taxonID	type	description	language	source
03D31809FF919C3B3970FDE7FD74FAE8.taxon	description	Anatomical characters STEM. Cuticle echinate. Epidermal cells rounded or rectangular. Ground tissue consisting of parenchyma and sclerenchyma; forming a ring. Vascular system closed-collateral; lower part rounded to sub-rectangular; parenchyma accumulating tannin. PETIOLE. Cuticle echinate. Epidermal cells rounded or rectangular; papillae present or absent. Ground tissue comprising parenchyma and collenchyma; some species accumulate tannin in ground tissue. Vascular system closed-collateral with sclerenchyma surrounding the bundles; vascular bundles 8 – 19, round or elliptic. LEAVES. Leaf in surface view: epidermal cells with sinuous anticlinal walls; adaxially peltate scales present or absent; abaxially glabrous, stomata anomocytic (hypostomatic). Leaf in transverse view: dorsiventral. Epidermis with 2 zones, costal and intercostal with smooth or echinate cuticle. Palisade: 1 or 2 layers, cells rectangular. Spongy mesophyll sparse, cells irregularly shaped. Midrib: vascular system U-shaped to V-shaped. Margin: involute or revolute. Upper epidermal cells with smooth or echinate cuticle. Lower epidermal cells with echinate cuticle. Pollen morphology Monad, asymmetrical or bilateral in equatorial view, spheroidal, sub-spheroidal or prolate; equatorial axis 27 ± 0.60 – 44 ± 0.72 µm long; polar axis 25 ± 0.73 – 40 ± 0.53 µm long; 2 – 3 - porate or monosulcate; exine thickness 1 – 3 ± 0.71 µm; rugulate with granulate surface, or rugulate with perforate ornamentation.	en	Sarapan, A., Chamchumroon, V., Hodkinson, T. R., Suwanphakdee, C. (2024): Taxonomic revision of Disporum (Colchicaceae) from Thailand including four new species. Blumea 69 (2): 139-160, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.04
03D31809FF999C303A3FFA32FAFAFB2D.taxon	description	Disporum cantoniense (Lour.) Merr. (1919) 229; H. Hara, Stearn & L. H. J. Williams (1987) 72; H. Hara (1988) 183; Songyun & M. N. Tamura (2000) 154. — Fritillaria cantoniensis Lour. (1790) 206. — Type: not indicated.	en	Sarapan, A., Chamchumroon, V., Hodkinson, T. R., Suwanphakdee, C. (2024): Taxonomic revision of Disporum (Colchicaceae) from Thailand including four new species. Blumea 69 (2): 139-160, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.04
03D31809FF999C303A3FFA32FAFAFB2D.taxon	distribution	Distribution — India, China, Tibet, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam Thailand (Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Phayao, Nan, Lamphun, Loei), Malaysia, Indonesia. Habitat & Ecology — In open areas or along roadsides of mixed deciduous or evergreen forests (pine forest) at 800 – 1600 m elevation. Flowering: June to August; fruiting: July to December. Preliminary IUCN conservation status — A conservation status of LC is proposed. Disporum cantoniense is a very widespread species across SE Asia. It is distributed in the protected forest regions of the Northern, Northeastern and South-Western phytogeographical areas of Thailand. Anatomical characters — Upper stem: two ridges (Fig. 3 c). Petiole heart shaped with ridges (Fig. 3 f). Leaves: upper epidermis cell above costal zone with echinate cuticle and intercostal zone with smooth cuticle; lower epidermal cells of costal zone with echinate cuticle and intercostal zone with smooth cuticle; margin revolute; anticlinal walls of adaxial epidermis sinuate (Fig. 3 h). Pollen morphological characters — For polar and equatorial views see Fig. 5 e, f. Pollen in equatorial view with bilateral symmetry, prolate (P / E = 1.30 – 1.41 ± 0.03 µm), medium-sized (38 – 41 by 28 – 30 µm). Aperture monosulcate (Fig. 5 g). Exine 1 – 3 ± 0.43 µm thick; ornamentation rugulate with granulate surface (Fig. 5 h). Note — Disporum cantoniense is distinguished by its campanulate flowers with dark red or dark dull red perianth. The spur is gibbous, 1 – 3 mm long, with 3 ridges. The basal tepal is densely scabrous. The filament is glabrous and white.	en	Sarapan, A., Chamchumroon, V., Hodkinson, T. R., Suwanphakdee, C. (2024): Taxonomic revision of Disporum (Colchicaceae) from Thailand including four new species. Blumea 69 (2): 139-160, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.04
