribeiro de Souza</a>; –7.55098, –35.44824, 211 m; 16.i.2025; obs. Renanbryan; https://www. inaturalist.org/observations/258699580 • 1♀; Paiva, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-34.94568&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.24975" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -34.94568/lat -8.24975)">Cabo de Santo Agostinho</a>, PE; –8.24975, –34.94568, 163 m; negromonte_ion obs.; 08.ii.2024; https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/250498695 • 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.98796&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.86777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.98796/lat -19.86777)">Itamarati</a>, Belo Horizonte, MG; –19.86777, –43.98796, 11 m; 31.x.2024; obs. mogweh; https://www.inaturalist.org/ observations/249910264 • 1♀; Franco da Rocha, SP; –23.33620, –46.69940, 201 m; 22.x.2024; https://www. inaturalist.org/observations/249568171 • 1♀; Caeté-Açu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-41.48652&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.66526" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -41.48652/lat -12.66526)">Palmeiras</a>, BA; –12.66526, –41.48652; 08.i.2024; alexandremarx obs.; https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/196563162 • 1♀; Sorocaba, SP; –23.49166, – 47.50692; 1.x.2023; douglasbete obs.; https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/188319466 • 1♀; Brasília, DF; – 15.58674, –47.61565, 8 m; 08.x.2023; cdonner obs.; https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/186903781 • 1♀; Brasília, DF; –15.76587, –47.85708; 9.x.2023; jeanmartins obs.;https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/186943315 • 1♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.97886&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.19529" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.97886/lat -20.19529)">Piedade do Paraopeba</a>, Brumadinho, MG; –20.19529, –43.97886, 206 m; 03.x.2023; colibri82 obs.; https:// www.inaturalist.org/observations/186096994 • 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-38.84528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.63526" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -38.84528/lat 3.63526)">Caucaia</a>, CE; 3.63526, –38.84528, 4 m; 5.xi.2022; ryanvieira obs. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/141388138 • 1♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.68648&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.33255" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.68648/lat 23.33255)">Parque Estadual do Juquery</a> — R. Miguel Segundo Lerussi, SP; 23.33255, –46.68648, 201 m; 1.v.2023; rick_costa obs; https://www.inaturalist.org/ observations/201336366 • 1♀; Paraná, Tibagi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.2561&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.566" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.2561/lat -24.566)">Parque Estadual do Guartelá</a>; –24.566000 –50.256100; ix.2020; M. Fianco &amp; N. Szinwelski leg.; identified Eneoptera surinamensis; DZUP, Curitiba (http://orthoptera.archive. speciesfile.org/Common/specimen/ShowSpecimen.aspx?SpecimenID=153412). COLOMBIA • 3♂; Dept. Meta, 25 km ENE Pto Lopez on road to El Vento; leg. D.C.F. Rentz, T. Rouse; 9.iii.1971; ANSP • 1♀; Meta, Pto Lopez, Vereda Menegua; 14.iv.1984; R.A. Laguna leg.; identified T. Robillard, 2017; ICN • 1♀; Meta, Pto Lopez, Alto Menegua; 300 m; M. Carvajal leg.; 14.iv.1984; identified T. Robillard 2017; ICN • 1♂; Vichada department 2–3 km S of junction with entrance to Laguna Mozambique hacienda; area of dry moist forest degraded by cattle; N.D. Jago leg.; 17.vii.1981; ANSP • 1♂, 3♀; Menegua, Pto Lopez; N04°05'32.63, W72°48'44.1", 209 m; prairie en bord de forêt, sol sableux [open area near forest, sandy soil]; on low plant; 8–10.xii.2018; T. Robillard &amp; J.L. Benavides-Lopez leg; molecular samples E75, E77 (2♀); ICN • 1♂; Menegua, Pto Lopez; N04°05'32.63, W72°48'44.1", 209 m; prairie en bord de forêt, sol sableux [open area near forest, sandy soil]; on low plant; 8–10.xii.2018; T. Robillard &amp; J.L Benavides-Lopez leg; call recording in captivity, molecular sample E76; MNHN • 1♂, 1♀; Menegua, Pto Lopez; N04°05'32.63, W72°48'44.1", 209 m; prairie en bord de forêt, sol sableux [open area near forest, sandy soil]; on low plant; 8–10.xii.2018; T. Robillard &amp; J.L Benavides-Lopez leg; molecular sample E78 (1♀); MNHN • 1♂; Dept. Vaupés, San-José del Guaviare; M. Descamps leg.; xii.1970, holotype of E. gracilis; MNHN-EO-ENSIF221 • 3♂, 2♀; Dept. Vaupés, San-José del Guaviare; M. Descamps leg.; xii.1970, paratypes of E. gracilis; MNHN-EO-ENSIF223, ENSIF224, ENSIF225, ENSIF229, ENSIF230, ENSIF231 • 1♀; Dept. Vaupés, San-José del Guaviare; M. Descamps leg.; xii.1970, allotype of E. gracilis; MNHN-EO-ENSIF97 • 1♂, 1♀; J. Desplats leg.; paratype of E. gracilis, T. Robillard; MNHN-EO-ENSIF227, ENSIF236 • 1♀; Dept. Vaupés, Bocas del Ariari; M. Descamps