identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D4E64CE2067A0E00BEF8D2FA91FB3B.text	03D4E64CE2067A0E00BEF8D2FA91FB3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Falakia Shah & Heller & Huang 2026	<div><p>Genus Falakia gen. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: DFD87DA3-CAED-4A62-859D-2675838342B8</p><p>Type species</p><p>Falakia galactica gen. et sp. nov., here designated.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Medium-sized, mostly colourful species. Antennal flagellomeres bottle-neck-like as in Sciara and Hirtipennia . Wing membrane mostly covered with macrotrichia. Gonostylus without apical tooth, and with a group of 3–7 spines arranged in various patterns on a distinct dorsal lobe.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>This genus is named in honour of the late Mr Falak Shah (Manki, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan), father of the first author, in tribute to his unwavering sacrifices in supporting the first author’s education, despite financial hardships.</p><p>Description</p><p>Mostly bright species, only few with dark colour. Head generally brown or dark brown. Antenna typically yellowish brown with basal three flagellomeres yellow. Eye bridge 3–4 facets wide. Face and clypeus with few setae. Maxillary palpus long, 3-segmented; basal segment with several bristles. Fourth antennal flagellomere 2.85–3.66 times as long as wide; neck short, bottleneck-like; longest setae shorter than width of flagellomere. Postpronotum setose. Wing mostly large with width/length = 0.36–0.41; membrane almost completely covered with macrotrichia, Sc fainted, reaching the level of Rs; R 1 joining the C at or beyond the base of the M-fork; stM weakly visible; R, R 1, and R 4+5 setose; M 1, M 2, CuA 1, and CuA 2 with macrotrichia. Haltere pale to yellowish brown, with long stem. Legs mostly yellowish; coxae darkened; femora and tibiae yellow to yellowish brown; fore tibia without noticeable spines; fore tibial spur usually longer than tibial width. Abdomen mostly setose. Hypopygium mostly brown; gonocoxite generally as long as or longer than gonostylus; inner side of gonocoxite mostly non-setose or rarely found short hairs. Gonostylus stout, without apical tooth; apex with short hairs, with a group of 3–7 spines (megasetae) arranged in various patterns on a dorsal lobe. Tegmen membranous, longer than wide. Aedeagal rod mostly long, with a fork, Y-shaped.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Palearctic, Oriental, and Nearctic regions.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The genus is closely related to Hirtipennia in having the wing membrane covered with macrotrichia and bottle-neck shaped antennal flagellomeres, but can be differentiated by lacking apical tooth at the gonostylus and having an extended dorsal lobe with a group of spines (megasetae). Both genera are sharing characters with Sciara by having the same kind of antennal flagellomeres, the wing with Sc extended to or beyond Rs, and no conspicuous spines on the tibia. Some species of Sciara also have macrotrichia on the wing membrane to a lesser extent, only a few have a more complete coverage. But species of Sciara are generally larger and often darker. In an unpublished phylogenetic analysis using whole mitogenomes on Sciaridae from China, Falakia gen. nov. came out in between different clades of Sciara . In order to keep the morphologically well-defined Falakia and Hirtipennia as distinct genera, the paraphyletic and species-rich genus Sciara will be split into new, defined species groups (Shah et al. in prep.), later to be treated as distinct genera.</p><p>World checklist of the species of Falakia gen. nov.</p><p>Falakia bicolor gen. et sp. nov. [OR, PA]</p><p>Falakia craniata gen. et sp. nov. [OR, PA]</p><p>Falakia flavomarginata (Mohrig &amp; Mamaev, 1982) gen. et comb. nov. [PA]</p><p>Falakia galactica gen. et sp. nov. [OR, PA]</p><p>Falakia modesta (Winnertz, 1867) gen. et comb. nov., stat. nov. [NE, OR, PA]</p><p>Falakia obscura gen. et sp. nov. [OR, PA]</p><p>Falakia varia gen. et sp. nov. [OR, PA]</p><p>Falakia xizangensis gen. et sp. nov. [OR, PA]</p><p>Key to the known species of Falakia gen. nov.</p><p>1. Dark brown to black body coloration (Fig. 5A–B) ........................................................................... 2</p><p>– Body partly yellowish or reddish (Fig. 2A) ...................................................................................... 3</p><p>2. Gonostylus with dorsal spines in 3 groups, completely covered behind the lobe, not visible in ventral view (Fig. 6F–G); wing membrane completely covered with macrotrichia (Fig. 6E) ....................... ................................................................................................................... F. obscura gen. et sp. nov.</p><p>– Gonostylus with dorsal spines in 2 groups, partly covered behind the lobe, partially visible in ventral view (Fig. 5D–E); wing membrane with apical half covered by macrotrichia (Fig. 5H) ................... ................................................................. F. modesta (Winnertz, 1867) gen. et comb. nov., stat. nov.</p><p>3. Gonostylus very slender, finger-like (Fig. 4E–F) ................................... F. galactica gen. et sp. nov.