03D31809FF999C353970FB5CFE7BF924.taxon	description	Disporum chiangdaoense differs from D. calcaratum in its perianth that is white and green or cream at apex (vs pink and purple in D. calcaratum) and the ridge of the spur is glabrous (vs papillose in D. calcaratum). — Type: A. Sarapan 46 (holo BKF!; iso BK!, BKF!, K!, KKU!, QBG!), Thailand, Chiang Mai province, Chiangdao district, Chiangdao Wildlife Sanctuary, 10 June 2021. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to Chiangdao Wildlife Sanctuary, Chiang Mai Province, where the type specimens were collected. Perennial erect herbs. Rhizomes horizontal. Aerial stems 15 – 94 cm long; the lower part 15 – 68 cm long, purple; the upper part 7 – 25 cm long with 4 ridges; simple or distally 2 – 4 branched; internode 1.5 – 20 cm long. Cataphylls 4 – 6, 1.2 – 6.5 by 0.5 – 2.5 cm, light or dark brown. Leaves: lamina narrow-lanceolate to elliptic or ovate, 2 – 10 by 1 – 3.5 cm, upper surface glabrous, base obtuse, margin dentate, revolute, dark purple, apex acuminate, veins 5 – 8; petiole ± absent or very short, 1 – 3 mm long, green. Inflorescences umbellate, 2 – 8 flowers; peduncle 1 – 20 mm long, green with purple at proximal and distal ends. Flowers campanulate, 10 – 30 mm long; pedicel 10 – 25 mm long, green with purple at proximal and distal ends. Tepals oblong to obovate, 1.4 – 2.3 by 0.5 – 0.6 cm, 1 – 3 keeled with papillae, white, base glabrous, margin dentate, apex green or cream. Spurs straight or recurved with a ridge, 5 – 10 mm long, cylindrical or funnel-shaped, glabrous, white; ridge membranous, glabrous, white. Stamens 10 – 13 mm long; filament 4 – 10 mm long white, papillose; anther basifixed, yellow. Ovaries obovate or oblong, 13 – 15 by 2 – 3 mm, green; style 3 – 12 mm long, white, glabrous. Fruits globose, 4 – 6 by 3 – 6 mm, blue or dark blue when ripe. Seeds 2 – 4, subglobose or triangular, brown or light brown, surface rough when dried. Distribution — Endemic to Thailand (Provinces: Mae Hong Son (Mueang District); Chiang Mai (Chiangdao Wildlife Sanctuary )). Habitat & Ecology — In open areas or along roadsides of evergreen forest at 1200 – 2000 m elevation. Flowering: June to July; fruiting: August to February. Preliminary IUCN conservation status — A conservation status of Vulnerable (VUD 2) is proposed. Disporum chiangdaoense is endemic to Thailand and was collected from two localities, each with a small population. The species occurs in the Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary that is a protected area and Hmong Microwave Village in Mae Hong Son province. Further exploration is needed. Anatomical characters — Upper stem: four ridges (Fig. 3 b). Petiole U-shaped, without ridges (Fig. 3 e). Leaves: upper epidermal cells above costal and intercostal zones with echinate cuticles; lower epidermal cells of costal zone with echinate cuticles (Fig. 4 d) and intercostal zone with smooth cuticles; margin revolute; anticlinal walls of adaxial epidermis sinuate (Fig. 4 i). Pollen morphological characters — For polar and equatorial views see Fig. 5 i, j. Pollen in equatorial view asymmetrical, subspheroidal (P / E = 1.10 – 1.15 µm), medium-sized (42 – 44 by 38 – 40 µm). Aperture triporate (Fig. 5 k). Exine 1 – 3 ± 0.56 µm thick; ornamentation rugulate with perforate surface (Fig. 5 l). Note — Disporum chiangdaoense resembles D. calcaratum; both have campanulate flowers. However, they differ in several respects. A summary of the differences in morphology, anatomy and pollen morphologies between D. chiangdaoense and D. calcaratum is shown in Table 2.	en	Sarapan, A., Chamchumroon, V., Hodkinson, T. R., Suwanphakdee, C. (2024): Taxonomic revision of Disporum (Colchicaceae) from Thailand including four new species. Blumea 69 (2): 139-160, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.04
