taxonID	type	description	language	source
03D6827FFFCBFF94FDDCFE5DFAA9758A.taxon	discussion	Justification of synonymy When Pemona sapo Huber, 2019 was described in the new monotypic genus Pemona Huber, 2019, a close relationship with Kambiwa was evident (“ … the new species could in theory be assigned to Kambiwa ”; Huber & Carvalho 2019: 34). It was nevertheless described in a new genus because it appeared to differ in relevant aspects from species of Kambiwa known at the time. The six new species described below show that the closest relatives of the type species Kambiwa neotropica actually occupy a wider morphological space than previously known. In particular, some of the characters thought to be distinctive for Pemona sapo also occur in certain species of Kambiwa (e. g., small sclerotized teeth distally on procursus and small ventral apophysis on genital bulb in K. ibo sp. nov.). In addition, sternum humps were thought to be present in Pemona but absent in Kambiwa; instead, they are also present (even though sometimes very basic) in Kambiwa. Procursus length (relative to genital bulb length) is also more variable in Kambiwa than previously known. Finally, the basic configuration of the genital bulb is the same in Pemona and Kambiwa, including the distinctive retrolateral-dorsal sclerite that is indistinct in Pemona sapo and hidden by the procursus in the original illustration (Huber & Carvalho 2019: fig. 118). Analyses of molecular (UCE) data resolve a group of species around K. neotropica that receives maximum support (Meng et al. 2025). Pemona sapo is nested within this group (Fig. 1, inset), and keeping Pemona as a separate genus would require the creation of at least one further new, poorly diagnosable genus. We thus transfer Pemona sapo to Kambiwa, and synonymize the two genera.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFCBFF94FDDCFE5DFAA9758A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Small short-legged pholcids with eight eyes and globular abdomen (Fig. 2), similar in size and body shape to closely related South American ninetine genera (Guaranita Huber, 2000; Galapa Huber, 2000; Sertana gen. nov.). Males are distinguished from these by presence of single ventral process on genital bulb (e. g., Figs 16 F, 22 F, 35 F; Sertana with pair of distinctive ventral processes; pair of small ventral processes also present in Galapa spiniphila Huber, 2020); from Galapa also distinguished by unmodified cheliceral fangs, presence of pair of apophyses on main cheliceral segment (Figs 17 A, 23 A, 36 A; absent only in K. itacarambi sp. nov.), and absence of retrolateral process on procursus; from Galapa and Guaranita also by absence of dorsal flap on procursus; from Guaranita also by absence of ventral membrane on procursus; from Sertana also distinguished by much shorter male cheliceral apophyses (compare Figs 17 B, 23 B, 36 B with 60 B, 64 B, 68 B), by presence of humps on sternum, and by wide procursus in lateral view (main branch of procursus slender and sclerotized in Sertana). Females are morphologically barely distinguishable from females of Guaranita, Galapa, and Sertana, but anterior epigynal plate with strong lateral posterior sclerites connecting to the internal transversal sclerite (Figs 17 C, 23 C, 28 C; lateral posterior sclerites absent or very weak in Galapa and Sertana).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFCBFF94FDDCFE5DFAA9758A.taxon	description	Description Males MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 0.9 – 1.3; carapace width 0.45 – 0.55. PME diameter 45 – 55 µm; AME diameter 20 – 35 µm. Leg 1 length 2.1 – 2.7; tibia 1 length 0.5 – 0.7; metatarsus 1 approximately same length as tibia 1 (metatarsus 1 / tibia 1 length: 0.96 – 1.06); tibia 4 longer than tibia 1 (tibia 4 / tibia 1 length: 1.1 – 1.3); leg femora diameters 110 – 120 µm; leg tibiae diameters 65 – 70 µm. Tibia 1 L / d 8 – 10. COLOR. In ethanol mostly ochre-yellow to light brown, carapace without dark marks but sometimes medially slightly darker, legs without dark rings; abdomen sometimes pale gray, sometimes with darker internal marks dorsally and laterally; ventrally with light ochre to brown plate in front of gonopore. Live specimens often with slightly reddish or orange