identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03DAF218FFDCFFFBFF49FA792DF56AB6.text	03DAF218FFDCFFFBFF49FA792DF56AB6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pselaphacus signatus Guerin-Meneville 1841	<div><p>Pselaphacus signatus Guérin-Méneville, 1841</p><p>Figs 1–7, 12.</p><p>Pselaphacus signatus Guérin-Méneville 1841: 158 [original description]. Type locality: “ Bolivie ”, type deposited at MNHN [according to Alvarenga, 1994]. Crotch 1873: 142 [distribution]; 1876: 421 [distribution]; Gemminger &amp; Harold 1876: 3688 [distribution]; Gorham 1887: 37 [distribution, interspecific variation]; Kuhnt 1909: 59 [distribution]; 1911: 40 [distribution]; Bruch 1914: 382 [distribution]; Curran 1941: 287 [interspecific variation]; Deelder 1942: 82 [distribution]; Mader 1942: 170 [distribution]; 1951: 206 [key to species]; Blackwelder 1945: 464 [distribution]; Skelley 1998b: 12 [catalog]; Suh et al. 2004: 3 [association with fungi]; Robertson et al. 2004: 3 [family level phylogeny]; Suh et al. 2005: 2 [association with fungi]; Murgas 2006: 74 [distribution]; Rossi &amp; Bergonzo 2008: 1 [association with parasitic fungi]; Yvinec 2010: 3 [distribution]; Drilling et al. 2013: 4 [exocrine glands]; McHugh &amp; Chaboo 2015: 5 [distribution]; Lawrence et al. 2022: 72 [hind wing]. Known geographic distribution: Central America to Argentina.</p><p>Pselaphacus signatipennis Lacordaire 1842: 84; Crotch 1873: 142 [distribution] (syn.).</p><p>Adult diagnosis. Body elongated, elliptical, glabrous and shiny. Head, pronotum and appendages dark brown to black. Elytra red (in fully pigmented adults) with black spots; elongated scutellar spot (up to about 1/4 of the elytral length), a thin black band runs from this spot along the meso-elytral suture and around the outer elytral edge; each elytron has two circular spots near the humeral region, six discal spots at the elytral median portion disposed in two parallel transversal curves projected anteriorly, an elongated heart-shaped apical spot, and nine longitudinal striae of coarse punctures in the red area; surface between striae with fine dense punctation. Penile flagellum with bifurcated head, forming a deep U-shaped emargination; anterior edges pointed and almost parallel (Figs 2–3).</p><p>Adult redescription. Measurements with n = 20, unless otherwise specified. TL 8.93–11.92 (10.92 ± 0.93). Body elongate, elliptical, TL/EW 1.67–1.89 (1.82 ± 0.06); GD/EW 0.47–0.58 (0.56 ± 0,03); glabrous and shiny. Head, pronotum and appendages from black to dark brown; elytra red with black spots. Venter homogeneously black or dark brown in fully pigmented individuals; mouthparts dark brown. Head prognathous, glabrous; punctation dense and fine at the frons, however, coarser and sparser ventrally and in the vertex; frontoclypeal suture barely marked on lateral edges, not visible in the median portion. Clypeus markedly emarginate; contour angulate in males (Fig. 4a) and rounded in females (Fig. 4b); punctation fine; surface with short, fine setae. Antennae brown, setose; club with comparatively shorter and denser vestiture, Proportions between the length of each antennomere and that of the 2 nd antennomere, respectively, from 1 st to 11 th (right antenna; n = 1) as follows: 1.50, 1.00, 2.36, 1.09, 1.18, 1.18, 1.18, 1.18, 1.73, 1.36, 1.82; FL 1.00–1.77 (1.54 ± 0.21), CL 0.85–1.31 (1.15 ± 0.12). Eyes glabrous, coarsely facetted; GW 0.69–0.92 (0.85 ± 0.08). Mouthparts (Fig. 2d–h) mobile labrum, apically more sclerotized, anterior edge setose. Mandibles slightly asymmetrical, robust, with few setae; right mandible with three teeth, the most basal least developed, the median most prominent; left mandible with two teeth and a deep emargination between them; prostheca membranous, pubescent, with high density of setae just below mandibular teeth; right mandible with inner edge of the mola longer than that of the left mandible. Maxilla with subtriangular cardo and elongated stipes. Galea subtriangular, with setose extension towards the sagittal plane, setae covering the apical edge; lacinia less sclerotized than galea, with apical and outer edge setose; basal maxillary palpomere approximately twice the length of the two adjacent ones combined; apical palpomere subtriangular, with elliptical row of setae at apex; labial palps with dilated apical palpomere, strongly sclerotized and covered by scattered setae; mentum with