03D31809FF9C9C363A3FF955FF3CFCB1.taxon	description	Disporum dorsifixerum has dorsifixed anthers; it differs from D. calcaratum in its flowers which are rotate (vs campanulate in D. calcaratum); the ridge of the spur that lacks papillae (vs papillose in D. calcaratum), and the tepals that are apically green (vs pale pink in D. calcaratum). — Type: A. Sarapan 33 (holo BKF!; iso BK!, BKF!, K!, KKU!, QBG!), Thailand, Lamphun province, Mae Tha district, Doi Khun Tan National Park, 12 June 2021. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the dorsifixed anther attachment that is a unique distinguishing character for this species. Perennial erect herbs. Rhizomes horizontal. Aerial stems 25 – 160 cm long; the lower part 5 – 77 cm long, green; the upper part 15 – 62 cm long with 2 ridges; distally 2 – 6 branched; internodes 1.5 – 22 cm long. Cataphylls 3 – 6, 1.5 – 7.8 by 0.4 – 2.5 cm, brown or reddish brown. Leaves: lamina narrow-lanceolate to elliptic or ovate, 4.5 – 14 by 1.8 – 7 cm, upper surface glabrous, base obtuse, margin dentate, revolute, apex acuminate, veins 3 – 12; petiole 1 – 6 mm long, white or green, papillose. Inflorescences umbellate, 2 – 10 flowers; peduncle 2 – 40 mm long, green. Flowers rotate, 8 – 20 mm long; pedicel 10 – 32 mm long, green with purple at proximal and distal ends. Tepals lanceolate to obovate or elliptic to ovate, 1 – 1.7 by 0.3 – 0.8 cm, keels 1 – 3, with papillae, pink or dark purplish red or a dark dull red, base glabrous, margin entire, revolute, apex green. Spurs straight or recurved with a ridge, 5 – 7 mm long, cylindrical or funnel-shaped, glabrous, pink or light pink or dark purplish red; ridge membranous, glabrous, dark dull red. Stamens 7 – 14 mm long; filament 4 – 10 mm long, pink or dark purplish red, smooth; anther dorsifixed, yellow or purplish red. Ovaries globose or obovate, 13 – 15 by 2 – 4 mm, green or pale green to yellow; style 5 – 10 mm long, dark dull or dark purplish red, papillose. Fruits oblate or globose, 0.4 – 14 by 0.6 – 1.4 cm, deep black- ish blue when ripe. Seeds 1 – 5, subglobose or triangular, light brown to brown, glabrous. Distribution — Endemic to Thailand (Lamphun: Doi Khun Tan National Park; Tak: Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary). Habitat & Ecology — In open areas and along roadsides of mixed deciduous and evergreen forests at 1300 – 1800 m elevation. Flowering: July to August; fruiting: July to December. Preliminary IUCN conservation status — A conservation status of Vulnerable (VUD 2) is proposed. Disporum dorsifixerum is endemic to Thailand and is known from two localities, each with a small population where a few individuals were observed. The species might occur in other areas in the Northern region of Thailand. A further survey is needed to reassess the conservation status. Anatomical characters — Upper stem: two ridges. Petiole V-shaped with ridges. Leaves: upper epidermal cells above costal zone with echinate cuticles and intercostal zone with smooth cuticles (Fig. 3 l); lower epidermal cells of costal zone with echinate cuticles (Fig. 4 e) and intercostal zone with smooth cuticles; margin slightly revolute; anticlinal walls of adaxial epidermis sinuate (Fig. 4 j). Pollen morphological characters — For polar and equatorial views see Fig. 5 m, n. Pollen in equatorial view asymmetrical, spheroidal (P / E = 1.03 – 1.12 µm), medium-sized (27 – 29 by 25 – 27 µm). Aperture triporate (Fig. 5 o). Exine 1 – 3 ± 0.52 µm thick; ornamentation rugulate with granulate surface (Fig. 5 p). Note — Disporum dorsifixerum is similar to D. calcaratum in its pink to purple perianth. The differences are provided in Table 3.	en	Sarapan, A., Chamchumroon, V., Hodkinson, T. R., Suwanphakdee, C. (2024): Taxonomic revision of Disporum (Colchicaceae) from Thailand including four new species. Blumea 69 (2): 139-160, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.04