leg.; xii.1970, paratypes of E. gracilis; MNHN-EO-ENSIF232 • 1♀; Dept. Amazonas, Rio Igaraparaná, 30 km aval La Chorrera; M. Descamps leg.; xii.1970, paratypes of E. gracilis, molecular sample Egr; MNHN-EO-ENSIF233 • 1♀; Dept. Amazonas, La Sabana; M. Descamps leg.; xii.1970, paratypes of E. gracilis, molecular sample Egr; MNHN-EO-ENSIF235. FRENCH GUIANA • 1♀; Cayenne; M. Klagea; ii.19?7, identified E. surinamensis; AMNH • 4♂, 13♀; Savane Nancibo; 04°38'53.3", 52°25'56.27"W; 14.xii.2018; SEAG leg.; solar pit-fall; MNHN • 1♂, 1♀; Secteur de Mana, Xt RN 1 organado à Mana et RN1 de l’Inini organ. A St Laurent; clairière, forêt, sous litière feuille morte, au sol; 12.i.1968; J. Bonfils leg.; MNHN • 1♀; Carrière de Luz, Kourou; 9.ix.2023; ZNIEF, DEAL Guyane, CNES leg.; malaise trap; MNHN • 1♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.92564&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.73192" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.92564/lat 5.73192)">Awala-Yalimapo</a>; 5.73192, –53.92564, 346 m; 29.v.2025; louloubeney obs.; https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/286291979. SURINAME • 1♀; Sud Suriname, Barrage ( Bragapuga [?]); identified E. gracilis paratype by T. Robillard, 2005; MNHN-EO-ENSIF237 • 1♂; Sud Suriname, Brarrage ( Bragapuga [?]); identified E. gracilis, paratype, by Robillard, 2005; MNHN-EO-ENSIF228 • 1♀; savanne 3e kamp opstrnik; D. C. Geyskes leg.; 15.x.1948; molecular sample E87; RMNH • 1♂, 1♀; savanne; D. C. Geyskes leg.; 12– 15.x.1948; RMNH • 1♀; savanne, Djaikreek km7.5; D. C. Geyskes; 10.X.1948; #1353; RMNH • 1♂; Tibitibos; 7.i.1949; D. C. Geyskes leg.; RMNH • 1♀; 7.i.1949; ex coll. Fruhstorfer, identified Eneoptera surinamensis by Brullé; MHNG. VENEZUELA • 2♀; Guarico, 63 km E. Jct Rts 18 and 8 on Rt 8; [c. 8.741241°, –66.239510°] 18.vii.1981; Otte et al. leg.; ANSP • 2♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=68.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 68.5/lat -9.0)">Cojedes Hato Mataclara</a>; 9°S, – 68°30'E; 12.vii.1981; Otte et al. leg.; molecular sample E91; ANSP • 1♂; Caripito; [10.107304°, –63.103077°]; 2.v.1942; gift of New York Zoo. Soc. Dept. Tropical Research; William Beebe Dir. Leg.; AMNH • 1♀; Departamento de Química Facyt, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.00145&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.27749" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.00145/lat 10.27749)">Naguanagua 2005</a>, Carabobo; 10.27749, –68.00145, 6 m; 04.ii.2025; hellviskamacaro obs.; https://www.inaturalist.org/ observations/260626525.</p><p>Taxonomic discussion. Chopard (1931a) mentioned that Platydactylus caliginosus differs from E. surinamensis in the study describing the species E. guyanensis . However, in his 1968 catalogue, he considered P. caliginosus as a synonym of E. surinamensis, with no further explanation (Chopard, 1968). The name was later treated by Robillard &amp; Desutter-Grandcolas (2005) as having an unclear status ( E. caliginosus ?) in their revision of Eneoptera and did not study the type specimen. Here, we compared the type specimens of E. caliginosa and E. gracilis, which revealed that despite minor differences, the two species are very similar in terms of external morphology and male genitalia (Figs 1, 3). Original descriptions by Walker (1869) are very brief, and E. gracilis was described without prior examination of the type of P. caliginosus; in this context, it is likely that E. gracilis, described from Colombia (Fig. 1E–G), could correspond to P. caliginosus, described from Guyana (Fig. 1A–D). Our comparisons of specimens from various localities from French Guiana, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname and Bolivia support this hypothesis, as there are only minor and inconsistent differences among these localities that could be either explained by intraspecific variation within a given series, or by the wide geographic range.</p><p>While no detailed molecular data is available yet to test the similarity between the two species, acoustic data are clearly supporting it: the call of E. gracilis has first been described by Zefa et al. (2022) based on the recording of specimens from Brazil. Interestingly, despite the fact that E. gracilis was previously known only from Colombia, Zefa et al. (2022) identified their specimens as E. gracilis, the only species likely matching the morphology and male genitalia of their recorded males. The male that we recorded here from the type locality of E. gracilis in Colombia is similar to the call described by Zefa et al. (2022) (Figs 4A, 5). It supports the hypothesis that the specimens from western (Colombia) and eastern (Brazil) South America belong to one species. Based on these pieces of evidence, and rule of priority, we synonymize E. gracilis Robillard, 2005 under Eneoptera caliginosa (Walker, 1869) stat. nov. as junior synonym (syn. nov.).</p><p>Distribution. Guyana (type locality), French Guiana, Brazil (new record), Colombia (type locality of E. gracilis), Venezuela (new record), Suriname, Bolivia (new record).