subpentagonal elevate plate. Thorax with subtrapezoidal pronotum, black, glabrous, with dense, fine punctation; punctures separated by about three puncture-widths. Anterior pronotal edge with two shallow emarginations just behind eyes. Lateral pronotal borders convergent anteriorly; lateral carina complete; posterior edge expanded medially. Scutellar shield half as long as wide, subpentagonal, glabrous; punctation, fine; BW 0.54–0.85 (0.69 ± 0.09). Elytra EL 6.85–9.54 (8.76 ± 0.73); reddish with black spots; color pattern and punctation as in diagnosis. Hind wings (Fig. 5) Well developed anterior wing strut (AWS), formed by fusion of ScP and RA, up to the beginning of the radial cell (R), where RA divides into RA1+2 and RA3+4; strong MP1+2 and RP. Cu and MP branch out throughout most of the medial field; anal field delimited by the AA3+4, barely visible AP3+4. Prosternum convex, cup-shaped, with slight median emargination on prosternal process; setae barely visible; procoxal cavities oval, externally closed. Mesoventrite convex, with mesocoxal lines internally arched; setae barely visible. Metaventrite convex; punctation and vestiture scarce; discrimen long, almost reaches the mesoventrite; metacoxal lines present. Metendosternite (Fig. 3g) well developed, rigid, translucent yellow; stalk convex; central sclerotization of anterior process approximately 0.30x as long as central sclerotization of the metendosternal stalk; lamina ear shaped. Legs with oval procoxae, subglobular mesocoxae and transverse metacoxae; femora elongated, especially the metafemora, glabrous, without spines, distal margin with tiny, barely visible setae; tibiae elongated, subtriangular, with setae increasing in size and density from base to apex; pro-, meso- and metatibiae with two spurs at the apex of inner margin; tarsomeres 1–3 densely pubescent beneath. Abdominal ventrites with punctation shallow; punctures separated by 1–2 puncture-widths; setae less evident in articulation between ventrites; coxal lines conspicuous on first ventrite; length of ventrites from first to fifth (on the median longitudinal line, n = 1): 1.69; 1.12; 0.87; 0.89; 1.11. Male terminalia (Fig. 3c–f) with penis elongated, slightly curved; internal sac with well-developed flagellum, with a bifurcated head, forming a deep U-shaped emargination, with anterior edges acute and more or less parallel (Fig. 3e); tegmen strongly sclerotized apically, with conical parameres, glabrous basally and pubescent apically. Female terminalia (Fig. 3a–b) with cylindrical gonostyli, strongly sclerotized, with pubescent apex; gonocoxites slightly more sclerotized apically; spermatheca (Fig. 3a) hazelnut-shaped, capsule strongly sclerotized; bursa copulatrix membranous; tergite and sternite VIII well sclerotized, with pubescent posterior edges; spiculum ventrale well developed. A membranous tube, about 1 mm long when fully extended, connects segment VIII to the posterior structures of the terminalia.</p><p>Eggs. (Figs 7a–b) Measurements (n = 5): TL 1.08–1.32 (1.23 ± 0.09). Elongated, elliptical, with nearly parallel sides. Embryo white, visible through the translucent eggshell.</p><p>First larval instar. (Fig. 7c) Measurements (n = 5): TL 1.15–1.46 (1.18 ± 0.13); PW 0.31–0.42 (0.38 ± 0.04); CAP 0.15–0.38 (0.23 ± 0.10). White, elongated; head capsule, thoracic tergites and legs light brown. Thoracic tergites with transverse light brown plates. Head prognathous, lightly sclerotized; epicranial suture visible; anterior margin of clypeus with median emargination; anterior surface of head with an impression on each side. Stemmata posterior to each antennal insertion, four latero-dorsal, one latero-ventral. Prothorax visibly wider and longer than meso- and metathorax in dorsal view. Abdomen with dorsal medial region slightly more pigmented than remaining tergum; various setae, usually with a darkish patch on the base. Ninth segment smaller, depressed, with a barely visible pair of urogomphi.</p><p>Second larval instar. (Fig. 7d) Measurements (n = 5): TL 3.15–4.31 (4.00 ± 0.52); PW 0.73–0.92 (0.85 ± 0.07); CAP 0.46–0.54 (0.54 ± 0.04). Elongated, almost parallel-sided. Tegument whitish. Head capsule, tarsal claws and urogomphi apex slightly brown. Thoracic tergites with transverse light brown plates. Head hypognathous, moderately sclerotized; setae short, barely visible under stereomicroscope. Abdomen with the dorsal medial portion whitish, bearing thin light brown setae. Ninth segment small, depressed, with a pair of small urogomphi.