03D31809FF9F9C2D3A3FFC26FDADFBE5.taxon	description	Disporum phuhinrongklaensis differs from D. calcaratum in its flowers that are rotate and white and green at the apex (vs campanulate and pink or dark purplish red in D. calcaratum); the ridge of the spur is glabrous (vs papillose in D. calcaratum); the filaments and style are white (vs pink or purple in D. calcaratum). — Type: A. Sarapan 40 (holo BKF!; iso BK!, BKF!, K!, KKU!, QBG!), Thailand, Pitsanulok province, Nakhon Thai district, Phu Hin Rong Kla National Park, 2 June 2021. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to Phu Hin Rong Kla National Park, Phitsanulok province, where the type specimens were collected. Perennial erect herbs. Rhizomes short, vertical or horizontal. Aerial stems 40 – 105 cm long; the lower part 27 – 57 cm long, green; the upper part 8 – 54 cm long with 3 ridges, distally 2 – 6 branched; internodes 3 – 17 cm long. Cataphylls 2 – 4, 2.5 – 6.5 by 0.4 – 2 cm, green or pale green. Leaves: lamina narrow-lanceolate to ovate, 6 – 11 by 1 – 5 cm, upper surface glabrous, base obtuse, margin dentate, revolute, apex acuminate, veins 4 – 9; petiole absent or short, 1 – 3 mm long, green. Inflorescences umbellate, 3 – 8 flowers; peduncle 2 – 30 mm long, green with purple at proximal and distal ends. Flowers rotate, 10 – 20 mm long; pedicel 10 – 30 mm long, green with purple at proximal and distal ends. Tepals oblong to narrow-ovate or obovate, 1.4 – 2 by 0.4 – 1 cm, keels 1 – 3, with papillae, white, base glabrous, margin entire, apex green. Spurs straight or recurved with a ridge, 5 – 9 mm long, cylindrical or funnel shaped, glabrous, white; ridge membranous, glabrous, white. Stamens 10 – 15 mm long; filament 7 – 12 mm long, white, papillose; anther basifixed, yellow. Ovaries obovate or oblong, 8 – 12 by 2 – 3 mm, green; style 2 – 8 mm long, white, glabrous. Fruits globose to oblong, 4 – 10 by 4 – 8 mm, green and black when ripening. Seeds 2 – 3, subglobose, brown or light brown, rugose when dried. Distribution — Endemic in Thailand (Chiang Mai: Si Lanna National Park, Phitsanulok: Phu Hin Rong Kla National Park). Habitat & Ecology — In open areas or along roadsides of mixed deciduous and evergreen forests at 800 – 1200 m elevation. Flowering: May to June; fruiting: July to December. Preliminary IUCN conservation status — A conservation status of Vulnerable (VUD 2) is proposed. Disporum phuhinrongklaensis is endemic to Thailand and is known from two localities, each with a small population where a few individuals were observed. The species might occur in other areas in the Phu Hin Rong Kla National Park and Si Lanna National Park. Further exploration is needed. Anatomical characters — Upper stem: three ridges. Petiole V-shaped with ridges. Leaves: upper epidermal cells above costal zone with echinate cuticles and intercostal zone with smooth cuticles (Fig. 4 a); lower epidermal cells of costal zone with echinate cuticles (Fig. 4 f) and intercostal zone with smooth cuticles; margin revolute; anticlinal walls of adaxial epidermis sinuate (Fig. 4 k). Pollen morphological characters — For polar and equatorial views see Fig. 5 q, r. Pollen in equatorial view with bilateral symmetry, subspheroidal (P / E = 1.20 – 1.32 µm), medium-sized (35 – 37 by 28 – 30 µm). Aperture monosulcate (Fig. 5 s). Exine 1 – 3 ± 0.53 µm thick; ornamentation rugulate with granulate surface (Fig. 5 t). Note — Disporum phuhinrongklaensis is similar to D. calcaratum as they share a long and straight spur. However, they differ in a number of respects, see Table 4.	en	Sarapan, A., Chamchumroon, V., Hodkinson, T. R., Suwanphakdee, C. (2024): Taxonomic revision of Disporum (Colchicaceae) from Thailand including four new species. Blumea 69 (2): 139-160, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.04
