identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03DC87C3FFC7FFF4FF6CB205FA0E6663.text	03DC87C3FFC7FFF4FF6CB205FA0E6663.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ischyronota conicicollis (Weise 1890)	<div><p>Diagnosis</p><p>On an average larva of  Ischyronota desertorum is slightly longer than that of  Ischyronota conicicollis (Table 1): average length of  I. desertorum (n =3) is 5.7 mm, while of  I. conicicollis (n = 4) - 4.4 mm.</p><p>Thorax of both species is without lateral scoli (Figs 1–6, 10, 11, 39, 40). Abdominal segments of  I. desertorum are without lateral scoli (Figs 2, 4, 11, 14, 40) whereas of  I. conicicollis possess a pair of short, conelike scoli per segment with their length increasing posteriorly (Figs 1, 3, 6, 9, 39). Scoli of  I. conicicollis without lateral branches covered with cauliflower-shaped sensilla and apically armed with one cauliflower-shaped sensillum (Figs 46, 47). Supra-anal processes of  I. desertorum covered with dense spines only at apical ¼ th length whereas in the case of  I. conicicollis, except dense spines at apical fourth, (more or less as dense as of  I. desertorum) there are also sparse spines from apical 2/3 rd to 1/4 th length (Figs 6, 7, 11, 12).</p><p>In both species, one seta or more or less elongate cauliflower-shaped sensillum at the base of each leg of the first pair, but with two minute setae at the base of each leg of second and third pair in  I. conicicollis and one minute seta and one cauliflower-shaped sensillum in  I. desertorum .</p><p>Stemmata (Figs 35, 36): of  I. desertorum all of the same size, in  I. conicicollis five of the same size and one distinctly smaller (in the form of pigmented point) on each side.</p><p>Frontal side of head of both species with four small, vertical setae and frontal rows of setae (Figs 15, 16, 25, 26): five in  I. desertorum (Fa, Fb, Fc, Fd, Fe) and four in  I. conicicollis (Fa, Fb, Fc, Fe) . In both species, rows Fa, Fb and Fc with three setae. No row Fd in  I. conicicollis while in  I. desertorum row Fd with single seta (Fd1). Row Fe of  I. desertorum with one seta (Fe2), of  I. conicicollis with two setae (Fe1, Fe2).</p><p>Second antennal segment with five peg-like sensilla: one prominent (sensory appendix) and four small (Figs 19, 29, 43, 44). Peg-like sensilla of  I desertorum of the same size; of  I. conicicollis two sensilla more or less similar in size to sensilla of  I desertorum and two sensilla distinctly smaller.</p><p>Shallow emargination of anterior margin of labrum in both species with six setae but setae of  I. conicicollis distinctly slimmer and longer than that of  I. desertorum (Figs 17, 18, 27, 28, 41, 42). Moreover anterior margin of labrum with setae on each side: two in  I. desertorum and three in  I. conicicollis (two placed very close and one at a distance).</p><p>Maxillary palp of  I. conicicollis two-segmented: first segment with two setae and one campaniform sensillum; second with a group of sensilla at apex, and with one campaniform sensillum and one seta below the apex (Fig. 24). Maxillary palp of  I. desertorum consists of one segment with a group of sensilla at apex, and with one campaniform sensillum and three setae below the apex (Fig. 34, 45). Mala of  I. desertorum bears six pointed setae and one blunt seta at the apex; that of  I. conicicollis bears seven pointed setae and one short seta (or peg-like sensillum?). Prementum of  I. desertorum with two long setae and two campaniform sensilla; that of  I. conicicollis with two long setae, two short setae and four (rarely two) campaniform sensilla.</p><p>Tibiotarsus of  I. conicicollis (Fig. 37) usually with 7 setae (sometimes 5, 6 or 8) or elongate cauliflowershaped sensilla; femur with 16–20 setae (most often 17); and elongate cauliflower-shaped sensilla; tibiotarsus of  I. desertorum (Fig. 38) with 2 setae and 2 cauliflower-shaped sensilla, femur with 14–17 (most often 14) setae and elongate cauliflower-shaped sensilla</p><p>The larvae carry a shield on the supra anal processes. Shield of  I. desertorum consists of only the previous larval skins. Thick and triangular shield of  I conicicollis is composed of the previous larval skins along with faecal matter (Figs 1–4).