</p><p>– Not as above ..................................................................................................................................... 4</p><p>4. Gonostylus with 3 subapical, short, nearly straight, spines on third dorsal lobe (Figs 2E–F, 3B–C) ........................................................................................................................................................... 5</p><p>– Gonostylus with 5–7 distinct, robust spines on dorsal lobe (Figs 7E–F, 8A–B) .............................. 6</p><p>5. Wing membrane with macrotrichia at apical two thirds; bM nearly as long as r-m (Fig. 2D). Gonostylus with three nearly straight subapical spines on an additional dorsal lobe (Fig. 2E–F). Tegmen with convex lateral margins and broadly round apex (Fig. 2E) .... F. bicolor gen. et sp. nov.</p><p>– Wing membrane with macrotrichia at apical three quarters; bM longer than r-m (Fig. 3F). Gonostylus with three, nearly straight, subapical spines on the third dorsal lobe (Fig. 3B–C). Tegmen quadrangular, with flat apex (Fig. 3A) ...................................................... F. craniata gen. et sp. nov.</p><p>6. Gonostylus with 3 longer and 4 shorter dorsal spines in a single row (see Mohrig et al. 1982: 173, Fig. 2A–B) .................................. F. flavomarginata (Mohrig &amp; Mamaev, 1982) gen. et comb. nov.</p><p>– Gonostylus with dorsal spines not in a single row but in 3 groups .................................................. 7</p><p>7. Gonostylus somewhat oblong, dorsal lobe with slightly shorter spines; with central group unified bearing 3–5 spines (Fig. 7E–F). Tegmen with coarse apex. (Fig. 7E) ........... F. varia gen. et sp. nov.</p><p>– Gonostylus somewhat oval, dorsal lobe with relatively longer spines; with central group more separated 3–5 spines (Fig. 8A–B). Tegmen with broadly round apex (Fig. 8A–B) ........................... ............................................................................................................. F. xizangensis gen. et sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D4E64CE2067A0E00BEF8D2FA91FB3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shah, Bismillah;Heller, Kai;Huang, Junhao	Shah, Bismillah, Heller, Kai, Huang, Junhao (2026): New insights into Chinese fungus gnats: description and molecular identification of Falakia gen. nov. (Diptera: Sciaridae) with six new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1034: 201-225, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1034.3167, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3167/14087
03D4E64CE2057A000057FB02FD41FA61.text	03D4E64CE2057A000057FB02FD41FA61.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Falakia bicolor Shah & Heller & Huang 2026	<div><p>Falakia bicolor gen. et sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8096013B-139F-426B-A0E1-D7E12F6857D4</p><p>Fig. 2</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Wing membrane with macrotrichia at apical two thirds. Gonostylus with three subapical, nearly straight, spines on additional dorsal lobe.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The species name is derived from the Latin words ‘ bi ’ (‘two’) and ‘ color ’ (‘colour’) referring to the beautiful appearance of the habitus with yellow and brown colour at first glance.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype CHINA – Xizang Autonomous Region • ♂; Motuo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=95.263054&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.496668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 95.263054/lat 29.496668)">Damuxiang</a>; 29°29′48″ N, 95°15′47″ E; elev. 1530 m; 24 Jun. 2018; Liang Wang leg.; Malaise trap; BIN BOLD: AEG6821; ZAFU, ZAFUXZ1081.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male</p><p>Head (Fig. 2C) brown. Antenna brown with basal three flagellomeres yellow (Fig. 2A). Maxillary palpus stramineous. Eye bridge 3–4 facets wide (Fig. 2C). Face with 6–8 setae. Clypeus with 8–10 setae. Maxillary palpus 3-segmented; 1 st segment with 8 setae; 2 nd segment with 12 setae; 3 rd segment long, with 14 setae. Fourth antennal flagellomere 3.53 times as long as wide (Fig. 2B); neck shorter than broad; longest setae shorter than width of flagellomere. Thorax (Fig. 2A) mostly yellow with few brown patches. Wing (Fig. 2D) length = 2.46 mm; width/length = 0.37; R 1 /R = 1.63; bM nearly as long as r-m; Sc reaching the level of Rs; R 1 long, joining C beyond the base of the M-fork; stM slightly shorter than M-fork; membrane with macrotrichia at apical two thirds; anterior and posterior veins dark brown; stM faded; bM with 2 setae; r-m with 6 setae; R, R 1, and R 4+5 setose; M 1, M 2, CuA 1, and CuA 2 with macrotrichia; anal vein faded. Legs yellow (Fig. 2A); fore tibial organ with a dark patch of irregularly arranged setae; fore tibial spur slightly longer than tibial width; length of spur/width of foretibia = 1.25. Hypopygium (Fig. 2E) brown; gonocoxite nearly as long as gonostylus; outer margin with sparse setosity; ventral mesial margin bare; apex of the gonocoxite with a long, differentiated seta. Gonostylus somewhat slender (Fig. 2E–F); slightly wider at base; with mesial side impressed at the apical two third; outer margin with very few setae; mesial margin with a throughout row of minute fine hairs; apex slightly curving inward, with short dark bristles, and with three subapical, nearly straight, spines on dorsal lobe. Tegmen (Fig. 2D) membranous, nearly as high as wide, with slightly convex lateral margins and broadly round apex. Aedeagus dark brown, with a Y-shaped fork.