03D31809FF849C2D3A3FFB94FAD6FA7A.taxon	description	Disporum scabridum differs from D. calcaratum in its flowers that are tubulate to campanulate with a deep purple red apex (vs campanulate with pink or pale pink apex in D. calcaratum); the basal tepal and spur are densely scabrous (vs glabrous in D. calcaratum). — Type: A. Sarapan 8 (holo BKF!; iso BK!, BKF!, K!, KKU!, QBG!), Thailand, Phitsanulok province, Nakhon Thai district, Phu Hin Rong Kla National Park, Mhan Daeng Waterfall, 7 July 2021. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the densely scabrous spur that is characteristic of the species. Perennial erect herbs. Rhizomes short, vertical or horizontal. Aerial stems 45 – 100 cm long; the lower part 68 – 73 cm long, green; the upper 20 – 50 cm long with 2 ridges; simple or usually distally 2 – 3 - branched; internode 1 – 20 cm long. Cataphylls 4 – 5, 4 – 5.5 by 0.6 – 1.2 cm, reddish brown. Leaves: lamina lanceolate, elliptic or ovate, 11 – 16 by 0.3 – 0.5 cm, upper surface glabrous, base obtuse, margin dentate, involute, dark purple, apex acuminate, veins 3 – 8; petiole absent or short, 2 – 10 mm long, green. Inflorescences umbellate, 3 – 7 flowers; peduncle 4 – 10 mm long, green. Flowers tubulate to campanulate, 12 – 20 mm long; pedicel 4 – 20 mm long, green with purple at proximal and distal ends. Tepals lanceolate to obovate, 2 – 2.2 by 0.4 – 0.6 cm, 1 – 3 keels with papillae, dark red to light pure red or deep red with a slight tinge of purple, base densely scabrous on both sides, margin dentate, apex dark dull red. Spurs straight or recurved with a ridge, 5 – 7 mm long, cylindrical or funnel shaped, densely scabrous, dark red; ridges membranous, densely scabrous or papillose, dark dull red. Stamens 12 – 14 mm long; filament 8 – 12 mm long, white or green, densely papillate; anther basifixed, yellow. Ovaries oblong or obovate to oblong, 12 – 14 by 2 – 3 mm; style 6 – 10 mm long, dark purplish red, papillose. Fruits globose, 4 – 6 by 3 – 7 mm, green and black when ripening. Seeds 2 – 4, subglobose or triangular, light brown to brown, rough surface when dried. Distribution — Endemic to Thailand (Pitsanulok: Phu Hin Rong Kla National Park). Habitat & Ecology — In open areas and along roadsides of mix deciduous or evergreen forests at 1000 – 1800 m elevation. Flowering: June to July; fruiting: July to November. Preliminary IUCN conservation status — A conservation status of Vulnerable (VUD 1) is proposed. Disporum scabridum is endemic to Thailand and is known only from one small population where a few individuals were observed. The species might occur in other areas in the Phu Hin Rong Kla National Park. Further exploration is needed. Anatomical characters — Upper stem: two ridges. Petiole V-shaped with ridges. Leaves: upper epidermal cells above costal and intercostal zones (Fig. 3 j) with smooth cuticles (Fig. 4 b); lower epidermal cells of costal and intercostal zones with smooth cuticles; margin involute (Fig. 3 h); anticlinal walls of adaxial epidermis sinuate (Fig. 4 l). Pollen morphological characters — For polar and equatorial views see Fig. 5 u, v. Pollen in equatorial view with bilateral symmetry, spheroidal (P / E = 1.02 – 1.10 µm), medium-sized (39 – 41 by 37 – 39 µm). Aperture 2 - porate (Fig. 5 w). Exine 2 – 3 ± 0.48 µm thick; ornamentation rugulate with granulate surface (Fig. 5 x). Note — Morphologically, Disporum scabridum is similar to D. calcaratum; the differences are shown in Table 5.	en	Sarapan, A., Chamchumroon, V., Hodkinson, T. R., Suwanphakdee, C. (2024): Taxonomic revision of Disporum (Colchicaceae) from Thailand including four new species. Blumea 69 (2): 139-160, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2024.69.02.04