prosoma and legs (Fig. 2). BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 2. Ocular area not or barely raised. Carapace usually without thoracic groove (Fig. 3 A – B), with shallow groove in K. itacarambi sp. nov. (Fig. 3 C). Clypeus unmodified. Sternum slightly wider than long, with pair of low but distinct anterior processes near coxae 1 (Fig. 3 F – G); processes without pores. Abdomen globular. Gonopore usually with four epiandrous spigots in two pairs (Fig. 4 A – C), in K. maracas sp. nov. apparently without epiandrous spigots (Fig. 4 D). General arrangement of spinnerets as usual in Pholcidae (cf. female, Fig. 5 A); ASL with seven spigots each: one strongly widened spigot, one long and slender spigot, and five cylindrical spigots (of which one is much wider than the others) (Fig. 5); PMS with two short conical spigots (Fig. 5); PLS with strong hairs but without spigots. CHELICERAE. Usually with pair of small frontal apophyses (e. g., Fig. 17 A – B), only in K. itacarambi sp. nov. without apophyses but with sclerotized ridge followed distally by whitish area (Fig. 40 A – B). Stridulatory files (Fig. 6) usually fine but distinct, only in K. itacarambi very indistinct and not visible under dissecting microscope; with ~ 30 – 65 ridges, distances between ridges (in five species studied with SEM) mostly 1.3 – 1.8 µm, only in K. ibo sp. nov. wider (2.4 µm); distances between ridges very homogenous throughout file. PALPS. Coxa unmodified; trochanter with indistinct ventral protrusion; femur proximally with small ventral conical process, distally widened but otherwise unmodified; femur-patella condyles not or slightly shifted toward prolateral side; tibia almost globular, with two trichobothria; tibia-tarsus condyles not or slightly shifted toward retrolateral side; palpal tarsal organ capsulate with small opening (Fig. 7 A – D), as long or slightly longer than wide, outer diameter 6 – 8 µm, opening diameter 0.8 – 1.2 µm; procursus short and simple, shape variable (e. g., Figs 16 A – C, 22 A – C), in K. ibo sp. nov. and K. sapo with small spikes on distal membranous flap (Figs 43 A – C, 46 A – C); genital bulb complex, with proximal sclerite connecting to tarsus; bulbous part of genital bulb with distinctive ventral process and variably complex dorsal processes including membranous and sclerotized elements (e. g., Figs 16 D – F, 22 D – F), retrolateral-dorsal sclerite in some species strongly elongated (e. g., Fig. 31 D – F); sperm duct opening not located (presumably among membranous elements of dorsal bulbal process). LEGS. Without spines; without curved hairs. Tibia 1 or tibia 1 + tibia 2 with sexually dimorphic short ‘ vertical’ hairs (Fig. 8 D – F), in several rows or bands, base diameter 4 – 5 µm, length 15 – 20 µm, diameter at half-length 0.7 – 0.8 µm. Distal leg segments (tarsi and metatarsi) with putative chemoreceptors (Fig. 10 A – B), in light microscope similar to sexually dimorphic short vertical hairs but with one or two distal side branches, with one or two oblique furrows, and distally flattened (i. e., with oval diameter); base diameter ~ 4.5 – 5.0 µm, length 15 – 20 µm, diameter proximally 1.5 – 1.7 µm. Femora, tibiae, metatarsi, and tarsi with round or oval cuticular plates (Fig. 8 A, E) at regular intervals, diameter ~ 5 – 7 µm. Rimmed pores (Fig. 8 A – B) at regular intervals, mainly dorsally on tibiae, metatarsi, and tarsi; outer diameter 2.5 – 2.7 µm; opening diameter: 0.3 – 0.4 µm. Base of trichobothria round or with pair of indistinct lateral humps (Fig. 8 C); outer diameter of base: 10 – 14 µm; proximal diameter of seta: 1.3 – 1.4 µm; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 56 – 62 % of tibia length; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1. Without slender metatarsal hairs (as described in Huber et al. 2023 c, 2024 d). Tarsi with 4 – 5 pseudosegments, only distally 2 – 3 distinct. Leg tarsal organs capsulate with small opening (Fig. 9), outer diameter 3 – 6 µm, opening diameter 0.8 – 1.1 µm. Tarsus 4 with two comb hairs distally on prolateral side (Fig. 10 F). Tarsal claws as usual for family (Fig. 10); main claws with 8 – 10 teeth; teeth on tarsus 4 slightly different (shorter and directed more towards distal). Females In general, very similar