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>China (Xizang) [Oriental, Palearctic].</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Genetically, DNA barcodes from specimens of Falakia bicolor gen. et sp. nov. are minimum 4.01% divergent from specimens of the nearest neighbour F. craniata gen. et sp. nov. Morphologically, both species look similar with few minute differences: the subapical spines on the dorsal lobe in F. bicolor are not parallel as in F. craniata . Also, the wing bM is nearly as long as r-m in F. bicolor whereas bM is slightly longer than r-m in F. craniata . Moreover, the shape of tegmen also separates this species from F. craniata . Both species belong to a complex of colourful Oriental species. There are two more BINs from Thailand in the same range of 3.5–4% K2P-divergence. One of them, BOLD:AEY0464, is as well reported from Pakistan. The second, BOLD:ADI8695, also occurs in China, but the record is private, so the species is not considered in this study.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D4E64CE2057A000057FB02FD41FA61	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shah, Bismillah;Heller, Kai;Huang, Junhao	Shah, Bismillah, Heller, Kai, Huang, Junhao (2026): New insights into Chinese fungus gnats: description and molecular identification of Falakia gen. nov. (Diptera: Sciaridae) with six new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1034: 201-225, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1034.3167, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3167/14087
03D4E64CE20B7A02006FFA13FC8EFA06.text	03D4E64CE20B7A02006FFA13FC8EFA06.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Falakia craniata Shah & Heller & Huang 2026	<div><p>Falakia craniata gen. et sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 45D714EE-B4B1-4674-A7D1-0A9D1F6A67F0</p><p>Fig. 3</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Thorax mostly yellow with three dorsal brown markings resembling a human skull. Wing membrane with macrotrichia at apical three quarters. Gonostylus with three nearly straight subapical spines on the dorsal most lobe. Tegmen quadrangular, with flat apex.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The species epithet ‘ craniata ’ is derived from the Latin word ‘ cranis ’ meaning ‘skull’, referring to the thorax marked with dark patches resembling a skull shape.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype CHINA – Sichuan Province • ♂; Hongya county, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.96667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.96667/lat 29.666666)">Mt Wawu</a>; 29°40′0″ N, 102°58′0″ E; elev. 1650 m; 27 Jun. 2019; Tao Li leg.; Malaise trap; BIN BOLD: AEG3603; ZAFU, ZAFUSC195.</p><p>Paratypes CHINA – Sichuan Province • 2 ♂♂; same data as for holotype; ZAFU, ZAFUSC292, ZAFUSC312 [currently not found] .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male</p><p>Head brown. Antenna brown with basal three flagellomeres yellow. Maxillary palpus pale or yellow. Fourth antennal flagellomere 3.66 times as long as wide (Fig. 3D); neck shorter than broad; longest setae shorter than width of flagellomere. Thorax mostly yellow with three dorsal brown markings resembling a skull. Wing (Fig. 3F) length ~ 2.46 mm; R 1 /R = 1.67; bM 1.26 times as long as r-m; Sc reaching the level of Rs; R 1 long, joining C beyond the base of the M-fork; stM slightly shorter than M-fork; with macrotrichia at apical three quarters; anterior and posterior veins dark brown; stM weakly visible; bM with 2 setae; r-m with 6 setae; R, R 1, and R 4+5 setose; M 1, M 2, CuA 1, and CuA 2 with macrotrichia; anal vein faded. Legs yellow; fore tibial organ with a horseshoe-shaped patch of dark hairs (Fig. 3E); fore tibial spur much longer than tibial width; length of spur/width of foretibia = 1.57. Hypopygium (Fig. 3A–C) brown to yellowish brown; gonocoxite nearly as long as gonostylus; outer margin with sparse setosity; ventral mesial margin completely bare; apex of the gonocoxite with a long, differentiated seta. Gonostylus somewhat slender (Fig. 3A–C); slightly wider at base; with mesial side impressed at the apical two third; outer margin with very few setae; mesial margin with a throughout row of minute fine hairs; trilobed apex slightly curving inward, with short dark bristles, with three nearly straight subapical spines on the dorsal most lobe. Tegmen (Fig. 3A) membranous; slightly wider than high; quadrangular, with straight apex. Aedeagus long, with a Y-shaped fork.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>China (Sichuan) [Oriental, Palearctic].</p><p>Remarks</p><p>See remarks section under Falakia bicolor gen. et sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D4E64CE20B7A02006FFA13FC8EFA06	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shah, Bismillah;Heller, Kai;Huang, Junhao	Shah, Bismillah, Heller, Kai, Huang, Junhao (2026): New insights into Chinese fungus gnats: description and molecular identification of Falakia gen. nov. (Diptera: Sciaridae) with six new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1034: 201-225, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1034.3167, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3167/14087