</p><p>Third larval instar. (Fig. 7e) Measurements (n = 5): TL 8.54–9.31 (9.23 ± 0.37); PW 1.31–1.69 (1.62 ± 0.16); CAP 0.62–0.85 (0.69 ± 0.08). Elongated, almost parallel-sided; prothorax slightly wider than the remaining body. Tegument yellowish white. Head capsule, tarsal claws and urogomphi dark brown. Thoracic tergites with transverse light brown plates. Head hypognathous, well sclerotized, with some short setae a bit thicker on dorsum. Ninth segment small, depressed, with a pair of well sclerotized urogomphi.</p><p>Fourth larval instar. (Figs 6, 7f) Measurements (n = 5): TL 12.77–14.85 (13.92 ± 0.83); PW 2.23–2.46 (2.38 ± 0.09); CAP 1.00–1.15 (1.08 ± 0.06). Slightly fusiform.Tegument cream-colored; thoracic and abdominal tergites with transverse plates, the latter orange in color and bordered by a thick dark brown outline; the plates interrupted in the medial line, with many small and inconspicuous setiferous tubercles. Head capsule, mandibles and tarsal claws dark brown. Head (Fig. 6a–c) prognathous, strongly sclerotized cephalic capsule with short projections covering most of it, each one bearing a distal seta. Epicranial suture marked by a clear area, forming a V-shaped pattern. Depressed portion present in the anterior region, on each side of the suture, separated medially by protuberance. Coronal suture absent. Stemmata posterior to each antennal insertion, four latero-dorsally and one latero-ventrally. Antennae with three antennomeres; first antennomere transverse; second antennomere elongated with a small membranous sensory cone; third antennomere short and cylindrical, with short distal bristles. Frontoclypeal suture complete; clypeus anterior margin with subtriangular emargination, less sclerotized than frons. Mouthparts protracted; labrum (Fig. 6d) transverse, with median emargination anteriorly; mandibles (Fig. 6e) movable, symmetrical, apex 3-toothed, median tooth more prominent; mola and prostheca membranous, with minute denticles; mala prominent, with thick bristles, cardo transverse; maxillary palpi (Fig. 6g) with 3-palpomeres, apical palpomere longer and narrower than the preceding, stipe elongated; labial palpi (Fig. 6f) with 2-palpomeres, first wider than second; mentum and gula subtrapezoidal, membranous. Thorax with prothorax slightly narrower and longer than meso- or metathorax in dorsal view; meso- and metathoracic plates comparatively wider and shorter than prothoracic plate; pair of large annular-biforous spiracles (Fig. 6i–j) located laterally, between pro- and mesothorax. Legs subcylindrical, with thin and short bristles; coxa wide; trochanter subpentagonal; femur wider and longer than tibia; tarsunguli with well-sclerotized claw. Abdomen with 10 segments, ninth visible from above; a pair of annular-biforous spiracles on the sides of each segment from first to eighth. Ninth segment small, depressed, with dorsal orange-colored plate bordered by thick dark brown outline and a pair of well-developed dark urogomphi (Fig. 6h). Tenth segment tubular and ventral, bilobed apically (Fig. 6h).</p><p>Pupae. (Figs 7g) Measurements (n = 3): TL 11.15–12.38 (12.31 ± 0.69); PW 2.77–3.15 (3.15 ± 0.22). Adectic, exarate. Whitish, with many setae of different sizes; with sharp projections along each side of the meso-dorsal line from the thorax to the penultimate abdominal segment. Head hypognathous, not visible in dorsal view. Pronotum subtrapezoidal, about as long as the other thoracic tergal plates combined. Abdomen gradually narrowing towards apex.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Type specimens of the majority ofAmerican  Erotylidae are housed in four major scientific institutions:MNHN,UMZC, BMNH and MRSN (Skelley 1998b, 2009; Pecci-Maddalena et al. 2023). According to Alvarenga (1994), the type of  Pselaphacus signatus is housed in MNHN. Based on images provided by a collaborator (see Acknowledgments), we identified a drawer from the Fleutiaux Collection (MNHN) containing the specimen presumably examined by Alvarenga (Fig. 12c–d). Additionally, coauthor ISCPM photographed a drawer from the Crotch Collection (UMZC) containing another specimen labeled as a “type” of  P. signatus (Fig. 12a–b), as confirmed by the data presented by Skelley (1998b). Guérin-Méneville (1841) did not specify whether there were one or more specimens in the type series of  P. signatus . Therefore, a lectotype must be designated for this species in future studies.