taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E58792FFE43B12FE87F977FB22FA35.taxon	description	Figs. 1 - 3	en	Pereira, Edson H. L., Zanata, Angela M. (2014): A new species of the armored catfish genus Pareiorhaphis Miranda Ribeiro (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Paraguaçu, Bahia State, northeastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 35-42, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252014000100003, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000100035&lng=en&tlng=en
03E58792FFE43B12FE87F977FB22FA35.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MCP 47711, 76.9 mm SL, male, Brazil, Bahia State, Lençóis, rio Paraguaçu drainage, rio Santo Antônio at bridge on road BR- 242, 12 ° 29 ’ 37 ” S 41 ° 19 ’ 38 ” W, 350 m above sea level, 7 Jul 2011, A. M. Zanata, P. Camelier, J. Birindelli, R. Burger & B. Sardeiro. Paratypes. All from Brazil, Bahia State, rio Paraguaçu basin. MCP 47712, 18, 30.1 - 82.1 mm SL (6, 63.1 - 82.1 mm SL), 1 c & s, 64.1 mm SL, and UFBA 7063, 25, 31.0 - 71.8 mm SL (3, 66.5 - 71.8 mm SL), collected with the holotype. MCP 48004, 3, 72.6 - 81.8 mm SL, 1 c & s, 72.6 mm SL, rio Paraguaçu at Fazenda Os Touros, ca. 18 km from Iaçu, 12 ° 41 ’ 10 ” S 40 ° 7 ’ 47 ” W, 143 m a. s. l., Sep 2011, J. J. S. Conceição. MZUSP 86089, 3, 45.5 - 57.8 mm SL, rio Paraguaçu, upstream Itaetê, 12 ° 58 ’ 25 ” S 40 ° 58 ’ 20 ” W, 21 Sep 2004, M. E. Bichuette et al. MZUSP 86154, 1, 62.8 mm SL, rio Paraguaçu, upstream Itaetê, 12 ° 58 ’ 25 ” S 40 ° 58 ’ 20 ” W, 8 Nov 2004, M. E. Bichuette & F. D. Passos. MZUSP 88163, 10, 54.8 - 71.4 mm SL; UFBA 7026, 5, 54.2 - 62.5 mm SL, rio Paraguaçu at Fazenda Os Touros, ca. 18 km from Iaçu, 12 ° 41 ’ 10 ” S 40 ° 7 ’ 47 ” W, 143 m a. s. l., 8 Jun 2005, A. M. Zanata, J. L. O. Birindelli, O. T. Oyakawa, M. P. Geraldes, P. Camelier & P. Moura. UFBA 6188, 1, 79.3 mm SL, rio Paraguaçu at Fazenda Os Touros, ca. 18 km from Iaçu, 12 ° 41 ’ 10 ” S 40 ° 7 ’ 47 ” W, 15 May 2010, A. M. Zanata, R. Burger, C. Primitivo, D. França & J. J. S. Conceição. UFBA 7350, 6, 30.5 - 80.9, rio Una at Cachoeira das Andorinhas, Iramaia, 13 ° 19 ’ 52.5 ” S 41 ° 6 ’ 53.4 ” W, 449 m a. s. l., 1 May 2013, A. M. Zanata, R. Burger, L. Oliveira & R. Abreu.	en	Pereira, Edson H. L., Zanata, Angela M. (2014): A new species of the armored catfish genus Pareiorhaphis Miranda Ribeiro (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Paraguaçu, Bahia State, northeastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 35-42, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252014000100003, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000100035&lng=en&tlng=en
03E58792FFE43B12FE87F977FB22FA35.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Pareiorhaphis lophia differs from all congeners in having two exclusive features: (1) a skin fold just posterior to each emergent tooth series of dentary formed by a single enlarged, flattened papilla, and (2) the midline of lower lip immediately behind the dentaries with small patch of distinct papillae arranged in a short median bump (vs. papillae not projected in a bump). Moreover, the lower caudal peduncle also distinguishes P. lophia from all remaining Pareiorhaphis species (6.7 - 7.8 vs. 7.8 - 14.0 % SL), with the exception of P. proskynita. Furthermore, P. lophia can be distinguished from remaining congeners but P. bahianus, P. cerosus, P. eurycephalus, P. nudulus, P. parmula, P. steindachneri, and P. vestigipinnis by the lower number of dentary teeth (20 - 38 vs. 42 - 120). Pareiorhaphis lophia can be distinguished from P. bahianus, P. cerosus, P. eurycephalus, P. parmula, and P. steindachneri by the usual absence of first dorsal-fin spinelet (vs. spinelet present). The new species can be further distinguished from P. nudulus and P. vestigipinnis by the possession of an adipose fin (vs. adipose fin absent) and the narrower caudal peduncle (4.1 - 5.3 vs. 5.5 - 8.7 % SL).	en	Pereira, Edson H. L., Zanata, Angela M. (2014): A new species of the armored catfish genus Pareiorhaphis Miranda Ribeiro (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Paraguaçu, Bahia State, northeastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 35-42, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252014000100003, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000100035&lng=en&tlng=en
