identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D387FBFFD89F33FF73F98DA2A9FEB5.text	03D387FBFFD89F33FF73F98DA2A9FEB5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phallus mengsongensis H. L. Li, L. Ye, P. E. Mortimer, J. C. Xu & K. D. Hyde 2014	<div><p>Phallus mengsongensis H.L. Li, L. Ye, P.E. Mortimer, J.C. Xu &amp; K.D. Hyde,  sp. nov. Fig. 2. C-1, C-2.</p><p>MycoBank MB 804689</p><p>Type: —   CHINA. Yunnan Province: Xishuangbanna,  Mengsong Village, UTM-N2379744.485281, UTM-E653217.753714, alt. 1600m, 4 October 2012, Lei Ye (HKAS 78343, holotype)  .</p><p>Basidiocarp egg-shaped at first, elliptical or ovoid, 17–20 mm high × 9–11 mm wide, greyish white or light grey (1B1 or 1C1) with scales, and short white basal rhizomorphs. The egg soon ruptures to reveal a cap and stipe which reaches a height of 94–142 mm at maturity. Indusium absent. Cap 12–28 mm long, 8–18 mm wide, reddish-orange (7A6), narrowly campanulate with a well-developed apical opening (Fig. 2. C-1). Cap surface reticulated with strongly protruding ridges and sunken pits; the pits of the gleba containing a sticky, smelly, yellowish-brown (5E4) spore mass, which is carried away by flies and then the reddish-orange (7A6) cap is revealed. Stipe 94–142mm high × 3–5mm wide, uniformly pure white to pale orange (6A3), erect, pliant, and nearly cylindrical or more usually tapering upwards, slender, hollow, the walls being deeply, and multiply lacunose, the elliptical or polygonal lacunae forming a sort of fractal sponge. Volva present, with light brown (6E8) appressed scales on a greyish-white (1B1) background, with short, white, basal rhizomorphs. Basidiospores [100/4/4] 3.5–5 × 1.5–2um, L=4.1, W=1.9, Q=2.15, elongate or cylindrical, smooth and thick walled, hyaline, with oil droplets. Hyphae of cap and stipe 32–50 µm wide, foam-like (not tightly packed), variously shaped, hyaline, and smooth-walled. Hyphae of volva 3–5 µm wide, branched, hyaline, septate, with clamp connections (Fig. 3). Odour of excrement or carrion.</p><p>Habitat/Distribution: —gregarious on rotten woods and sticks, Yunnan Province, China.</p><p>Etymology: —the species epithet “mengsongensis” refers to the place where the species was collected.</p><p>Other material examined:—   CHINA. Yunnan Province: Xishuangbanna,  Mengsong Village, UTM-N2379744.485281, UTM-E653217.753714, alt. 1600m, 20 September 2012, Lei Ye (HKAS 78342, paratype) ;  ibid. 16 October 2012, Lei Ye (HKAS78345, paratype);  Ibid. 17 October 2012, Lei Ye (HKAS78344, paratype) .</p><p>Notes: —The main distinguishing characters of  Phallus mengsongensis are a remarkable well-developed opening at the apex of the narrowly campanulate cap (Fig. 2. C-1), and the colour of the cap and stipe, which is reddish-orange (7A6) and pale orange (6A3), respectively. The deeply reticulate stipe and scaly volva are also useful in distinguishing the new species from others in the genus. This species morphologically closely resembles  P. rubicundus (Bosc) Fr. (1823: 284),  P. calongei G. Moreno &amp; Khalid (2009: 458),  P. drewesii Desjardin &amp; B.A. Perry (2009: 545),  P. minusculus Kreisel &amp; Calonge (2002: 600), and four varieties of  P. costatus which are similar in colour. Immature fruiting bodies of  Phallus species grow underground, are roughly spherical to ovoid, and have a soft or gelatinous surface; the mature fruit bodies are bell-shaped with a reticulated cap, single stipe and volva (Moreno et al. 2009; Desjardin &amp; Perry 2009; Calonge 2002). However,  P. mengsongensis,  P. rubicundus,  P. calongei,  P. drewesii,  P. minusculus and four varieties of  P. costatus have subtle morphological differences (Table 2 &amp; 3). If we compare  P. mengsongensis with  P. calongei, the cap of  P. calongei sweeps upwards at the margin, the stipe is white without a deeply reticulate pattern made up of elliptical or polygonal segments, and the volva of  P. calongei is not scaly (Moreno et al. 2009).  P. drewesii should be compared with  P. mengsongensis; however the cap of  P. drewesii is white with an orange tinge under the gleba and is less strongly reticulate than  P. mengsongensis; the apical opening of  P. drewesii is perforate and truncated (Fig. 6. A&amp;B); and the stipe of  P. drewesii is pure white and the spores are pale brown (Desjardin &amp; Perry 2009).  P. minusculus should be compared with  P. mengsongensis; however, the stipe of  P. minusculus is white without a deeply reticulate pattern, and the volva is not scaly (Calonge 2002).  