</p><p>Differential diagnosis. Eneoptera caliginosa is close to E. surinamensis . While the species ’ general coloration is rather variable, it generally shows a contrast between the lighter dorsum compared to the rest of the body, dark brown. E. surinamensis and E. caliginosa are more similar in this than E. guyanensis and E. nigripedis, which are entirely dark brown (with less contrast between the dorsal part and the rest of the body). Both species also resemble each other for the dull brown male FWs, while E. guyanensis and E. nigripedis showing shiny dark brown FWs (Figs 1, 2). The two species are also more similar in terms of male genitalia, although they differ by shape of pseudepiphallus and endophallus. Morphologically, E. caliginosa can be distinguished from E. surinamensis by its thinner shape, smaller size, hind legs longer proportionally to body, fastigium and head more globular in dorsal view (Fig. 2), and both male and female genitalia. Females are also clearly distinguished by the black triangular area of the lateral field of the FWs with cells underlined with yellow veins in E. caliginosa, while they are entirely black in the other species (Fig. 2).</p><p>Redescription</p><p>Size average to small for the genus, shape slender (Fig 1), variable in coloration (see below), but dorsum generally lighter than rest of body, dark brown. Fastigium (rostrum) rounded dorsally and apically, giving a more globular aspect to head than in other congeners (Fig. 2A). Vertex rounded, with three wide, well-marked longitudinal black bands. FWs dull brown in both sexes (Fig. 1). Hind legs elongated, FIII with a straight apical part before knee. Coloration variable, encompassing most color patterns documented in congeners, some specimens being light cream, some dark brown, almost black, with or without orange band on hind knee characteristic of E. guyanensis .</p><p>Male. Stridulatory file with 51 to 59 simple teeth (mean 55, n=5; Table 2). Harp veins straight, parallel on their whole length (Fig. 11A).</p><p>Male genitalia. (Fig. 3A–E) Pseudepiphallic sclerite triangular. Lophi as long as rest of pseudepiphallic sclerite, but shorter and less sclerotised than in E. surinamensis, their membranous part visible both ventrally and dorsally. Pseudepiphallic sclerite setose dorsally. Distal lobe of pseudepiphallic parameres short and rounded; median lobe oriented innerly; basal lobe membranous. Ectophallic fold short, almost triangular.</p><p>Female. FW (Figs 1B, 2) with black triangular area of lateral field made of cells slightly wider than long (about 10 cells in the widest part), their delimiting veins underlined with yellow (Fig.2A). Ovipositor shorter than FIII.</p><p>Female genitalia. (Fig. 3F) Copulatory papilla well sclerotised, shorter than in E. surinamensis and diamond-shaped; its distal part enlarged, bifid and membranous.</p><p>Calling song. (Figs 4A, 5, Table 1) The call has first been described by Zefa et al. (2022) who studied specimens from Brazil.We describe here the call of a specimen from Menegua, Pto Lopez, Colombia (type locality of E.gracilis), which shows similar parameters as reported by Zefa et al. (2022). The calling song is a continuous trill without amplitude modulation as in the other species of the genus. Syllable duration is 8.1±0.9 ms, for a period of 24.7±1.4 ms, which involves a syllable duty cycle of 33.3%. The dominant frequency is 3.58±0.04 kHz and corresponds to the fundamental peak of the spectrum; the calling song of E. caliginosa does not have any particularity in terms of frequency spectrum, except that the harmonics are powerful, as in other non-Lebinthini eneopterines (Fig. 5), but they never co-dominate the spectrum as observed in the “low frequency” part of the calling song of E. guyanensis (Robillard et al., 2015) .</p><p>Sound-production mechanism. (Fig. 11B, Table 2) Males of Eneoptera caliginosa possess ca. 64 teeth, but only 26 are functional teeth arranged along the straight part of the stridulatory file, as typically observed in crickets. The mean inter-tooth distance of the functional part is 35.66 μm (tooth density = 35.4±1.4 teeth/mm). The global speed of stridulation derived from the syllable duration and file length is ca. 109 mm /s, which matches the tooth strike rate that generates the fundamental peak of the spectrum.</p><p>Natural history. (Fig. 6) E. caliginosa lives on low plants, from where the males sing during day time, both in secondary forested areas and in open areas, sometimes with just a few trees. It occurs near forest edges, in crops, in city parks and even in small patches of trees within urban areas. Based on the observed material and citizen science observation pictures, E. caliginosa is cryptic with E. surinamensis on a large part of the wide distribution range of the latter, but the key provided here allows to differentiate the two species with little ambiguity, even on photographs (see Fig. 2).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5464AFF80CB6EFF56F98CFEF8DE9D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Robillard, Tony;Benavides-Lopez, Jose Luis;Tan, Ming Kai;Sperber, Carlos Frankl	Robillard, Tony, Benavides-Lopez, Jose Luis, Tan, Ming Kai, Sperber, Carlos Frankl (2026): Integrative taxonomic revision and review of the bioacoustics of the cricket genus Eneoptera (Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Eneopterinae). Zootaxa 5763 (3): 301-327, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.3.1