to males, but legs on average slightly shorter than in males (male / female tibia 1 length: ~ 1.0 – 1.1), without sexually dimorphic short vertical hairs on tibiae, without humps on sternum, and without stridulatory files on chelicerae (Fig. 6 B, F). Palpal tarsal organ as in males but slightly less elevated (Fig. 7 E – F), outer diameter 5.5 – 6.5 µm, opening diameter 0.8 – 1.0 µm. Other sensory organs and comb hairs on tarsus 4 as in males. Spinnerets as in males. Tip of palp with simple pointed process (Fig. 7 E – F). Epigynum anterior plate usually trapezoidal to semicircular (e. g., Figs 18 A, 24 A, 33 A), only in K. itacarambi sp. nov. rather arc-shaped (Fig. 41 A), without processes or pockets. Posterior epigynal plate relatively large but simple, unmodified. Internal genitalia with straight or curved or bent transversal sclerite, without or with very small and indistinct pore plates (e. g., Figs 24 G, 29 F, 33 F), in most species with median anterior modification (e. g., Figs 17 C, 23 C; absent in K. itacarambi and K. ibo sp. nov.); some species with median membranous sac, others with long membranous tube (Figs 28 C, 32 C, 36 C) possibly functionally correlated with long retrolateral-dorsal sclerite of genital bulb. Relationships The latest molecular phylogeny of Pholcidae (Meng et al. 2025) has a dense taxon sampling of Ninetinae, including the genera Kambiwa, Galapa and Sertana gen. nov. The relationships among these Neotropical genera is resolved as (Kambiwa (Galapa, Sertana )) (inset in Fig. 1). This is in contrast with our CO 1 tree (Fig. 1), but the tree in Meng et al. (2025) is based on a large number of genes and thus much more likely to reflect phylogeny. The topology in Meng et al. (2025) is also confirmed in an upcoming, even larger dataset combining the UCA data of Meng et al. (2025) with results from low coverage genome sequencing (G. Meng, L. Podsiadlowski, B. A. Huber, unpubl. data). This new dataset also includes Kambiwa ibo sp. nov., which is resolved as sister to all other species of Kambiwa; the monophyly of Kambiwa receives maximum support. Thus, the paraphyly of Kambiwa shown in our CO 1 tree (Fig. 1) is very probably an artifact.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFCBFF94FDDCFE5DFAA9758A.taxon	biology_ecology	Natural history Kambiwa spiders occupy a variety of semiarid habitats, ranging from flat areas dominated by bushes and grasses to rock outcrops, and from well preserved Caatinga to highly degraded habitats such as roadsides or Caatinga with cattle or cactus plantations (Figs 11 – 12). During the day, the spiders are usually hidden in ground-level microhabitats, such as under stones, in leaf litter, and in dead wood or pieces of cactus. These microhabitats were sometimes shaded by bushes and low trees, in other cases they were fully exposed to the sun. In some cases, a single species was found in a range of different microhabitats (e. g., K. itacarambi sp. nov.). Very few localities contained more than one species (e. g., NW of Itacarambi: K. coribe sp. nov. and K. itacarambi). Abundances were often high; several specimens sometimes shared the underside of a single rock; in one case, the careful revision of 1 m 2 of leaf litter resulted in 19 adult specimens. Upon disturbance, the spiders usually started to run rapidly, but often stopped suddenly as soon as they encountered a piece of ‘ dirt’ or a depression for hiding. The spiders often shared localities and even microhabitats with representatives of Ibotyporanga; localities but not microhabitats were also rarely shared with representatives of Sertana gen. nov. and certain Modisiminae (e. g., Arenita Huber & Carvalho, 2019). Egg sacs were carried under the prosoma (Fig. 2), and consisted of 2 – 14 eggs (large majority: 4 – 12) that were arranged in a single flat layer; eggs were covered by a few barely visible lines of silk. For further details, see individual natural history sections below.