P. rubicundus should also be compared with  P. mengsongensis; however, the cap of  P. rubicundus is not strongly reticulate, and the top of the cap of  P. rubicundus doesn’t have a remarkable well-developed opening. The red stipe of  P. rubicundus consists of smaller chambers than  P. mengsongensis, and  P. rubicundus has a white volva (Liu et al. 2005) (Table 2).</p><p>The fruiting body colour of  P. mengsongensis closely resembles  P. costatus (Penz) Lloyd var. costatus (1909: 10),  P. costatus (Penz) Lloyd var. dailingensis (1954: 72),  P. costatus (Penz) Lloyd var. epigaeus (1938: 76) and  P. costatus (Penz) Lloyd var. sphaerocephoalus (2002: 123) . However, the fruiting bodies of  P. costatus var. costatus are larger and yellow, and contain a plate-like apical opening and light green spores; whereas  P. costatus var. dailingensis has a collar-like, outwardly incurved, apical opening, a white partial veil and light green spores.  P. costatus var. epigaeus has a large plate-like apical opening with coarse reticulate veins and light olive green spores, whereas  P. costatus var. sphaerocephalus has a nearly spherical or peach-like and yellow cap, and outwardly incurved apical opening with reticulate veins on surface and white veil (Liu et al. 2005) (Table 3).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D387FBFFD89F33FF73F98DA2A9FEB5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Li, Huili;Mortimer, Peter E.;Karunarathna, Samantha C.;Xu, Jianchu;Hyde, Kevin D.	Li, Huili, Mortimer, Peter E., Karunarathna, Samantha C., Xu, Jianchu, Hyde, Kevin D. (2014): New species of Phallus from a subtropical forest in Xishuangbanna, China. Phytotaxa 163 (2): 91-103, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.163.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.163.2.3
03D387FBFFDC9F3CFF73FE01A506FCC5.text	03D387FBFFDC9F3CFF73FE01A506FCC5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phallus serrata H. L. Li, L. Ye, P. E. Mortimer, J. C. Xu & K. D. Hyde 2014	<div><p>Phallus serrata H.L. Li, L. Ye, P.E. Mortimer, J.C. Xu &amp; K.D. Hyde,  sp. nov. Fig. 2. B-1, B-2.</p><p>MycoBank MB 804688</p><p>Type: —   CHINA. Yunnan Province: Xishuangbanna,  Mengsong Village, UTM-N2379744.485281, UTM-E653217.753714, alt. 1600m, 21 September 2012, Lei Ye (HKAS78340, holotype)  .</p><p>Basidiocarp 150–210 mm high × 15–20 mm wide when mature, subglobose or egg-shaped when young; exoperidium soon rupturing to reveal the cap and stipe on maturity. Cap 40–42 mm high × 34–35 mm wide, nearly half egg-shaped, with a somewhat prominent apex, a white hole, strongly reticulate, white ridges and olive (1E3–5) sticky gleba in the pits. Stipe white, 150–155 mm high × 15–20 mm wide, cylindrical, spongiform. Indusium 135mm – 140mm long, white, well-developed, at first contracted under the edge of the cap, later expanding to a skirt-like net whose margin almost touches the ground. The holes within the indusium are round, nearly round, or polygonal, and their edges are serrated (Fig. 2. B-1). Volva brownish-grey (6C2 to 6C4), without scales, attached by a rhizomorph to the soil. Basidiospores [50/2/2] 4–5 × 2–3 µm, L=4.7, W=2.7, Q=1.7, ellipsoid or elongate, hyaline, smooth, and thick walled. Basidia and cystidia not seen. Hyphae of volva 3–5 µm wide, branched, thinwalled, clamp connections present. Hyphae of indusium and stipe foam-like (not tightly packed), with subglobose, hyaline hyphal elements 40–60 µm diameter (Fig. 4). Odour: foul, attractive to flies.</p><p>Habitat/Distribution: —on soil, in decaying litter, solitary or in groups, Yunnan Province, China.</p><p>Etymology: —the species epithet “serrata” refers to the serrated edges of the holes within the indusium.</p><p>Other material examined:— CHINA. Yunnan Province: Xishuangbanna,  Mengsong Village, UTM-N2379744.485281, UTM-E653217.753714, alt. 1600m, 8 September 2012, Lei Ye (HKAS78341, paratype)  .</p><p>Notes: ―The main distinguishing characters of  Phallus serrata are a white indusium, whose holes are round, nearly round, or polygonal with serrated margins (Fig. 2. B-1), nearly half egg-shaped cap, with a somewhat prominent apex which has a white opening, and white, cylindrical and spongy stipe. This species closely resembles  Phallus indusiatus Vent. (1798: 520) ( Dictyophora indusiata (Vent.) Desv. (1809: 92),  Phallus echinovolvata (M. Zang, D.R. Zheng &amp; Z.X. Hu) Kreisel (1996 ?277),  Dictyophora echinovolvata M. Zang, D.R. Zheng &amp; Z.X. Hu (1988: 146) and  Phallus duplicatus Bosc (1811: 86) ( Dictyophora duplicata (Bosc) E. Fisch (1988: 6)) .  