03E58792FFE43B12FE87F977FB22FA35.taxon	description	Description. Counts and measurements in Table 1. Small to medium-sized loricariid with standard length of measured specimens 45.5 - 82.1 mm SL. Head and body moderately depressed. Greatest body width at cleithrum, progressively tapering to end of caudal peduncle. Dorsal profile of body slightly convex, from snout tip to dorsal-fin origin and almost straight from that point to end of adipose fin, then slightly concave to caudal fin. Greatest body depth at dorsalfin origin. Least body depth at shallowest part of caudal peduncle. Trunk and caudal peduncle mostly oval in crosssection, flattened ventrally and more compressed caudally. Lateral-line canal in median series complete, pored tube visible from compound pterotic to caudal-fin base. Ventral profile almost straight between snout tip and pelvic girdle, slightly elevating posteriorly along anal-fin base, almost straight along caudal peduncle. Dorsal surface of body covered by plates except for narrow naked area around dorsal-fin base. Predorsal plates arranged in three to four series of pairs in some specimens, or without any noticeable arrangement. Five lateral rows of dermal plates covering body, not forming keels; mid-dorsal and mid-ventral series of lateral plates incomplete, terminating four or five plates before caudal fin. Abdomen entirely devoid of plates. First anal-fin pterygiophore covered by skin. Lower surface of head and portion from pelvic-fin insertions to anal-fin origin completely naked, except by plated region around anal fin. Head broad and moderately depressed. Outline of head round in dorsal view. Interorbital space straight or slightly concave. Three weakly elevated ridges between orbits and snout tip. Median ridge slightly more prominent. Snout convex in lateral profile; snout tip with rounded area of naked skin, devoid of odontodes. Adult males with welldeveloped soft fleshy lobes on lateral portion of head. Soft fleshy area ornamented with short hypertrophied odontodes, approximately perpendicular to body axis (Fig. 1). Eye small, dorsolaterally placed. Iris operculum small or absent in some specimens. Nares ovoid, slightly longer than wide, positioned much closer to anterior margin of orbit than to snout tip. Oral disk circular. Lips moderately developed, occupying most of ventral surface of head. Upper lip narrow, bearing small rounded papillae. Lower lip wide but not reaching pectoral girdle. Lower lip densely covered by minute papillae. Papillae surrounded by small naked areas, decreasing in size towards edge. Patch of distinct papillae at midline of lower lip immediately behind dentaries, arranged in short median and forming a bump (Fig. 2). Posterior margin of lower lip fringed. Maxillary barbel short, mostly adnate to lower lip and with small free portion distally. Teeth series in both premaxillae and dentaries forming shallow arc with overall angle less than 180 degrees, with mesial ends slightly curved inwards. Teeth slender, asymmetrically bifid, medial cusp slightly curved inwards. Lateral cusp long and pointed, reaching half-length of medial cusp. Distinct skin fold posterior to each emergent tooth series of dentary formed by single enlarged, flattened papilla (Fig. 2). Dorsal fin origin on vertical line through pelvic-fin origin. Dorsal fin short, reaching three plates behind its base terminus when adpressed. Nuchal plate exposed, not covered by skin. Dorsal-fin spinelet usually absent. Dorsal-fin locking mechanism non-functional. Dorsal-fin spine moderately flexible, followed by seven branched rays. Distal margin of dorsal fin straight. Adipose fin with well-ossified leading spine bearing odontodes. Adipose-fin membrane short or extended slightly beyond adipose-fin spine. Adipose fin preceded by two or three median azygous plates. Pectoral-fin origin situated more dorsally than pelvic-fin origin. Pectoral fin moderate in size, with curved and flattened unbranched ray, covered by minute odontodes in immature males and females. Adult males with first pectoral-fin spine very broad and straight, curved on its base; bearing straight and short hypertrophied odontodes on its entire surface; dorsal surface with discrete dermal flap along its entire length. Pectoral fin I, 6; first and second branched rays distinctly longer than spine and subsequent branched rays decreasing gradually in size. Posterior margin of pectoral fin straight, surpassing pelvic-fin origin when adpressed. Pelvic fin i, 5, not reaching or just reaching origin of anal fin when adpressed. Pelvic-fin unbranched ray depressed, covered with minute odontodes ventrally and laterally. Well-developed dermal flap on dorsal surface of pelvic-fin unbranched ray; flap of males distinctly higher near fin base, and extending to tip of ray in adult males; flap of females reduced or absent. Anal fin i, 5. Caudal-fin posterior margin forked or slightly concave, asymmetrical; lower lobe longer than