03E5464AFF80CB65FF56FCC0FD0DD8CC.text	03E5464AFF80CB65FF56FCC0FD0DD8CC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eneoptera Burmeister 1838	<div><p>Genus Eneoptera Burmeister, 1838</p><p>Eneoptera Burmeister, 1838: 736 .</p><p>Type species.— Gryllus surinamensis De Geer, 1773 .</p><p>Distribution. —Tropical South and Central America.</p><p>Diagnosis and revision. —See Robillard &amp; Desutter-Grandcolas (2005: 412). The genus Eneoptera is well characterized by its medium to large size, head morphology with wide carinated fastigium, long hind wings and FWs in both sexes, male and female FW venation and genitalia, metanotal glands in males, and apex of female ovipositor.</p><p>Included species. —The valid species names according to the results of the present study are presented in bold:</p><p>E. caliginosa (Walker, 1869): stat. nov., valid species, redescription.</p><p>E. fasciata (Scudder, 1869): not Eneoptera, transferred to Aphonomorphus Rehn, 1903 (comb. nov.).</p><p>E. gracilis Robillard, 2005: junior synonym of E. caliginosa, syn. nov.</p><p>E. guyanensis Chopard, 1931: valid species.</p><p>E. nigripedis Robillard, 2005: valid species.</p><p>E. surinamensis (De Geer, 1773): valid species.</p><p>Key of species of Eneoptera species (modified from Robillard &amp; Desutter-Grandcolas, 2005)</p><p>1. Light brown, at least dorsally. FW dull. Male. FW: harp veins parallel on their whole length; stridulatory file with teeth not divided into two distinct specialized sections (all teeth are simple). Male genitalia: pseudepiphallic lophi very long; basal lobe of pseudepiphallic parameres membranous. Female. Copulatory papilla not conical.......................... 2</p><p>- Dark brown. FW slightly shiny. Male. FW: harp veins convergent; stridulatory file divided in two dictinctive parts, the anal region made of plain teeth and the basal region made of double, furrowed teeth. Male genitalia: pseudepiphallic lophi globular and short; basal lobe of pseudepiphallic parameres sclerotised. Female. Copulatory papilla conical.......... 3</p><p>2. Species of average shape. Head dorsum flat. FIII wide basally. Vertex and FIII almost uniformly brown. Male. Male genitalia: pseudepiphallic lophi well sclerotised, with almost no membranous part. Female. FW lateral field with triangular area entirely black, made of few wide cells (4–5 cells in the widest part), their veins little visible. Ovipositor as long as FIII. Copulatory papilla cylindrical........................................ Eneoptera surinamensis (De Geer, 1838)</p><p>- Species of slender shape. Head globular dorsally. FIII thinner basally. FIII generally with a light brown dorsal band. Vertex with 3 dark brown longitudinal lines. Male. Male genitalia: lophi with a large membranous part. Female. FW lateral field with a black triangular area fenestrated, made of cells slightly wider than long (about 10 cells in the widest part), delimited by yellow veins. Ovipositor shorter than FIII. Copulatory papilla diamond-shaped................................................................................................... Eneoptera caliginosa (Walker, 1869)</p><p>3. FIII with a contrasted yellow orange dorsal band. Male. FW: harp veins convergent distad. Male genitalia: pseudepiphallic lophi globular. Female. Copulatory papilla ventral expansion long and perpendicularly folded......................................................................................... Eneoptera guyanensis Chopard, 1931</p><p>- FIII uniformly dark brown. Male. FW: harp veins convergent at mid-length. Male genitalia: pseudepiphallic lophi straight. Female. Copulatory papilla ventral expansion short and straight................ Eneoptera nigripedis Robillard, 2005</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5464AFF80CB65FF56FCC0FD0DD8CC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Robillard, Tony;Benavides-Lopez, Jose Luis;Tan, Ming Kai;Sperber, Carlos Frankl	Robillard, Tony, Benavides-Lopez, Jose Luis, Tan, Ming Kai, Sperber, Carlos Frankl (2026): Integrative taxonomic revision and review of the bioacoustics of the cricket genus Eneoptera (Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Eneopterinae). Zootaxa 5763 (3): 301-327, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.3.1