03D4E64CE2097A05034EFA31FC9BFE7B.text	03D4E64CE2097A05034EFA31FC9BFE7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Falakia flavomarginata (Mohrig & Mamaev 1982) Shah & Heller & Huang 2026	<div><p>Falakia flavomarginata (Mohrig &amp; Mamaev, 1982) gen. et comb. nov.</p><p>Sciara flavomarginata Mohrig &amp; Mamaev in Mohrig et al. 1982: 172, fig. 2a–e.</p><p>Sciara flavomarginata – Menzel et al. 1990: 311. — Menzel &amp; Mohrig 2000: 523.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Gonostylus elongate, with seven spines on dorsal subapical lobe.</p><p>Description</p><p>For detailed description see Mohrig et al. (1982): 172.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Far East Russia [Palaearctic].</p><p>Remarks</p><p>This species was erroneously synonymized with Sciara nursei Freeman, 1983 (Menzel et al. 1990) and corrected by Menzel et al. (2006) reinstating Sciara nursei with Sciara ulrichi Menzel &amp; Mohrig, 2006 as synonym. We did not study the type material of this Eastern Palearctic species, but from the original description and figures it clearly belongs to Falakia gen. nov., sharing all important characters. Also, it is a colourful species like most other members of the genus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D4E64CE2097A05034EFA31FC9BFE7B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shah, Bismillah;Heller, Kai;Huang, Junhao	Shah, Bismillah, Heller, Kai, Huang, Junhao (2026): New insights into Chinese fungus gnats: description and molecular identification of Falakia gen. nov. (Diptera: Sciaridae) with six new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1034: 201-225, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1034.3167, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3167/14087
03D4E64CE20E7A040063FDFDFA91F87C.text	03D4E64CE20E7A040063FDFDFA91F87C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Falakia galactica Shah & Heller & Huang 2026	<div><p>Falakia galactica gen. et sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 0D18A08E-B692-451A-B753-BE70D37766C3</p><p>Fig. 4</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Gonostylus slender/digitate, with three straight subapical spines separately arranged on the dorsal lobe.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The eponymic name for the genus ‘Falak’ is of Arabic origin and means ‘sky’, ‘heaven’, or ‘cosmos’. It is commonly symbolizing vastness and divinity. Therefore, the species epithet ‘ galactica ’ of the type species of the genus is a counterpart, referring to the whole galaxy.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype CHINA – Zhejiang Province • ♂; Huzhou city, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.91778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.0225" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.91778/lat 31.0225)">Chang Xing</a>; 31°1′21″ N, 119°55′4″ E; 18 May 2016; Shi Kai leg.; Malaise trap; BIN BOLD: ADJ8571; ZFMK, ZFMK-TIS-2599026.</p><p>Paratype CHINA – Zhejiang Province • 1 ♀; Huzhou city, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.703606&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.952778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.703606/lat 30.952778)">Yang Wan Cun</a>; 30°57′10″ N, 119°42′13″ E; 10 Jul. 2016; Shi Kai leg.; Malaise trap; ZAFU, ZFMK-TIS-2602324 .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male Head (Fig. 4A) light brown. Antenna yellowish brown with basal three flagellomeres yellow. Maxillary palpus stramineous. Eye bridge 3–4 facets wide. Face and clypeus with few setae. Maxillary palpus three segmented, with numerous setae on each segment; 3rd segment long. Fourth antennal flagellomere 2.85 times as long as wide (Fig. 4B); neck much shorter than broad; longest setae shorter than width of flagellomere. Thorax mostly yellow with few brown patches. Postpronotum with 3 bristles. Wing (Fig. 4C) length = 2.90 mm; width/length = 0.41; R 1 /R = 1.79; c/w = 0.82; bM 1.3 times as long as r-m; Sc reaching the level of Rs; R 1 long, joining C beyond the base of the M-fork; stM 1.25 times as short as M-fork; membrane mostly covered with macrotrichia; anterior and posterior veins dark brown; stM weakly visible; bM with 2 setae; r-m with 6 setae; R, R 1, and R 4+5 setose; M 1, M 2, CuA 1, and CuA 2 with sparse macrotrichia; anal vein faded. Legs yellow; fore tibial organ with a patch of dark hairs (Fig. 4D); fore tibial spur longer than tibial width; length of spur/width of foretibia = 1.41. Hypopygium (Fig. 4E) brown; gonocoxite much broader, longer than gonostylus; outer margin with normal setosity; ventral mesial margin mostly bare; apex of the gonocoxite with a long, differentiated seta. Gonostylus slender / digitate (Fig. 4E–F), with slightly concave mesial margin at the apical half; outer margin with very few setae; mesial margin with a throughout row of minute fine hairs; apex slightly curving inward with short fine bristles; three straight subapical spines separately arranged on the dorsal lobe. Tegmen (Fig. 4E) membranous, wider than high. Aedeagus dark brown, with a long, Y-shaped fork.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>China (Zhejiang) [Oriental, Palearctic].