upper; 14 branched rays. Upper caudal-fin lobe with four and lower lobe with two or three plate-like procurrent rays. Posteriormost procurrent rays elongate. Hypural plate asymmetrical with lower lobe longer than upper. Total vertebral centra 28. Color in alcohol. Ground color of dorsal surface of head and body light to dark brown; yellowish or whitish pale ventrally (Fig. 1). Cheeks, anterior margin of snout, area between nostrils and orbits, and compound pterotic covered with small, irregularly shaped, light or dark brown blotches. Soft fleshy skin on lateral portion of head well developed and whitish in adult males. Narrow transversal light brown bar extending through middle portion of supraoccipital. Dorsum and most of flank covered by irregularly closelyset darker brown blotches sometimes coalescing. Blotches usually arranged in five inconspicuous transverse saddles, situated between posterior margin of supraoccipital and origin of dorsal fin, behind dorsal-fin spine, posterior portion of dorsal-fin base, at preadipose area, and between adipose and caudal fins. Midlateral region of body with dark brown blotches contrasting with somewhat reticulate light areas. Ventral portion of head and abdomen either completely whitish or pale yellow. Ventral portion of caudal peduncle with numerous small dark blotches more conspicuous in region after posterior margin of anal fin. First thickened rays of dorsal, pectoral, and pelvic fins light brown or grayish. Dorsal and caudal fin branched rays with 2 - 5 transverse irregular dark bars. Paired fins with diffuse blotches from middle to margin of fin, sometimes arranged in few irregular series. One or two dark brown blotches at adipose-fin spine. Color in life. Color pattern of freshly collected specimens light brown to yellowish tan with small and irregular dark spots scattered on dorsal region of head and predorsal area (Fig. 3). Posterior region of body and flank with wide dark brown transversal saddles. Soft fleshy skin on lateral portion of head and first thickened rays of pectoral and pelvic fins yellowish. Markings on caudal fin conspicuous with narrow blotches irregularly arranged on unbranched and branched caudal-fin rays sometimes forming four or five dark brown narrow stripes. Iris golden.	en	Pereira, Edson H. L., Zanata, Angela M. (2014): A new species of the armored catfish genus Pareiorhaphis Miranda Ribeiro (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Paraguaçu, Bahia State, northeastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 35-42, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252014000100003, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000100035&lng=en&tlng=en
03E58792FFE43B12FE87F977FB22FA35.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The new species is known from middle portion of the rio Paraguaçu and two tributaries of its upper portion (Fig. 4 a). Extensive ichthyological collecting efforts through the main coastal rivers across Bahia in recent years failed to yield samples of Pareiorhaphis lophia from outside the rio Paraguaçu drainage, making it possible that the species is endemic to that river basin.	en	Pereira, Edson H. L., Zanata, Angela M. (2014): A new species of the armored catfish genus Pareiorhaphis Miranda Ribeiro (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Paraguaçu, Bahia State, northeastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 35-42, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252014000100003, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000100035&lng=en&tlng=en
03E58792FFE43B12FE87F977FB22FA35.taxon	vernacular_names	Common name. Acari, chupa-pedra.	en	Pereira, Edson H. L., Zanata, Angela M. (2014): A new species of the armored catfish genus Pareiorhaphis Miranda Ribeiro (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Paraguaçu, Bahia State, northeastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 35-42, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252014000100003, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000100035&lng=en&tlng=en