03E5464AFF8BCB6FFF56FBB1FE52DC15.text	03E5464AFF8BCB6FFF56FBB1FE52DC15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eneoptera fasciata (Scudder 1869)	<div><p>Eneoptera fasciata (Scudder, 1869) [ Aphonomorphus fasciatus (Scudder, 1869) comb nov.]</p><p>Fig. 7</p><p>Platydactylus fasciatus Scudder, 1869: 331</p><p>Eneoptera fasciata — Scudder, 1897 [1896]: 216; Kirby, 1906: 90; Cigliano et al., 2025 (Orthoptera Species File).</p><p>Aphonomorphus fasciata comb. nov. —this study.</p><p>Type material. Holotype (Fig. 7): PERU • ♀; San Martín: Napo or Marañon river; det. Aphonomorphus fasciatus (Scudd.); Type 15195; ANSP [examined].</p><p>Taxonomic discussion. The species was not treated by Robillard &amp; Desutter-Grandcolas in their 2005 revision and remained until now considered as a valid species (Cigliano et al. 2025). Observation of the female holotype however immediately reveals that it does not belong to Eneoptera, but to the subfamily Podoscirtinae, as also suggested by Cadena-Castañeda (2021). We transfer the species outside Eneopterinae to the genus Aphonomorphus Rehn, 1903 as suggested by the identification label of the holotype (tentative identification, female specimen examined on photo only).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5464AFF8BCB6FFF56FBB1FE52DC15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Robillard, Tony;Benavides-Lopez, Jose Luis;Tan, Ming Kai;Sperber, Carlos Frankl	Robillard, Tony, Benavides-Lopez, Jose Luis, Tan, Ming Kai, Sperber, Carlos Frankl (2026): Integrative taxonomic revision and review of the bioacoustics of the cricket genus Eneoptera (Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Eneopterinae). Zootaxa 5763 (3): 301-327, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.3.1
03E5464AFF8ACB6FFF56FE2AFD71DFA3.text	03E5464AFF8ACB6FFF56FE2AFD71DFA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eneoptera gracilis , T. Robillard 2005	<div><p>[ Eneoptera gracilis Robillard, 2005 — syn. nov.]</p><p>Fig. 3D–E</p><p>Eneoptera gracilis Robillard, 2005, in Robillard &amp; Desutter-Grandcolas, 2005: 419; Robillard &amp; Desutter-Grandcolas, 2005, 2006; Vicente et al., 2017; Tan et al., 2021 (phylogeny); Le Flanchec et al., 2024 (historical biogeography).</p><p>Eneoptera caliginosa (Walker, 1869) —this study: junior synonym of E. caliginosa, syn. nov.</p><p>Taxonomic discussion: see the taxonomic discussion of E. caliginosa for detailed explanation about the synonymy of E. gracilis under E. caliginosa (syn. nov.).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5464AFF8ACB6FFF56FE2AFD71DFA3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Robillard, Tony;Benavides-Lopez, Jose Luis;Tan, Ming Kai;Sperber, Carlos Frankl	Robillard, Tony, Benavides-Lopez, Jose Luis, Tan, Ming Kai, Sperber, Carlos Frankl (2026): Integrative taxonomic revision and review of the bioacoustics of the cricket genus Eneoptera (Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Eneopterinae). Zootaxa 5763 (3): 301-327, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.3.1
03E5464AFF8ACB6FFF56FC9BFCA2DA84.text	03E5464AFF8ACB6FFF56FC9BFCA2DA84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eneoptera guyanensis Chopard 1931	<div><p>Eneoptera guyanensis Chopard, 1931</p><p>Figs 4C, 8A–D, 9C, 11C</p><p>Eneoptera guyanensis Chopard, 1931a: 14 .</p><p>Eneoptera guyanensis — Chopard, 1931b: 250; Chopard, 1968: 349; Otte, 1994: 66; Desutter-Grandcolas, 1998: 2148 (calling song); Robillard &amp; Desutter-Grandcolas, 2004a: 275 (morphological phylogeny); 2004b: 578 (calling song); 2005: 419 (redescription); 2006: 643 (molecular phylogeny); 2011a: 627 (calling song evolution); 2011b: 694 (sound production behaviour); Robillard et al., 2007: 1266 (calling song evolution); 2015: 123 (sound production mechanism); Nattier et al., 2011: 2195 (biogeography); Vicente et al., 2015: 2199 (historical biogeography); Chintauan-Marquier et al., 2016: 54 (molecular phylogeny); Schneider et al., 2017: 15266 (tympanic anatomy); Tan et al. 2021: 1060 (molecular phylogeny); Le Flanchec 2024: 269 (historical biogeography).</p><p>Type material. Holotype (Fig. 8A–D): FRENCH GUIANA • ♂; St. Laurent du Maroni, ex-coll. Le Moult; MNHN-ENSIF164 [examined] . Allotype: FRENCH GUIANA • ♀; same information as holotype; St. Laurent du Maroni, ex-coll. Le Moult; MNHN-ENSIF165 [examined] .</p><p>Distribution. French Guyana and Northern Brazil.</p><p>Differential diagnosis. Eneoptera guyanensis is close to E. nigripedis; both species share a similar morphology and general coloration, dark brown to nearly black, with little contrast between the dark brown dorsum and the rest of body, black, while there is a clear contrast in E. surinamensis and E. caliginosa . Both species also resemble each other for the presence of double teeth in male stridulatory file (Robillard et al., 2015). They also share the same shiny dark FWs in both sexes, while FWs are dull brown in E. surinamensis and E. caliginosa . E. guyanensis differs from E. nigripedis by possessing (in most of the cases, but some exceptions exist), a characteristic wide orange band on the dorsal part of FIII. E. guyanensis and E. nigripedis (Figs 8, 9C–D) can mostly be distinguished by their male (shape of pseudepiphallus and endophallus) and female genitalia.