</p><p>Life cycle and natural history. Specimens of  P. signatus are frequently collected from decomposing logs, associated with the basidiomes of the fungus  F. brasiliensis (Fig. 1). Adults are often observed and collected in large numbers during both diurnal or nocturnal active sampling. Clusters of larvae are commonly found, usually accompanied by an adult exhibiting some form of parental care. These adults stay close to the larvae and accompanies them during the consumption of basidiomes. During one of our collecting activities, we found eggs and an adult  P. signatus inside a cavity in a log. Despite extensive search efforts, we were only able to locate  P. signatus eggs on one occasion. The log fragment containing the eggs was taken to the laboratory to monitor their development. In the laboratory, approximately 60 eggs were transferred to a container and kept on a moistened piece of log. After a day, most of the eggs hatched, and the first instar larvae began feeding on the basidiomes of  F. brasiliensis provided, while the parental adult remained nearby. It is important to note that the fact that the eggs hatched after a day does not indicate this as the incubation period, as we had no way to determine when the eggs were laid. The developmental time from the first to the fourth instar took about four days. The prepupal stage lasted approximately fourteen days, and the pupal stage lasted about thirteen days. The entire development, from egg to adult, took about thirty-two days. The parental individuals from our collections were dissected to determine their sex. All of the six dissected individuals were females.</p><p>Type material, adults. 1 specimen (UMZC), available by images (Fig. 12b), “ TYPE [blue printed label] \ TYPE. \ signatus. [handwritten?]”; 1 (MNHN), available by images (Fig. 12d), “  Pselaphacus signatus [?], [unreadable], Bolivia [handwritten]”  .</p><p>Other specimens examined. Adults. 1 specimen (CEMT) “ HONDURAS, Sta. Bar. 13km. SE. El Mochito July 31, 1977 CW&amp;L O'Brien &amp; Marshall \  Pselaphacus signatus Guerin, 1841 [handwritten], M.Alvarenga det. [printed], 1984 [handwritten]\ Coleção M. Alvarenga [printed]”; 1 (CEMT) “BRASIL: Ceará. Ubajara. PN Ubajara, Trilha da Samambaia 3°50'25''S, 40°53'56''W. 850m. 16-20.ii.2013. FIT Vaz-de-Mello &amp; Grossi”; 1 (CEMT) “ BRASIL: Mato Grosso. Tangará da Serra. Faz Sudamata. 14°37'19''S 57°58'04''W 332m Mata semidecidual. FIT 10-17- III-2012. RJ Silva.”; 1 (CEMT) “BRASIL: Mato Grosso. Cuiabá. Boa esperança. X.2010 FZ Vaz-de-Mello.”; 1 (CEMT) “Poconé - MT [printed], 06.xii.1997  Erotylidae [handwritten], Arm. Mal. Acuri [printed]”; 3 (CELC) “BR: MG, Viçosa, Mata da Biologia, 14.ii.2020; G.L.N. Martins leg.”. Voucher numbers: CELC005561, CELC005544, CELC005562; 5 (CELC) “BR: MG, Viçosa, Mata da Biologia; 23.ii.2021; G.L.N. Martins leg.”. Voucher numbers: CELC005548, CELC005550, CELC005585, CELC005651, CELC005704; 1 (CELC) “CELC005560 \ BR: MG, Viçosa, Mata da Biologia; 24.ii.2020; G.L.N. Martins leg.”; 1 (CELC) “CELC005648 \ BR: MG, Viçosa, Mata da Biologia; 27.ii.2021; G.L.N. Martins. ”; 2 (CELC) “BR: MG, Viçosa, Mata da Biologia; 28.x.2020; G.L.N. Martins leg.”. Voucher numbers: CELC005563, CELC005543; 2 (CELC) “BR: MG, Viçosa, Mata da Biologia; 30.ix.2020; G.L.N. Martins leg.”. Voucher numbers: CELC005545, CELC005653; 1 (CELC) “CELC005652 \ BR: MG, Viçosa, Mata da Biologia; x.2020; G.L.N. Martins leg.”; 1 (CELC) “CELC005559 \ BRASIL: MG, Viçosa UFV Mata da Biologia 14.iii.2015 leg. I. Pecci-Maddalena &amp; I. Gonçalves ”; 5 (CELC) “BRASIL: MG, Viçosa UFV Mata da Biologia 19.iii.2015 leg. I. Pecci-Maddalena &amp; I. Gonçalves ”. Voucher numbers: CELC005523, CELC005526, CELC005528, CELC005529, CELC005584; 1 (CELC) “CELC005547 \ BRA, MG, Viçosa, Mata da Biologia 23.ii.2021 ”; 2 (CELC) “Brasil: MG, Viçosa " Mata da Biologia " Início de 2015 Aloquio, S &amp; Almeida, J.P.P. leg.”