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFCBFF94FDDCFE5DFAA9758A.taxon	distribution	Distribution Kambiwa is apparently restricted to South America (Figs 13 – 14). The large majority of records are from the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes of northeastern Brazil. However, the isolated records from Bolivia and Venezuela suggest that the genus has in fact a much wider distribution. The large Cerrado region between Piauí / Bahia and Bolivia that has currently no record of Kambiwa may in fact be occupied by the genus. The same is true for semiarid environments in northern South America. However, focused collecting in northern Colombia and northern Venezuela only produced Galapa and Ibotyporanga (Huber et al. 2024 a, 2024 c), but no Kambiwa.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFCBFF94FDDCFE5DFAA9758A.taxon	discussion	Composition and species limits The genus now includes nine nominal species. The identity of one of them (K. anomala (Mello-Leitão, 1918 )) remains unclear (see below). In four species (K. brumado sp. nov., K. coribe sp. nov., K. ibo sp. nov., K. itacarambi sp. nov.), we found unusually high genetic distances among putative conspecifics; some of them may eventually need to be split into two or more species each. One further probable species is available in collections but only informally described for reasons explained below (see section on K. anomala): K. sp. aff. neotropica. Finally, the IBSP and UFMG have specimens of two additional probable species that BAH (the coauthor responsible for the alpha taxonomic aspects) could not study in detail; one of them originates from several caves in Pará, FLONA de Carajás, (~ 6.03 – 6.11 ° S, 50.13 – 50.23 ° W); the other (a single male) from Mato Grosso do Sul, Três Lagoas, Horto Barra do Moeda (20.950 ° S, 51.783 ° W).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFD9FFACFDF0F970FDD1729B.taxon	description	Figs 3 A, 4 A, 7 A, 10 C, 15 – 18	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFD9FFACFDF0F970FDD1729B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males are easily distinguished from those of most known congeners by shape of ventral bulbal process (Fig. 16 F; long, directed towards distal, and distally hooked), by retrolateral-dorsal process of genital bulb barely reaching palpal trochanter (Fig. 15 C; in other species either absent or much longer), and by tip of procursus (Fig 16 A – C; with dorsal and ventral sclerotized elements connected by transparent membrane); from very similar, formally undescribed K. sp. aff. neotropica by details of genital bulb (ventral bulbal process shorter and stronger, dorsal bulbal processes different, compare Figs 16 E and 19 E) and by dorsal and ventral sclerotized elements on procursus tip slightly wider apart (compare Figs 16 A and 19 A). Females appear externally indistinguishable from those of several congeners (K. sp. aff. neotropica; K. coribe sp. nov.; K. maracas sp. nov.; K. brumado sp. nov.; K. mucuge sp. nov.); they differ internally by strong median sclerotized element leading into simple membranous sac (structures ‘ 1 ’ and ‘ 2 ’ in Fig. 18 F; very similar in K. sp. aff. neotropica; other species with smaller median sclerotized element leading into membranous tube) and by pair of lateral membranous pouches and posterior small sacs (structures ‘ 3 ’ and ‘ 4 ’ in Fig. 18 F).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFD9FFACFDF0F970FDD1729B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype BRAZIL – Pernambuco • ♂; Recife; 8.1 ° S, 34.9 ° W; date and collector unknown; SMF RII / 6776 a; examined by first author in 1999; reexamined. Paratypes BRAZIL – Pernambuco • 1 ♂, 4 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; SMF RII / 6776 b; examined by first author in 1999; not reexamined. New records BRAZIL – Ceará • 3 ♂♂; Jaguaribe, “ zona rural ”; 5.9992 ° S, 38.5366 ° W; 235 m a. s. l.; 2014; S. C. Sousa leg.; CHNUFPI 3773 • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, 2 juvs; Solonópole, roadside of BR 122; 5.5735 ° S, 38.9704 ° W; 185 m a. s. l.; 22 Nov. 2020; L. S. Carvalho and J. F. Lima leg.; CHNUFPI 4036 (“ Carv 65 ”; vouchers of E 076) • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 4037 • 2 ♀♀; Quixada, Serra do Urucu, Santuário Nossa Senhora; 5.0350 ° S, 39.0106 ° W; 345 m a. s. l.; 19 Apr. 2014; M. B. Silva and N. Saraiva leg.; CHNUFPI 3665 • 3 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀, 3 juvs; Granja, Povoado Santa Teresina, roadside of CE- 311; 3.3494 ° S, 40.9945 ° W; 70 m