</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Morphologically, this species resembles Falakia bicolor gen. et sp. nov. and related species by the colourful habitus and the general structure of the gonostylus with three dorsal subapical spines. It can be distinguished from them in the more slender and straighter shape of the gonostylus, arrangement of the spines on a dorsal lobe, and the shape of the tegmen. Genetically, DNA barcodes from specimens of this species are minimum 5.15% divergent from specimens of the not studied Chinese BIN, BOLD:ACD6711.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D4E64CE20E7A040063FDFDFA91F87C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shah, Bismillah;Heller, Kai;Huang, Junhao	Shah, Bismillah, Heller, Kai, Huang, Junhao (2026): New insights into Chinese fungus gnats: description and molecular identification of Falakia gen. nov. (Diptera: Sciaridae) with six new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1034: 201-225, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1034.3167, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3167/14087
03D4E64CE20C7A190394FEF0FDAAFAAC.text	03D4E64CE20C7A190394FEF0FDAAFAAC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Falakia modesta (Winnertz 1867) Shah & Heller & Huang 2026	<div><p>Falakia modesta (Winnertz, 1867) gen. et comb. nov., stat. nov.</p><p>Fig. 5</p><p>Trichosia modesta Winnertz, 1867: 30–31 .</p><p>Trichosia hebes Loew, 1869: 161 syn. nov.</p><p>Sciara mendax Tuomikoski, 1960: 13–14, fig. 3a [replacement name for Sciara modesta (Winnertz, 1867) nec Sciara modesta Staeger (1840)].</p><p>Sciara nursei Freeman, 1983: 161–162, fig. 1.</p><p>Sciara marginata Mohrig &amp; Krivosheina, 1983 in Mohrig et al. 1983: 2–3, fig. 1a–b.</p><p>Trichosia longisetosa Yang, Zhang &amp; Yang, 1998: 298, 305–306; fig. 13 syn. nov.</p><p>Sciara ulrichi Menzel &amp; Mohrig, 1998: 373 [replacement name for Sciara marginata Mohrig &amp; Krivosheina nec Sciara marginata Rübsaamen, 1898].</p><p>Sciara modesta – Menzel &amp; Mohrig 2000: 525.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Wing membrane with macrotrichia at the apical half. Gonostylus with curved outer and depressed mesial margins, with 5–6 large spines on dorsal lobe of the gonostylus. BIN BOLD:AGN9700.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>CHINA – Shaanxi Province • 1 ♂; Yan’an, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.65972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.888058" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.65972/lat 35.888058)">Ziwuling</a>; 35°53′17″ N, 108°39′35″ E; elev. 1275 m; 10 Aug. 2019; Tao Li leg.; ZAFU, SXMH-560 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 9 Oct. 2019; ZAFU, SXMH-583 • 2 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; 10 Oct. 2019; ZAFU, SXMH-212, SXMH-958 • 6 ♂♂; Haopingsi Nature Reserve Station; 34°5′17″ N, 107°42′40″ E; 8 Jun. 2012; Zhaofu Yang leg.; ZAFU, BIOUG14065-G10, BIOUG14117-A02, BIOUG14117-B12, BIOUG14117-C09, BIOUG14118-B06, BIOUG14118-H03 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 22 Jun. 2012; ZAFU, BIOUG14138-G03 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 13 Jul. 2012; ZAFU, BIOUG14462-G03 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 3 Aug. 2012; ZAFU, BIOUG14239-H01 . – Zhejiang Province • 1 ♂; Anji, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.24389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.231945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.24389/lat 30.231945)">Longwangshan Nature Reserve</a>; 30°13′55″ N, 119°14′38″ E; 16 Jul. 2018; Caixia Liu leg.; Malaise trap; ZAFU, LW-XG406 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 15 Jul. 2018; ZAFU, LW-XG149 • 2 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; 16. Jul. 2018; ZAFU, LW-XG332, LW-XG402 • 3 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; 17 Jul. 2018; ZAFU, LW-XG379, LW-QMT161, LW-QMT183 • 2 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; 15 Aug. 2018; ZAFU, LW-XG695, LW-XG696 • 3 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; 16 Aug. 2018; ZAFU, LW-XG710, LW-XG795, LW-XG925 • 2 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; 15 Sep. 2018; ZAFU, LW-XG568, LW-XG575 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 17 Oct. 2018; ZAFU, LW-QMT327 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 18 Nov. 2018; ZAFU, LW-XG500 • 1 ♂; Lin’an, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.25528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.201668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.25528/lat 30.201668)">Mt Tianmu</a>; 30°12′6″ N, 119°15′19″ E; elev. 952 m; 29 Aug. 2018; Zuluan Chen leg.; ZAFU, TMM-903 .