. Voucher numbers: CELC005524, CELC005525; 1 (CELC) “CELC005504 \ Brasil: MG, Viçosa " Mata do Paraíso, coleta manual noturna" 02.xii.2014: leg. Pecci-Maddalena, I.S.C; Lopes-Andrade, C &amp; Chamorro, J.”; 1 (CELC) “CELC005539 \ Brasil: MG, Viçosa " <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.89889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.8402777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.89889/lat -3.8402777)">Mata do Paraíso</a>; Caminho das Águas" 12.xii.2014 leg. Lopes-Andrade, C. et al. ”; 1 (CELC) “CELC005520 \ Brasil: MG, Viçosa " <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.89889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.8402777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.89889/lat -3.8402777)">Mata do Paraíso</a>: Coleta Manual diurna" 05.xii.2014 leg. Lopes-Andrade, C. ”; 1 (CELC) “CELC005509 \ BR: MG, Viçosa "Mata do Paraíso"; 16.xii.2016 Pecci-Maddalena, I.S.C. &amp; Lopes-Andrade, C. leg.”; 5 (CELC) “Brasil: MG, Viçosa " <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.89889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.8402777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.89889/lat -3.8402777)">Mato do Paraíso</a>: Trilha Principal" 15.xii.2014 Pecci-Maddalena, ISC. leg.”. Voucher numbers: CELC003321, CELC005505, CELC005513, CELC005518, CELC005519; 4 (CELC) “BR: MG, Areado; i.2020; G.L.N. Martins leg.”. Voucher numbers: CELC005538, CELC005650, CELC005534, CELC005540; 6 (CELC) “Brasil: MG, Piau 13.xii.2014 Pecci-Maddalena, I.S.C. leg.”. Voucher numbers: CELC005530, CELC005531, CELC005532, CELC005542, CELC005586, CELC005649; 1 (CELC) “CELC005533 \ Brasil: MG, Piau 25.i.2004 leg. Pecci-Maddalena, I.S.C ”; 1 (CELC) “CELC005527 \ Brasil: MG, Juiz de Fora; 07.xii.2014 leg. Pecci-Maddalena, I.S.C. &amp; Maddalena”. Immatures. 27 specimens (CELC) “CELC005708 \ BRA, MG, Viçosa, Mata da Biologia 23.ii.2021 Martins, GLN”; 4 (CELC) “CELC005709 \ Brasil, MG, Viçosa, Mata da Biologia, Martins, GLN Larvas 1º instar  P. signatus; Ovos coletados 23.ii.2021; Larvas sacrificadas 24.ii.2021 [handwritten]”; 3 (CELC) “CELC005710 \ BRA, MG, Viçosa,  Mata da Biologia 23.ii.2021 Martins, GLN 1º instar de  Pselaphacus signatus Ovos coletados 23.ii.2021; Larvas sacrificadas 25.ii.2021 [handwritten]”; 1 (CELC) “CELC005711 \ Larva de 3º instar  P. signatus emergiu dia 27.ii.2021 ovos foram coletados dia 23.ii.2021. Martins GLN  Mata da Biologia [handwritten]”; 1 (CELC) “CELC005712 \ Ovos de  Pselaphacus coletados na  Mata da Biologia (Brasil, MG, Viçosa) dia 23.ii.2021 esta larva de 2º instar emergiu dia 26.ii.2021 Martins, GLN leg. [handwritten]”; 3 (CELC) “CELC005713 \ Larvas  Pselaphacus signatus criação Adultos coletados na  Mata da Bio Final de setembro  Início de Outubro 2020 Possivelmente 3º instar [handwritten]”; 8 (CELC) “CELC005714 \ Larvas  Pselaphacus signatus .  Mata da Biologia 26.x.2020 Martins, G leg. 8 espécimes 3º instar [handwritten]”; 1 (CELC) “CELC005715 \ BRA, MG,  Mata da Biologia (Viçosa-UFV) x.2020 Martins (coleta de larvas) 1 pupa  p. signatus [handwritten]”; 1 (CELC) “CELC005716 \ 1 pupa. Emergiu dia 14.iii.2021 Ovos coletados em 23.ii.2021 BRA, MG,  Mata da Biologia Martins, GLN leg. [handwritten]”; 5 (CELC) “CELC005717 \ BRA, MG,  Mata da Biologia (Viçosa-UFV) x.2020 (coleta de larvas jovens) Martins, GLN [handwritten]”; 1 (CELC) “CELC005718 \ 1 pupa. Emergiu dia 23.x.2020. Larvas coletadas em x.2020  Mata da Biologia, Viçosa, MG, BRASIL Martins GLN [handwritten]”; 1 (CELC) “CELC005719 \ 1 Larva de 4º instar sacrificada dia 29.ii.2021 Ovos foram coletados na  Mata da Biologia (Brasil, MG, Viçosa) dia 23.ii.2021 [handwritten]”; 1 (CELC) “CELC005720 \ 1 Larva, sacrificada 03.iii.2021 Ovos coletados 23.ii.2021 BRA, MG,  Viçosa Mata da Biologia [handwritten]”; 1 (CELC) “CELC005721 \ 1 Larva de 4º instar emergiu dia 28.ii.2021. Os ovos foram coletados no dia 23.ii.2021 BRA, MG, Viçosa,  Mata da Biol. Martins, GLN [handwritten].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DAF218FFDCFFFBFF49FA792DF56AB6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martins, Glauco Luis Do Nascimento;Pecci-Maddalena, Italo Salvatore De Castro;Lopes-Andrade, Cristiano	Martins, Glauco Luis Do Nascimento, Pecci-Maddalena, Italo Salvatore De Castro, Lopes-Andrade, Cristiano (2025): Redescription of adults and first description of immatures for two species of Pselaphacus Percheron, 1835 (Erotylidae: Tritomini) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Zootaxa 5620 (2): 255-277, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5620.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5620.2.3