P. serrata is comparable with  P. indusiatus (Cunnigham 1944); however, the cap of  P. indusiatus is campanulate and dingy yellow under the olivaceous gleba, and the indusium is polygonal without serrated margins around the holes.  P. serrata should also be compared with  P. echinovolvata (Zang et al. 1988); however, the cap of  P. echinovolvata is conical or campanulate and whitish yellow under an olivaceous brown gleba, and the indusium is fragile without a serrated margin in the holes, and the volva surface of  P. echinovolvata is echinulate (Table 3).  P. sarrata closely resembles  P. duplicatus (Liu et al. 2005); however, the indusium of  P. duplicatus is not serrate, and is 60–70mm long, which is shorter than  P. serrata . The spores of  P. duplicatus are also smaller than  P. serrata, and  P. duplicatus has an annulus under the indusium unlike  P. serrata (Table 4).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D387FBFFDC9F3CFF73FE01A506FCC5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Li, Huili;Mortimer, Peter E.;Karunarathna, Samantha C.;Xu, Jianchu;Hyde, Kevin D.	Li, Huili, Mortimer, Peter E., Karunarathna, Samantha C., Xu, Jianchu, Hyde, Kevin D. (2014): New species of Phallus from a subtropical forest in Xishuangbanna, China. Phytotaxa 163 (2): 91-103, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.163.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.163.2.3
03D387FBFFD39F3DFF73F8B2A29EF8E3.text	03D387FBFFD39F3DFF73F8B2A29EF8E3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phallus undefined-1	<div><p>Phallus sp. 1 . Fig. 2. A-1, A-2.</p><p>Basidiocarp 150 mm high × 17 mm wide, spherical to subglobose when young, the exoperidium rupturing at maturity to reveal the cap and stipe. Cap 42 mm × 24 mm, campanulate, with a white opening at apex; surface smooth when young (A1–3), becoming reticulate with irregular ridges and pits, and showing white as flies consume the olive (1–3F5–8) gleba, which is slimy and smelly. Stipe hollow, pure white, 65 mm high × 17 mm wide, cylindrical, and reticulate or lacunose with elliptical or polygonal lacunae. Indusium at first folded up under the cap, later expanding to become well developed with orange tones. Volva off-white, without scales, but not smooth to the touch, attached to the soil by a thick rhizomorph. Basidiospores [25/1/1] 2.96–4.93 × 2–3 µm, L=4.22, W=2.05, Q=2.06, ellipsoidal or oblong to cylindrical, hyaline with drops, wall smooth and slightly thickened. Hyphae of stipe hyaline, and foam-like (not tightly packed) under the microscope. Basidia and cystidia not seen. Hyphae of volva hyaline, tubulose, and branched, with clamp connections (Fig. 5). Odour: foul or putrid.</p><p>Habitat/Distribution: —on soil, in rotting litter, solitary or in groups, Yunnan Province, China.</p><p>Notes: —The main characters of  Phallus sp. 1 are a slightly orange indusium, which expands from under the cap at maturity and the white cap, smooth without reticulation under the olive (1–3F5–8) gleba (Fig. 2. A-1, A-2 &amp; Fig. 6. C), when immature. Although phylogenetic tree shows 100% bootstrap support for  Phallus sp. 1 and  P. luteus (Liou &amp; L. Hwang) T. Kasuya (2009: 106), morphologically P. sp. 1 and  P. luteus are different, even though the specimen of P. sp. 1 used in this study is immature. When young, the cap of  P. luteus is reticulate under the olive brown gleba, the indusium of  P. luteus is yellow, and the spore size of  P. luteus is smaller than that of P. sp. 1 (Kasuya 2008). P. sp. 1 should also be compared with  Phallus multicolor (Berk. &amp; Broome) Cooke (1882?57); however, the cap surface of  P. multicolour is lemon yellow under the olive brown gleba and the stipe is yellow white (Dutta et al. 2012). As only one specimen was found, we described it, but do not introduce it as a new species in this paper.</p><p>Material examined: —   CHINA. Yunnan Province: Xishuangbanna,  Mengsong Village, UTM-N2379744.485281, UTM-E653217.753714, alt. 1600m, 14 August 2012, Lei Ye, (HKAS78339)  .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D387FBFFD39F3DFF73F8B2A29EF8E3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Li, Huili;Mortimer, Peter E.;Karunarathna, Samantha C.;Xu, Jianchu;Hyde, Kevin D.	Li, Huili, Mortimer, Peter E., Karunarathna, Samantha C., Xu, Jianchu, Hyde, Kevin D. (2014): New species of Phallus from a subtropical forest in Xishuangbanna, China. Phytotaxa 163 (2): 91-103, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.163.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.163.2.3