</p><p>Redescription</p><p>Male</p><p>Head (Fig. 5C) brown. Antenna mostly brown with apical 3–4 flagellomeres yellowish brown. Maxillary palpus pale. Eye bridge 3–5 facets wide (Fig. 5C). Face and clypeus with few setae. Maxillary palpus 3 segmented; basal segment with 5–6 setae; 2 nd segment with 8–10 setae; 3 rd segment long with 10–14 setae. Fourth antennal flagellomere 3.15 times as long as wide (Fig. 5F); neck shorter than broad with bottleneck-like; longest setae shorter than width of flagellomere. Thorax mostly dark, with few yellow spots. Wing (Fig. 5H) length = 2.62 mm; width/length = 0.38; R 1 /R = 1.66; c/w = 0.80; bM 1.2 times as long as r-m; Sc reaching the level of Rs; R 1 joining C just before the base of the M-fork; stM slightly shorter than M-fork; membrane with macrotrichia at the apical half; anterior veins dark brown; posterior veins light brown; stM weakly visible; bM and r-m non-setose; R, R 1, and R 4+5 setose; M 1, M 2, CuA 1, and CuA 2 with macrotrichia; anal vein faded; anal lobe with few sparse macrosetae. Legs pale or yellow; fore tibial organ (Fig. 5G) with 2–3 rows of dark hairs; fore tibial spur longer than tibial width; length of spur/width of foretibia = 1.36. Hypopygium (Fig. 5D–E) brown to dark brown and hairy; gonocoxite somewhat U-shaped, nearly as long as gonostylus; outer margin with normal setosity; ventral mesial margin with a row of short hairs at apical region; apex of the gonocoxite with a long, differentiated seta. Gonostylus (Fig. 5D–E) stout; broad at base, slightly attenuated at apex; with the mesial side impressed at the apical two third; outer and mesial margins with continuous long setae; apex round, slightly curving inward, with short bristles; with 1 anterior, 4–5 mesial, nearly straight, spines on dorsal lobe (Fig. 5E). Tegmen (Fig. 5D) bell-shaped; slightly higher than wide; with somewhat convex lateral margins and rounded apex. Aedeagus dark brown, with a Y-shaped fork.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>China [Oriental, Palaearctic], Europe and Far East Russia [Palaearctic], Canada and United States [Nearctic].</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The oldest available species epithet “ modesta ” is hereby reinstated, because it is no longer combined with Sciara and thus the secondary homonymy is suspended. This species was erroneously synonymized with Sciara lackschewitzi (Lengersdorf, 1934) by Menzel &amp; Mohrig (2000) under the name Sciara mendax Tuomikoski on page 524 and listed again under the unavailable combination Sciara modesta (Winnertz, 1867) on the next page. The authors placed it in the Sciara hemerobioides group. Falakia modesta gen. et comb. nov. is easily distinguished by the unique structure of the gonostylus with curved outer and depressed mesial margins, with 5–6 large spines on dorsal lobe of the gonostylus. Most species of the genus have a colourful thorax except for F. modesta and also F. obscura gen. et sp. nov. Falakia modesta is genetically divergent with four different BINs from the Palearctic, Oriental and Nearctic Regions (BOLD:AGN9699, AGN9700, AGN9701 and AAM9253). We are synonymizing the Chinese Trichosia longisetosa Yang, Zhang &amp; Yang, 1998 with this species, even though the holotype is lost, because the original description including the figure matches well with F. modesta . The type locality is also the same as for our material form Zhejiang.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D4E64CE20C7A190394FEF0FDAAFAAC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shah, Bismillah;Heller, Kai;Huang, Junhao	Shah, Bismillah, Heller, Kai, Huang, Junhao (2026): New insights into Chinese fungus gnats: description and molecular identification of Falakia gen. nov. (Diptera: Sciaridae) with six new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1034: 201-225, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1034.3167, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3167/14087
03D4E64CE2127A1B006DFAC8FC55FBD9.text	03D4E64CE2127A1B006DFAC8FC55FBD9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Falakia obscura Shah & Heller & Huang 2026	<div><p>Falakia obscura gen. et sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6E5A6E39-B836-4025-827C-7DCC92DA57F0</p><p>Fig. 6</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Gonostylus somewhat oval, dorsal lobe with short, scattered spines (1 anterior, 3–5 mesial, 1 posterior).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The Latin adjective ‘ obscurus ’ means ‘dark’ and refers to the dark coloration of the body.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype CHINA – Sichuan Province • ♂; Ludingxian, Deweizhen, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.21305&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.692778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.21305/lat 29.692778)">Kaishucun</a>; 29°41′34″ N, 102°12′47″ E; 15 Jul. 2020; Lihua Jiang leg.; BIN BOLD: AEJ9230; ZAFU, ZAFUSC867.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male</p><p>Head (Fig. 6B) dark brown. Antenna dark brown with basal three flagellomeres paler brown. Maxillary palpus pale. Eye bridge 3–4 facets wide. Face and clypeus with few setae. Maxillary palpus three segmented; basal segment with very few setae; 2 nd segment with 12 setae; 3 rd segment long with 14 setae. Fourth antennal flagellomere 3.10 times as long as wide (Fig. 6C); neck shorter than broad; longest setae shorter than width of flagellomere. Thorax (Fig. 6A) mostly dark brown. Wing (Fig. 6E) length = 2.43 mm; width/length = 0.36; R 1 /R = 1.49; c/w = 0.73; Sc reaching the level of Rs; bM 1.78 times as long as r-m; R 1 long, joining C just after the base of the M-fork; stM 0.76 times as short as M-fork; membrane mostly covered with macrotrichia; anterior and posterior veins dark brown. stM weakly visible; bM with 4 setae; r-m with 6–7 setae; R, R 1, and R 4+5 setose; M 1, M 2, CuA 1, and CuA 2 with macrotrichia; anal vein faded. Legs yellowish brown (Fig. 6A); fore tibial organ with a patch of dark hairs; fore tibial