03E58792FFE43B12FE87F977FB22FA35.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat and ecological notes. The rio Paraguaçu is a blackwater coastal river situated in northeastern Brazil, with headwaters on highlands of central Bahia State. The river stretch in Iaçu, at the period of sampling, was around 60 m wide with rocky platforms exposed on the river borders. The riparian vegetation is represented by a few trees restricted to the river border and the surrounding area is almost completely anthropized mainly by cattle ranching. The specimens were collected at night, on the shallow rocky platforms and inside crevices. Data about the other location on the rio Paraguaçu, situated upstream Itaetê, are not available. The rio Santo Antônio, a blackwater tributary of the upper rio Paraguaçu, is around 20 meters wide and surrounded by riparian forest in the stretch sampled (Fig. 4 b). Stretches of rapids and pools alternate, with rocks, loose stones, pebbles, and sand composing the substrate. At that sampling point, the specimens of Pareiorhaphis lophia were hidden among pebbles on the shallow rapids. In the rio Una, also a blackwater river, the new species was sampled on narrow stretches around 50 cm deep, just below a waterfall, with fast water current and rocky bottom. The specimens gathered at this locality were hidden in crevices or under large stones. The new species occurs syntopically with the loricariids Hypostomus chrysostiktos Birindelli, Zanata & Lima and H. jaguar Zanata, Sardeiro & Zawadzki.	en	Pereira, Edson H. L., Zanata, Angela M. (2014): A new species of the armored catfish genus Pareiorhaphis Miranda Ribeiro (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Paraguaçu, Bahia State, northeastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 35-42, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252014000100003, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000100035&lng=en&tlng=en
03E58792FFE43B12FE87F977FB22FA35.taxon	description	Sexual dimorphism. The sexual dimorphism of Pareiorhaphis lophia is characterized mainly by the large soft fleshy lobes restricted to middle portion of the lateral margins of head that extends from anterior margin of nostrils to posterior margin of orbits of adult males. This soft area is ornamented by short hypertrophied odontodes. Odontodes also occur in females and juveniles, but are comparatively much smaller, while soft lobes are absent in females and juveniles. Also, adult males have the unbranched pectoral fin-ray strongly intumescent along its entire length with the dorsal, lateral and ventral faces ornamented with short hypertrophied odontodes, sometimes equal in size to those on head margin, that are absent in females. In addition, fully developed males have a narrow fleshy flap along the entire length of the dorsal margin of the pectoral-fin spine that is present in females but reduced. In adult males, the thickened first pelvic-fin unbranched ray have developed dermal flap along the entire dorsal surface and distinctly higher near fin base, while in females the dermal flap is reduced. Compared to males, females possess an enlarged, swollen urogenital opening, while males have a small and pointed urogenital papilla.	en	Pereira, Edson H. L., Zanata, Angela M. (2014): A new species of the armored catfish genus Pareiorhaphis Miranda Ribeiro (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Paraguaçu, Bahia State, northeastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 35-42, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252014000100003, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000100035&lng=en&tlng=en
03E58792FFE43B12FE87F977FB22FA35.taxon	discussion	Comments. The absence of first dorsal-fin spinelet also diagnoses Pareiorhaphis lophia from most of the remaining congeners. However, variation in this feature was noted in the type series. The single specimen of the lot MCP 47712 (64.1 mm SL) has a reduced first dorsal-fin spinelet. Although the absence of dorsal fin-spinelet must be considered diagnostic to Pareiorhaphis lophia, the variation related to this feature deserves mention.	en	Pereira, Edson H. L., Zanata, Angela M. (2014): A new species of the armored catfish genus Pareiorhaphis Miranda Ribeiro (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Paraguaçu, Bahia State, northeastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 35-42, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252014000100003, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000100035&lng=en&tlng=en
03E58792FFE43B12FE87F977FB22FA35.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name lophia is from the Greek Λοϕια, meaning crest, ridge. In allusion to the presence of distinct bump on the lower lip, a diagnostic feature of the new species. A noun in apposition.	en	Pereira, Edson H. L., Zanata, Angela M. (2014): A new species of the armored catfish genus Pareiorhaphis Miranda Ribeiro (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Paraguaçu, Bahia State, northeastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 35-42, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252014000100003, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000100035&lng=en&tlng=en