</p><p>According to Medvedev and Radzivilovskaja (1971) larvae of  I. elevata are impossible to distinguish from larvae of  I. desertorum . Larvae of  I. schusteri are very similar to larvae of  I. conicicollis but they have short scoli only on abdominal segments VI–VIII while in  I. conicicollis scoli are present in the form of small tubercles on segments I and II, and in the form of gradually longer conical processes on segments III–VIII (Medvedev, 1982).</p><p>General description of last instar larva of  I. conicicollis and  I. desertorum .</p><p>Measurements of larvae are given in Table 1.</p><p>Body elongate-oval, widest across meso- and metanotum, slightly narrowed posteriorly (Figs 1, 2). Anterior part of body distinctly convex (Figs 3, 4, 39, 40). Living specimens of both species green.</p><p>Thorax without lateral scoli in both species. Abdominal segments of  I. desertorum without lateral scoli, those of  I. conicicollis with a pair of short cone-like lateral scoli (Figs 1–4, 6, 9, 11, 14, 39, 40). Abdomen with a pair of dorsally bent, supra-anal processes that are covered with spines (Figs 6, 7, 11, 12).</p><p>There are eight pairs of spiracles: one pair on thorax and 7 pairs on abdomen. Size of spiracles very slightly decreasing posterad. Close to each spiracle there is one minute seta (Figs 5, 6, 10, 11, 48).</p><p>Dorsal side of the body with numerous cauliflower-shaped sensilla (Figs 5, 6, 10, 11, 48–52). Thoracic sternites and first three abdominal segments with setae in the middle; laterally with cauliflower-shaped sensilla. Remaining abdominal sternites are with cauliflower-shaped sensilla (Figs 9, 14). Cauliflower-shaped sensilla of dorsal and ventral side of body in both species are of more or less in similar size (Figs 8, 13).</p><p>Medially, close to anterior border of each tergite and sternite is a pair of minute setae. One seta, or more or less elongate cauliflower-shaped sensillum, at the base of each leg of first pair, two minute setae ( I. conicicollis) or one minute seta and one cauliflower-shaped sensillum ( I. desertorum) at the base of each leg of second and third pair.</p><p>Pronotum with numerous cauliflower-shaped sensilla distributed on whole surface (Figs 5, 10). Mesoand metanotum with two irregular rows of numerous cauliflower-shaped sensilla, anterior row slightly less numerous than posterior one. Abdominal tergites with two rows of sensilla; sensilla of anterior row more numerous than of posterior (Figs 6, 11).</p><p>Pro-, meso- and metasternum with 2–6 setae anteriorly in the middle (in area between legs) and one pair posteriorly; laterally with numerous cauliflower-shaped sensilla. First three abdominal segments with setae in the middle; laterally with numerous cauliflower-shaped sensilla. Remaining abdominal sternites with irregular row of numerous cauliflower-shaped sensilla (Figs 9, 14).</p><p>Head hypognathous, strongly retracted into pronotum, invisible from above and well sclerotized (Figs 15, 16, 25, 26). Median suture complete, connected with fronto-clypeal suture. Clypeus distinct, wider than long, with a pair of setae and a pair of campaniform sensilla.</p><p>Six stemmata on each side of the head, arranged in uniform pattern: five in one row with three of them placed very close, and two at a distance, sixth placed in a gap between group of three and two (Figs 35, 36).</p><p>Frontal side of head with four small, vertical setae (V 1–4) and four ( I. conicicollis) or five ( I. desertorum) frontal rows of setae. Close to seta Fc1 there is one campaniform sensillum (Figs 15, 25). Sometimes some setae or campaniform sensilla of frons are lacking. Temporal side of head with three setae (T 1–3) and one campaniform sensillum (Figs 16, 26).