03DAF218FFD3FFE5FF49FF002DE26E0E.text	03DAF218FFD3FFE5FF49FF002DE26E0E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pselaphacus dentatus Germar 1824	<div><p>Pselaphacus dentatus Germar, 1824</p><p>Figs 8–12.</p><p>Pselaphacus dentatus Germar 1824: 615 ( Triplax). Type locality: “Brasilia”; type deposited at ZMHU [according to Alvarenga, 1994]. Lacordaire 1842: 87 ( Pselaphacus) [brief redescription, distribution]; Crotch 1876: 421 [distribution]; Gemminger &amp; Harold 1876: 3688 [distribution]; Kuhnt 1909: 59 [distribution]; 1911: 39 [distribution]; Blackwelder, 1945: 464 [distribution]; Guérin 1948: 19 [catalog]; Skelley 1998b: 12 [catalog]. Known geographic distribution: South and Southwest Regions of Brazil.</p><p>Adult diagnosis. Body elongated, elliptical, glabrous and shiny. Head, pronotum and appendages dark brown to black. Elytra reddish orange with black patches; starting from the scutellar shield, each elytron has a slightly elongated patch projecting divergently, a spot on the humeral region, a thin pigmented band that runs the meso-elytral suture and the outer elytral margin and a transverse fascia, not reaching the lateral elytral margins, with three emarginations on the anterior and posterior margins; elongated apical spot. Each elytron has nine longitudinal striae of coarse punctures in the orange area; surface between striae with fine dense punctation. Head of penile flagellum bifurcated, forming U-shaped emargination (shallow, compared to the emargination present in  P. signatus) anterior edges truncated and slightly divergent (Figs 8–9).</p><p>Adult redescription. Measurement with n = 5, unless otherwise specified. TL 10.00–11.85 (10.24 ± 0.79). Body elongated, elliptical, TL/EW 1.78–2.08 (1.91 ± 0.11); GD/EW 0.45–0.59 (0.56 ± 0.06) glabrous, and shiny. Head, pronotum, and appendages black to dark brown, elytra reddish orange with black spots. Venter between black and dark brown in fully pigmented individuals. Head prognathous, glabrous, punctation dense and fine at the frons, however, coarser and sparser ventrally and in the vertex; frontoclypeal suture incomplete. Clypeus deeply emarginate, with an angled outline in males (Fig. 10a) or rounded in females (Fig. 10b). Antennae brown, setose; club with comparatively shorter and denser vestiture. Proportions between length to each antennomere and that of the 2nd respectively from 1 st to 11 th (right antenna; n = 1) as follows: 1.36, 1.00, 1.92, 0.88, 0.92, 0.92, 0.88, 0.92, 1.20, 1.08, 1.40. FL 1.62–2.15 (1.69 ± 0.21), CL 1.00–1.15 (1.12 ± 0.06). Eyes glabrous, coarsely facetted GW 0.69–0.92 (0.77 ± 0.09). Mouthparts (Figs 8d–h) mobile labrum, well sclerotized anteriorly, distal margin covered by long setae. Mandibles slightly asymmetrical, robust and with few setae; right mandible with three teeth, the most proximal less developed, the central more prominent, left mandible has two teeth and a deep groove between them; prostheca membranous and pubescent, setose anteriorly; costate mola, inner edge longer in the right mandible; galea subtriangular with setose extension towards the sagittal plane; lacinia narrower and longer in relation to the galea, with apical margin, setose; basal maxillary palpomere approximately twice the length of the two adjacent ones combined, apical palpomere subtriangular, with patch of setae at the apex; labial palpi with dilated apical palpomere, strongly sclerotized and covered by scattered setae; mentum with subpentagonal elevate plate. Thorax with subtrapezoidal pronotum, black, glabrous, with fine and dense punctation; punctures separated by about three puncture-widths. Anterior pronotal edge with two shallow emarginations just behind eyes; lateral pronotal borders convergent anteriorly, lateral carina complete; posterior edge expanded medially. Scutellar shield subpentagonal, glabrous, punctation fine; BW 0.58–0.77 (0.69 ± 0.07). Elytra EL 7.77–9.15 (7.92 ± 0.66); glabrous, reddish orange with black spots; color pattern and punctation as in diagnosis. Hind wings posterior wing venation pattern as described above for  P. signatus . Prosternum convex, cup-shaped, with a slight median emargination on the prosternal process; glabrous; oval procoxal cavities, externally closed. Mesoventrite convex, glabrous, deep grooves surrounding mesocoxal cavities. Metaventrite convex; with faint punctations and setae; discrimen usually shorter than that of  P. signatus, extending for about two thirds of the metaventrite; metacoxal lines present. Metendosternite well-developed (Fig. 9g), rigid, translucent