</p><p>Redescription. See Robillard &amp; Desutter-Grandcolas, 2005.</p><p>Calling song. (Fig. 4C, Table 1) The call of E. guyanensis shows unique acoustic features: it consists of a complex continuous trill alternating sections of call made of two types of syllables having different spectral properties (only high frequency and broadband vs. narrow band syllable with two codominant frequency peaks at low and ultrasonic frequencies). The alternating sections are also coupled with a strong amplitude modulation generated by a modified stridulatory file and complex calling behavior (for details, see Robillard &amp; Desutter-Grandcolas, 2011; Robillard et al., 2015).</p><p>Sound-production mechanism. (Fig. 11C, Table 2) See Robillard &amp; Desutter-Grandcolas (2011) and Robillard et al. (2015).</p><p>Natural history. E. guyanensis lives on low plants in forested areas (Fig. 9C), from where the males sing during the day. The species is found mostly in forest openings, along trails and canopy gaps, and near forest edges, but it is not found in open areas as E. surinamensis and E. caliginosa .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5464AFF8ACB6FFF56FC9BFCA2DA84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Robillard, Tony;Benavides-Lopez, Jose Luis;Tan, Ming Kai;Sperber, Carlos Frankl	Robillard, Tony, Benavides-Lopez, Jose Luis, Tan, Ming Kai, Sperber, Carlos Frankl (2026): Integrative taxonomic revision and review of the bioacoustics of the cricket genus Eneoptera (Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Eneopterinae). Zootaxa 5763 (3): 301-327, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.3.1
03E5464AFF94CB74FF56F962FF3DDD89.text	03E5464AFF94CB74FF56F962FF3DDD89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eneoptera nigripedis Robillard 2005	<div><p>Eneoptera nigripedis Robillard, 2005</p><p>Figs 4B, 8E–G, 9D, 10, 11D</p><p>Eneoptera nigripedis Robillard, 2005, in Robillard &amp; Desutter-Grandcolas, 2005: 420; Robillard &amp; Desutter-Grandcolas 2004a: 275 (morphological phylogeny); 2006: 643 (molecular phylogeny); Robillard 2006 (morphological phylogeny); Vicente et al., 2015: 2199 (historical biogeography); Tan et al. 2021: 1060 (molecular phylogeny); Le Flanchec et al. 2024: 269 (historical biogeography).</p><p>Type material. Holotype (Fig. 8E–G): PERU • ♂; Dept. Loreto, Estirón; 15.xii.1983, forêt inondable, nuit [floodplain forest, night]; C. Amédégnato &amp; S. Poulain leg.; MNHN-EO-ENSIF238 [examined] . Paratypes: PERU • ♀ allotype; same information as holotype; MNHN-EO-ENSIF239 • 3♂; same information as holotype; MNHN-EO-ENSIF240, ENSIF241, ENSIF242 .</p><p>Additional material examined. BOLIVIA (new country record) • 2♂, 1♀; Beni, Valle-itenez, on <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-57.916668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.416667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -57.916668/lat -13.416667)">Rio Itenez</a>; 13°25'S, 57°55'W; 3.iii.1976; R.A. Ronderos, RB., E.H., H.R. Roberts leg.; ANSP . BRAZIL (new country record) • 1♀; Brasília; –15.719684, –47.892434; xi.2019; albatroz obs.; https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/35508334 • 1♂, Mato Grosso, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.93101&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.597519" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.93101/lat -9.597519)">Novo Mundo</a>; –9.597519, –55.931011; xii.2019; birdernaturalist obs.; https://www.inaturalist. org/observations/37140860 • 1♂; Mato Grosso, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.93165&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.5959" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.93165/lat -9.5959)">Alta Floresta</a>; –9.59590, –55.93165; 9.iv.2020; S. Dantas obs.; acoustic recording on iNaturalist (recording time 2:40 PM; analysed in this study]; https://www.inaturalist.org/ observations/41395114. PERU • 1♀; Manú Province; –12.57034, –70.09964; 14.vii.2021; shabrobtilus obs.; https:// www.inaturalist.org/observations/91264476.</p><p>Distribution. Peru, Brazil (South-west) (new record).</p><p>Differential diagnosis. E. nigripedis is very similar to E. guyanensis in shape and coloration, including the presence of double teeth in male stridulatory file. The two species can be distinguished by the more uniform dark brown coloration of E. nigripedis, including dorsal part of FIII (absence of a dorsal orange band), and by male and female genitalia.</p><p>Description. see Robillard &amp; Desutter-Grandcolas (2005).</p><p>Calling song. (Figs 4. 10, Table 1) Only one recording is available on iNaturalist that could be accounted to this species. Based on the morphology of the stridulatory file showing a double teeth section, the species’ call likely shares most of the particularities of the call of E. guyanensis: it consists of a continuous trill including sections made of two types of syllables alternating regularly. The syllables in these sections have different spectral properties, durations and amplitude. The alternating sections are also coupled with a strong amplitude modulation, likely generated by a complex calling behavior as in E. guyanensis (Robillard &amp; Desutter-Grandcolas, 2011; Robillard et al., 2015).