</p><p>Antennae two-segmented, set in membranous ring (Figs 19, 29). First segment transverse, wider than second one, with two campaniform sensilla. Second segment stout, at the apex with a group of peg-like sensilla of which one is prominent (sensory apendix) and 4 are small (Figs 43, 44).</p><p>Labrum wider than long, with shallowly emarginate anterior margin. Emargination with six setae, and anterior margin on each side with two ( I. desertorum) or three ( I. conicicollis) setae (Figs 17, 18, 27, 28, 41, 42). On each side of anterior margin, dorsally, there is a single seta. Dorsal side of labrum with four setae, and two pairs of campaniform sensilla. Mid part of ventral (epipharyngeal area) surface with a pair of small setae, four campaniform sensilla and two irregular groups of a few sensilla. Ventrally, central and lateral parts of labrum are armed with numerous small spines.</p><p>Mandibles heavily sclerotized, 6-dentate, teeth blunt at apex, teeth 2–5 with crenulate anterior margin (Figs 20, 21, 30, 31). Sixth tooth distinctly moved back. There are two setae and two campaniform sensilla at the base on dorsal side of the mandible.</p><p>Maxillae and labium connate (Figs 22–24, 32–34, 42, 45). Stipes with two long pointed setae. Mala and lacinia not distinctly bordered from palpiger. Mala broad, rounded at the apex, bears a group of setae (six pointed setae and one blunt at the apex in  I. desertorum; seven pointed setae and one peg-like sensillum in  I. conicicollis). Placed dorsally, lacinia is in the form of a low tubercle covered with numerous spines (Figs 22, 23, 32, 33, 45). Ventrally palpiger is with two setae and three campaniform sensilla. Maxillary palp is one ( I. desertorum; Figs 34, 45) or two-segmented ( I. conicicollis – Fig. 24)). Labial palp is one-segmented, with a group of sensilla at apex and one campaniform sensillum below apex. Ligula covered with spines, and with four sometimes six ( I. desertorum) campaniform sensilla at the base. Prementum with two long setae and two campaniform sensilla ( I. desertorum) or with two long setae, two short setae and four (seldom two) campaniform sensilla ( I. conicicollis). Postmentum with four setae.</p><p>Legs stout, three segmented, consist of: coxa, femur and tibiotarsus armed apically with claw (Figs 37, 38). Claw heavily sclerotized, curved, single and simple, armed basally with a pointed seta. Claw surrounded by a complex of 6 setae which are quite long and straight (five placed close to the claw and one at a distance). Tibiotarsus above claw with two campaniform sensilla and one small seta, and with 4 to 8 long setae or setae and prominent cauliflower-shaped sensilla. Femur with 14 to 20 long setae and prominent cauliflower-shaped sensilla and at the base with one short seta; basally on internal side a group of five campaniform sensilla and one short pointed seta and at a distance one campaniform sensillum. Basally, but on external side of femur, there are two campaniform sensilla. Externally at border between coxa and femur there are two short setae. Coxa on internal side with setae arranged in three groups: first with 6 (sometimes with 5 or 7) elongate cauliflower-shaped sensilla and often with 2–3 campaniform sensilla, second group with three short setae, and basal group with two short setae. At anterior border of coxa on each internal and external side two short setae.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DC87C3FFC7FFF4FF6CB205FA0E6663	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Świętojańska, Jolanta;Borowiec, Lech	Świętojańska, Jolanta, Borowiec, Lech (2007): Redescriptions of last instar larvae of Ischyronota conicicollis (Weise, 1890) and Ischyronota desertorum (Gebler, 1833) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae). Zootaxa 1651 (1): 43-56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1651.1.2, URL: https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1651.1.2