yellow, convex metendosternal stalk; central sclerotization of the anterior process, approximately 0.25x the length of the central sclerotization of the metendosternal stalk; metendosternal lamina ear shaped. Legs procoxa oval, mesocoxa subglobular, and metacoxa transverse; elongated femora, especially the metafemur, glabrous, without spines and with tiny, barely visible setae on their distal margin; tibiae elongated, subtriangular, apically setose; pro-, meso-, and metatibia have two spurs at the apex of inner margin; tarsi densely pubescent. Abdominal ventrites with shallow punctation; punctures separated by an approximate distance of 1–2 diameters; fine and sparse setae visible on the five ventrites; setae and punctures absent or less evident in the articulation regions between the ventrites; coxal lines on first ventrite conspicuous; length of the ventrites from first to fifth (on the median longitudinal line, n = 1): 1.51; 0.91; 0.83; 0.82; 1.02. Male terminalia (Fig. 9c–f) with elongated penis, slightly curved; internal sac with a well-developed flagellum, with a bifurcated head, forming a shallow U-shaped emargination, with anteriorly truncated and slightly divergent edges; tegmen apical portion strongly sclerotized, conical, distally pubescent. Female terminalia (Fig. 9a– b) with cylindrical gonostyli, well-sclerotized, with pubescent apex; gonocoxites slightly more sclerotized apically; spermatheca hazelnut-shaped, strongly sclerotized capsule; bursa copulatrix membranous; tergite and sternite VIII well-sclerotized, with pubescent posterior edges; well-developed spiculum ventrale. A membranous tube, about 1 mm long when fully extended, connects segment VIII to the posterior structures of the terminalia.</p><p>Last instar larvae. (Fig. 11a–b, e–j) Measurements (n = 1): TL 14.23; PW 2.77; CAP 1.08. Slightly fusiform. Tegument cream-colored; head capsule and tarsal claws light brown, mandibles dark brown; dorsum covered by transverse light orange plates, bordered by a light brown outline, with barely visible setiferous tubercles; plates interrupted at medial line. Head (Fig. 11e–g) hypognathous; strongly sclerotized cephalic capsule with short projections covering most of it, epicranial suture V-shaped; coronal suture absent; stemmata posterior to the antennal insertion, four latero-dorsally and one latero-ventrally. Antennae with 3-antennomeres, first transverse; second elongated with a small membranous sensory cone; third short and cylindrical with short distal bristles. Fronto-clypeal suture complete; clypeus anterior margin with subtriangular emargination, less sclerotized than frons. Mouthparts protracted; labrum transverse, with median emargination anteriorly; mandibles movable, symmetrical, 3-toothed apex, with the median tooth being more prominent; mola and prostheca membranous with microdenticles; mala bilobed with thick setae; stipes elongated; cardo transverse; maxillary palpi with 3-palpomeres, third palpomere longer and narrower; labial palpi with 2-palpomeres, first wider than second; mentum and gula subtrapezoidal, membranous. Thorax with prothorax slightly narrower and longer than meso- or metathorax in dorsal view; meso- and metathorax plates like those from prothorax but wider; a pair of large annular-biforous spiracles (Fig. 11i–j) located laterally between pro- and mesothorax. Legs subcylindrical, with fine and short setae; coxa wide; trochanter subpentagonal; femur wider and longer than tibia; tarsunguli with well-sclerotized claws. Abdomen with 10 segments, with 9 visible from the top; a pair of annular-biforous spiracles on the sides of each segment from first to eighth. The ninth segment is smaller, depressed, with a dorsal region containing a light orange plate with a thick dark brown outline and a pair of dark urogomphi (Fig. 11h), with small setiferous tubercles. Tenth segment tubular and ventral, bilobed at the apex.</p><p>Pupae. (Fig. 11b) Measurements (n = 1): TL 12.46; PW 3.92. Adectic and exarate. Whitish, many setae of varying sizes; sharp projections along each side of the meso-dorsal line from the thorax to the penultimate abdominal segment. Long and thin setae present along the dorsolateral angles. Head hypognathous, not visible in dorsal view. Pronotum subtrapezoidal, about as long as the other thoracic segments combined. Abdomen gradually narrows towards the apex.