spur (Fig. 6D) slightly longer than tibial width; length of spur/width of foretibia = 1.40. Hypopygium (Fig. 6D) dark brown; gonocoxite somewhat quadrangular, longer than gonostylus; outer margin with sparse setosity; ventral mesial margin with a row of minute hairs near the apical region, few long setae at the basal region; apex of the gonocoxite with a long, differentiated seta. Gonostylus somewhat oval (Fig. 6F–G); slightly wider at base; apex attenuated, broadly round with numerous short setae; outer margin with very few setae; mesial margin with minute fine hairs; dorsal lobe with short, scattered spines (1 anterior, 3–5 mesial, 1 posterior) (Fig. 6G). Tegmen (Fig. 6F) membranous; much higher than wide; with slightly concave lateral margins and broadly round apex. Aedeagus sclerotised, with a fork.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>China (Sichuan) [Oriental, Palearctic].</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Morphologically, this species is similar to Falakia xizangensis gen. et sp. nov. in the general structure of gonostylus and in the shape of tegmen. However, the dorsal subapical spines are comparatively shorter and more scattered. Also, the body colour is distinctly darker. Genetically, DNA barcodes from specimens of this species are minimum 2.85% divergent from specimens of the nearest neighbour F. varia gen. et sp. nov. All three species constitute a subgroup of the genus by the arrangement of the gonostylar spines in three groups, one anterior, one posterior and three to five mesial, and also by the presence of long setae at the basal region of the ventromesial margin of the gonocoxite.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D4E64CE2127A1B006DFAC8FC55FBD9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shah, Bismillah;Heller, Kai;Huang, Junhao	Shah, Bismillah, Heller, Kai, Huang, Junhao (2026): New insights into Chinese fungus gnats: description and molecular identification of Falakia gen. nov. (Diptera: Sciaridae) with six new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1034: 201-225, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1034.3167, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3167/14087
03D4E64CE2107A1D005AFB5BFC8AFB92.text	03D4E64CE2107A1D005AFB5BFC8AFB92.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Falakia varia Shah & Heller & Huang 2026	<div><p>Falakia varia gen. et sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 2C5D8BED-C6BA-4A5A-BE35-D0E2243C6668</p><p>Fig. 7</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Gonostylus is somewhat oblong, dorsal lobe with short, unified 3–5 spines. Tegmen slightly higher than wide, with coarse apex.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The subspecies epithet ‘ varia ’ is a Latin word meaning ‘different’ or ‘colourful’, alluding to the colourful appearance of the habitus.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype CHINA – Zhejiang Province • ♂; Anji, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.24389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.231945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.24389/lat 30.231945)">Longwangshan Nature Reserve</a>; 30°13′55″ N, 119°14′38″ E; elev. 989 m; 18 Nov. 2018; Caixia Liu leg.; Malaise trap; BIN BOLD: AEB8462; ZAFU, LW-XG446.</p><p>Paratypes CHINA – Sichuan Province • 2 ♂♂; Emeishan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.316666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.316666/lat 29.55)">Lingjuesi</a>; 29°33′0″ N, 103°19′0″ E; elev. 2390 m; 25 Jul. 2019; Tao Li leg.; ZAFU, ZAFUSC777, ZAFUSC778 . – Zhejiang Province • 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; 16 Oct. 2018; ZAFU, LW-XG519, LW-XG520 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; 17 Oct. 2018; ZAFU, LW-QMT399 • 4 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; 18 Nov. 2018; ZAFU, LW-XG442, LW-XG480, LW-XG794, LW-XG799 • 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; 19 Nov. 2018; ZAFU, LW-QMT359, LW-QMT366 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; 23 Nov. 2018; ZAFU, LW-XG733 • 1 ♂; Lin’an, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.263885&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.231112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.263885/lat 30.231112)">Mt Tianmu</a>; 30°13′52″ N, 119°15′50″ E; elev. 748 m; 29 Jul. 2018; Zuluan Chen leg.; ZAFU, TMM-162 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 29 Aug. 2018; ZAFU, TMM-275 .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male</p><p>Head (Fig. 7A) and antenna yellowish brown. Maxillary palpus pale. Eye bridge 3–4 facets wide. Face and clypeus with few setae. Maxillary palpus three segmented, 1 st segment with 8–9 setae; 2 nd segment with 12–14 setae; 3 rd segment long with 14–15 setae. Fourth antennal flagellomere 3.43 times as long as wide (Fig. 7C); neck shorter than broad; longest setae shorter than width of flagellomere. Wing (Fig. 7B) length = 2.68 mm; width/length = 0.38; R 1 /R = 1.82; c/w = 0.75; Sc fainted, reaching the level of Rs; r-m 1.15 times as long as bM; R 1 long, joining C beyond the base of M-fork; stM 1.04 times as long as M-fork; membrane mostly covered with macrotrichia; anterior and posterior veins prominent; stM weakly visible; bM with 0–1 seta; r-m with 8–9 setae; R, R 1, and R 4+5 setose; M 1, M 2, CuA 1, and CuA 2 with macrotrichia; anal veins faded. Legs yellowish brown; fore tibial organ (Fig. 7D) with a patch of dark hairs; fore tibial spur longer than tibial width; length of spur/width of foretibia = 1.33. Hypopygium (Fig. 7E) somewhat yellowish brown; gonocoxite much longer than gonostylus; outer margin with normal setosity; ventral mesial margin with sparse setae; apex of the gonocoxite with a long, differentiated seta. Gonostylus somewhat oblong (Fig. 7E–F); slightly wider at base; apex attenuated, broadly round with numerous short hairs; outer margin with very few long setae; mesial margin with minute fine hairs; dorsal lobe with short, unified 3–5 spines (Fig. 7F). Tegmen (Fig. 7E) membranous; slightly higher than wide, with coarse apex. Aedeagal rod long.