</p><p>The comparison of the call of the two species (Table 1) reveals that the song of E. nigripedis has a slower pace of alternating sections: the group of low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) sections is almost twice longer than in E. guyanensis . This difference in duration is mainly due to a longer LF section (2973 ms vs. 588 ms in E. guyanensis). The LF section is likely produced by the simple stridulatory teeth; it includes a larger number of syllables in E. nigripedis (81 syllables vs. 39 in E. guyanensis), which are also slightly longer in duration as the syllables in E. surinamensis (4.8 vs. 3.6 ms), with similar low dominant frequencies (3.6 vs 3.3 kHz). However, the sampling rate of the E. nigripedis recording is insufficient to determine whether its low-frequency (LF) syllables also exhibit a dominant high-frequency peak, as observed in E. guyanensis .</p><p>The HF section of the call of E. nigripedis is slightly longer than in E. guyanensis (c. 248 vs. 200 ms), and involves more syllables (29 vs 20 syllables in E. guyanensis) with longer durations (4.9 vs. 2.7 ms). Contrary to E. guyanensis, the frequency spectrum of the HF syllable of E. nigripedis is not characterized by a broadband frequency, but by two, almost codominant frequency peaks, at c. 3 kHz. It may correspond to the fundamental frequency of the HF syllables, similar to that of the LF syllables. The second frequency peak, slightly dominating the spectrum, is at 17.5 kHz, but given the low sampling rate of the recording, this peak is likely under-sampled and may correspond to a more clearly dominant frequency; it may correspond to a high fundamental frequency generated by the crests of the double teeth, as in E. guyanensis, or to an upper harmonic of the 3-kHz peak. Note that, contrary to E. guyanensis, the LF sections of the call show less amplitude than the HF sections, which is also likely an artifact of the low sampling rate.</p><p>Sound-production mechanism. (Fig. 11D, Table 2) The stridulatory file of E. nigripedis is divided into two well differentiated sections, as in E. guyanensis . The anal section includes double-crest teeth, each crest likely behaving as a separate tooth during stridulation. The basal file section includes 40 simple teeth. The anal section shows 54 double-crests teeth, each tooth of the anal section being subdivided by a longitudinal furrow over its whole length, which separates one tooth into two parallel crests. The consequence is that the anal region consists of a set of equidistant crests likely acting as secondary teeth, which doubles the number of stridulatory crests implied during the stridulation process.</p><p>We measured and plotted teeth/crests numbers and distances (Fig. 11D). The mean inter-tooth distance for simple teeth is 21.07±3.5 μm; the mean inter-crest distance for the double teeth is 8.30±1.4 μm. The functional parts for each region of the file are estimated as follows: the basal part with normal teeth is 0.42 μm long, while the anal part with double teeth is 0.6405 μm long. The global speed of stridulation derived from the syllable duration and file length is c. 87.7 mm /s for the simple teeth section, which matches the tooth strike rate that generates the fundamental peak of the spectrum of the LF syllables. For the double tooth section, the estimated global speed is 130.7 mm /s. It matches the instantaneous speed considering the HF peak as the fundamental frequency of the HF section of the call. It suggests that the low frequency observed in the HF section would correspond to a ghost frequency or to a subproduct of the tooth impact, while the dominant peak would result from the crest impact.</p><p>Natural history. (Fig. 9D) Based on specimen label data and iNaturalist observations, E. nigripedis appears to have an ecology similar to that of E. guyanensis, being a diurnal species inhabiting bushes in open or forest-edge areas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5464AFF94CB74FF56F962FF3DDD89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Robillard, Tony;Benavides-Lopez, Jose Luis;Tan, Ming Kai;Sperber, Carlos Frankl	Robillard, Tony, Benavides-Lopez, Jose Luis, Tan, Ming Kai, Sperber, Carlos Frankl (2026): Integrative taxonomic revision and review of the bioacoustics of the cricket genus Eneoptera (Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Eneopterinae). Zootaxa 5763 (3): 301-327, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.3.1