</p><p>Life Cycle. From the numerous collection activities conducted, immature individuals of  P. dentatus were found on only one occasion. Four last instar larvae were found on the abaxial surface of a  F. brasiliensis basidiome, along with one adult. The larvae and the adult were brought to the laboratory. One of the larvae was sacrificed in boiling water and preserved in 70% alcohol for later analysis. The remaining larvae were transferred to a rearing container prepared as described in the methodology. The larvae were fed with  F. brasiliensis basidiomes until, approximately three days later, they ceased feeding and burrowed into the shallow soil layer at the bottom of the terrarium, like  P. signatus . Pupation occurred after approximately sixteen days, and the adults emerged about thirty days later. The adults initially exhibited lethargic behavior, which decreased as the pigmentation process advanced. The adult was dissected for sex determination, and it was found to be a female.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Pselaphacus dentatus  type specimen was not located by us, but Alvarenga (1994) mentioned it is deposited in the Natural History Museum of Berlin. Despite this,  P. dentatus is well-represented in several collections (ISCPM, personal observation)  .  In the present study, we included images (Fig. 12e–f) of five specimens deposited in the Brême historical collection (MRSN).</p><p>Specimens examined. Adults. 1 specimen (CELC) “CELC005549 \ BR: MG,  Viçosa "Mata da Biologia"; 26.x.2016 Pecci-Maddalena, I.S.C. &amp; Orsetti, A leg.”; 1 (CELC) “CELC005564 \ BR: MG, Viçosa, Mata da Biologia; 30.x.2020; G.L.N. Martins leg.”; 1 (CELC) “CELC005569 \ BRASIL: MG, Viçosa Mata da Biologia 21.ii.2015; FIT leg. S. Aloquio, A. Orsetti &amp; M. Bento ”; 1 (CELC) “CELC005571 \ BR: MG, Viçosa, Mata da Biologia; 21.iii.2021; G.L.N. Martins leg.”; 1 (CELC) “CELC005705 \ BR: MG, Viçosa, Mata da Biologia; 30.ix.2020; G.L.N. Martins leg.”; 1 (CELC) “CELC005706 \ BR: MG, Viçosa, Mata da Biologia; 30.x.2020; G.L.N. Martins leg.”; 1 (CELC) “CELC005707 \ BR: MG, Viçosa, Mata da Biologia; 30.x.2020; G.L.N. Martins leg.”; 1 (CELC) “CELC005570 \ Brasil: MG, Viçosa " Mato do Paraíso: Trilha Principal " 15.xii.2014 Pecci-Maddalena, ISC. leg.”; 1 (CERPE) “ BRASIL, RJ, Nova Friburgo, Conquista, 850m - XII.2004 E. &amp; P. Grossi Leg. ”; 1 (CERPE) “ BRASIL, RJ, Nova Friburgo, Sítio Caturama 1100 m - 01 - 31.I.2005 E. J. Grossi Leg. ”. Immatures. 1 specimen (CELC) “CELC005722 \ 1 pupa -  Pselaphacus dentatus .  Larvas de último instar coletada "aos cuidados de fêmea adulta" em 30.x.2020 -&gt; Mata da Biologia BRA, MG, Viçosa Pupa emergiu 19.xi.2020 Martins, GLN leg. Os adultos provenientes desta criação emergiram 02.xii.2020 [handwritten]”; 1 (CELC) “CELC005723 \ 1 Larva  Pselaphacus dentatus BRA, MG, Viçosa Mata da Bio. 30.x.2020 Martins, G. [handwritten]”.</p><p>Comparative notes regarding  Pselaphacus larvae. Although quite similar, the larvae of  Pselaphacus species described so far show some distinguishable differences. Between  P. signatus and  P. dentatus, the most easily recognized differences are in the color of the cephalic capsule, which is darker in  P. signatus . Additionally,  P. dentatus has a very well-developed semilunar fleck anterior to the thoracic spiracle, poorly developed in  P. signatus (see Figs 7 and 11). As noted by Casari et al. (2024),  P. procerus Kuhnt, 1910 has a distal tooth at the urogomphi apex, a structure not present in the other known larvae of the genus. Being one of the largest species in the genus, the larvae of  P. nigropunctatus Percheron, 1835, can be easily distinguished by size; reaching approximately 30 mm as described by Costa et al. (1988), it is about twice the length of the others.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DAF218FFD3FFE5FF49FF002DE26E0E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martins, Glauco Luis Do Nascimento;Pecci-Maddalena, Italo Salvatore De Castro;Lopes-Andrade, Cristiano	Martins, Glauco Luis Do Nascimento, Pecci-Maddalena, Italo Salvatore De Castro, Lopes-Andrade, Cristiano (2025): Redescription of adults and first description of immatures for two species of Pselaphacus Percheron, 1835 (Erotylidae: Tritomini) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Zootaxa 5620 (2): 255-277, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5620.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5620.2.3