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>China (Sichuan, Zhejiang) [Oriental, Palearctic].</p><p>Remarks</p><p>This species is morphologically similar to Falakia obscura gen. et sp. nov. and F. xizangensis gen. et sp. nov., but can be differentiated from both by the closely aligned central group of spines on a dorsal lobe, the tegmen with not so smooth apex, the wing with bM almost as long as r-m and relatively longer fourth antennal flagellomere. DNA barcodes from specimens of this species have a minimum genetic distance of 2.85% to that from the specimen of F. obscura .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D4E64CE2107A1D005AFB5BFC8AFB92	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shah, Bismillah;Heller, Kai;Huang, Junhao	Shah, Bismillah, Heller, Kai, Huang, Junhao (2026): New insights into Chinese fungus gnats: description and molecular identification of Falakia gen. nov. (Diptera: Sciaridae) with six new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1034: 201-225, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1034.3167, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3167/14087
03D4E64CE2167A1C0073FBA5FBE2F817.text	03D4E64CE2167A1C0073FBA5FBE2F817.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Falakia xizangensis Shah & Heller & Huang 2026	<div><p>Falakia xizangensis gen. et sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 21A063FE-E910-481F-B224-D9855BBF1E3A</p><p>Fig. 8</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Gonostylus somewhat oval, dorsal lobe with 3–5, relatively long, spines. Tegmen membranous, much higher than wide, with broadly round apex.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The species epithet ‘ xizangensis ’ refers to the Xizang autonomous region in China, from where the type specimen is collected.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype CHINA – Xizang Autonomous Region • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=95.33972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.331112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 95.33972/lat 29.331112)">Motuo</a>; 29°19′52″ N, 95°20′23″ E; elev. 980 m; 23 Jun. 2018; Liang Wang leg.; Malaise trap; BIN BOLD: AEG1937; ZAFU, ZAFUXZ978.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male</p><p>Head and antenna brown to yellowish brown. Maxillary palpus pale. Fourth antennal flagellomere relatively short, 3 times as long as wide (Fig. 8C); neck shorter than broad; longest setae shorter than width of flagellomere. Wing (Fig. 8D) length = 2.19 mm; width/length = 0.41; R 1 /R = 1.77; c/w = 0.73; Sc fainted, reaching the level of Rs; bM 1.67 times as long as r-m; R 1 long, joining C just after the base of M-fork; stM 0.79 times as short as M-fork; membrane mostly covered with macrotrichia with apical half denser; anterior and posterior veins prominent; stM weakly visible; bM with 6 setae; r-m with 6 setae; R, R 1, and R 4+5 setose; M 1, M 2, CuA 1, and CuA 2 with macrotrichia; anal vein faded. Hypopygium (Fig. 8AB) brown; gonocoxite slightly longer than gonostylus; outer margin with no setae; ventral mesial margin with few short marginal hairs near the apical and subapical region, few long setae near the base; apex of the gonocoxite with a long, differentiated seta. Gonostylus somewhat oval (Fig. 8A–B); slightly wider at base; attenuated apically with numerous short setae; outer margin with very long setae near the middle; mesial margin with minute fine hairs; dorsal lobe with 3–5, relatively long spines (Fig. 8B). Tegmen (Fig. 8A–B) membranous; much higher than wide, with broadly round apex. Aedeagus long, with a fork.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>China (Xizang) [Oriental, Palearctic].</p><p>Remarks</p><p>See under the remark’s sections of Falakia obscura gen. et sp. nov. and F. varia gen. et sp. nov. for morphological differences. Genetically, DNA barcodes from specimens of Falakia xizangensis gen. et sp. nov. are minimum 4.07% divergent from specimens of both of these.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D4E64CE2167A1C0073FBA5FBE2F817	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Shah, Bismillah;Heller, Kai;Huang, Junhao	Shah, Bismillah, Heller, Kai, Huang, Junhao (2026): New insights into Chinese fungus gnats: description and molecular identification of Falakia gen. nov. (Diptera: Sciaridae) with six new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 1034: 201-225, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1034.3167, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3167/14087