03E5464AFF91CB76FF56F8C9FC60DE9D.text	03E5464AFF91CB76FF56F8C9FC60DE9D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eneoptera surinamensis (De Geer 1838)	<div><p>Eneoptera surinamensis (De Geer, 1838)</p><p>Fig. 2B, 4D, 6A, 9B, 11A</p><p>Type material. Holotype (see Robillard et al. 2013, Fig. 1): SURINAME • ♂; 24.vi; identified Gr. [ Gryllus] surinamensis by De Geer; NHRS-GULI-00000346 [examined on photo].</p><p>Remark. See Robillard &amp; Desutter-Grandcolas (2005, 2013) for detailed list of names, references, material examined and photo of type specimen (Robillard &amp; Desutter-Grandcolas, 2013: figure 1).</p><p>Distribution. Tropical South America, including records from Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela; and southern part of Central America, including records in Costa Rica, Panama and Nicaragua (see Robillard &amp; Desutter-Grandcolas, 2005).</p><p>Differential diagnosis. Species of average to large size. Despite its important variation in terms of coloration across its wide geographic range, it is characterized by the contrast of coloration between the dorsum, that can vary from pale brown, cream or orange brown, and the rest of the body, dark brown. E. surinamensis can be distinguished from E. caliginosa by its larger size and more stocky shape, and by head shape less globular, due to flatter fastigium dorsally and apically. Females E. surinamensis also clearly differ from E. caliginosa by the absence of yellow veins crossing the black lateral triangle on the FW fold (Fig. 2). The species shows distinctive male genitalia with very long, sclerotized lophi with characteristic hook-like pseudepiphallic parameres oriented posterad. Female copulatory papilla also has a specific shape, cylindrical and slightly bifid at apex.</p><p>Redescription. See Robillard &amp; Desutter-Grandcolas (2005).</p><p>Calling song. (Fig. 4D, Table 1) Male E. surinamensis call during day time, perched on low vegetation. When several males call together in their natural habitat, and even in laboratory conditions, they usually synchronize amplitude modulations to form a chorus.</p><p>As previously described by Robillard &amp; Desutter-Grandcolas (2005, 2011) and Miyoshi et al. (2007), the calling song of E. surinamensis consists of a continuous trill emitted in long bouts that can last a few hours when a male is not disturbed. The call shows a clear amplitude modulation, which generates a regular temporal pattern within the continuous trill, including two distinct sections with different syllables. For the low amplitude sections (ca. 67 syllables), syllables have a duration of 5.4±1.2 ms, and a period of 20.7±4.9 ms. Meanwhile, for the high amplitude sections (ca. 45 syllables), we found that syllable duration is 4.9±1.4 ms, with a shorter period of 17.4±3.1 ms. Thus, the main difference between the low and high amplitude sections is the longer syllable duration and period in the low amplitude sections, while syllables are shorter and closer together in the high amplitude sections. The syllable duty cycles are not clearly different between the two sections (26% for the low amplitude sections, and 28% for high amplitude sections).</p><p>In terms of frequency, the call shows a low dominant frequency corresponding to the fundamental peak of the spectrum (f1 = 2.95±0.10 kHz). Surprisingly, the spectrum does not show any significant high-frequency component contrary to the prediction of Robillard et al. (2015), who hypothesized that it might include high-frequencies, as the authors observed in E. guyanensis in the supposedly “low-frequency” section of this species which is emitted by the simple teeth of the stridulatory file. Nevertheless, in E. caliginosa and other non-Lebinthini eneopterines, the call possesses relatively powerful harmonic peaks.</p><p>Sound-production mechanism. (Fig 11A, Table 2) Males Eneoptera surinamensis possess c. 71 simple teeth arranged along the stridulatory file, as typically observed in crickets. The mean inter-tooth distance, measured for two males, is 35.7 μm in the functional part of the file, with a tooth density of c. 38 teeth/mm. The global speed of stridulation derived from the syllable duration and file length is c. 121 mm /s, which matches the tooth strike rate that generates the fundamental peak of the spectrum.</p><p>Behavioral observations. One male collected near Leticia (Colombia) was video recorded producing a vibratory signal in response to high-frequency sound stimuli generated using a commercial dog chaser. This acoustic startle reflex corresponds to a behavior commonly observed in gryllines exposed to predator signals (e.g. bats or small rodents) while sitting on a substrate (e.g., ter Hofstede et al. 2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5464AFF91CB76FF56F8C9FC60DE9D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Robillard, Tony;Benavides-Lopez, Jose Luis;Tan, Ming Kai;Sperber, Carlos Frankl	Robillard, Tony, Benavides-Lopez, Jose Luis, Tan, Ming Kai, Sperber, Carlos Frankl (2026): Integrative taxonomic revision and review of the bioacoustics of the cricket genus Eneoptera (Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Eneopterinae). Zootaxa 5763 (3): 301-327, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5763.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5763.3.1