a. s. l.; 14 Feb. 2023; L. S. Carvalho and E. G. Noetzold leg.; CHNUFPI 5057 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ used for SEM) • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5059. – Paraíba • 1 ♂, 7 ♀♀, 2 juvs; Boa Vista, Serrota, roadside of BR 412; 7.2968 ° S, 36.3161 ° W; 475 m a. s. l.; 19 Apr. 2023; L. S. Carvalho and E. G. Noetzold leg.; CHNUFPI 5017. – Piauí • 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; Brasileira, Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades, near Cachoeira do Riachão; 4.1060 ° S, 41.6764 ° W; 170 m a. s. l.; 2 Dec. 2019; L. S. Carvalho and R. F. Ferreira leg.; CHNUFPI 4049 (“ Carv 68 ”; vouchers of UH 178 and E 077) • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 4048 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Piracuruca, roadside of BR 343; 3.7359 ° S, 41.6824 ° W; 60 m a. s. l.; 20 Feb. 2023; L. S. Carvalho and F. G. Noetzold leg.; CHNUFPI 5047 • 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5053 • 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, 2 juvs; Cocal, roadside of PI- 301, near Ipuera village, ‘ site 1 ’; 3.3424 ° S, 41.5165 ° W; 135 m a. s. l.; 7 Jan. 2023; L. S. Carvalho and F. G. Noetzold leg.; CHNUFPI 5063 • 1 ♀; Cocal, roadside of PI- 301, near Ipuera village, ‘ site 2 ’; 3.3081 ° S, 41.4944 ° W; 90 m a. s. l.; 24 Apr. 2022; L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 4182 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 4183 • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; Cajueiro de Praia, PI 302, near Praia de Barra Grande; 2.9648 ° S, 41.4093 ° W; 15 m a. s. l.; 25 Mar. 2019; L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 3901. – Rio Grande do Norte • 1 ♂, 9 ♀♀, 2 juvs; near Felipe Guerra, Lajedo do Arapuá; 5.5292 ° S, 37.6143 ° W; 80 m a. s. l.; 8 Jun. 2015; B. A. Huber and L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 9112 • 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9113 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 24707] • 3 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9114 [deposited in ZFMK Br 15 - 267] (vouchers of S 328 and E 019) • 6 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 4196 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 3698 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 3734 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 3751 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 4188 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 3768 • 1 ♂; near Baraúna, near Caverna dos Macacos; 5.0383 ° S, 37.5617 ° W; 100 m a. s. l.; 6 Jun. 2015; B. A. Huber and L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 9115 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 24708].	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFD9FFACFDF0F970FDD1729B.taxon	description	Redescription Male (ZFMK Ar 24707) MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 1.32, carapace width 0.50. Distance PME – PME 50 µm; diameter PME 50 µm; distance PME – ALE 20 µm; distance AME – AME 10 µm; diameter AME 30 µm. Leg 1: 2.60 (0.70 + 0.18 + 0.66 + 0.68 + 0.38), tibia 2: 0.56, tibia 3: 0.51, tibia 4: 0.78; tibia 1 L / d: 10; diameters of leg femora 115 µm, of leg tibiae 65 µm. COLOR (in ethanol). Prosoma and legs ochre-yellow, carapace and legs without darker marks or rings; abdomen ochre-gray, with darker internal marks and indistinct darker plate in front of gonopore. BODY. Habitus as in close relatives (e. g., Fig. 2 E). Ocular area not raised. Carapace without thoracic groove. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum slightly wider than long (0.36 / 0.32), with small but distinct anterior humps near coxae 1 (~ 20 µm high, 40 µm diameter at basis; contra Huber 2000). Abdomen globular. CHELICERAE. As in Fig. 17 A – B; with pair of small frontal apophyses; stridulatory files very fine and poorly visible in dissecting microscope. PALPS. As in Fig. 15; coxa unmodified; trochanter ventrally slightly protruding; femur proximally with small ventral conical process, distally widened but otherwise unmodified; femur-patella condyles slightly shifted toward prolateral side; tibia-tarsus condyles barely shifted toward retrolateral side; tarsus with small prolateral sclerotized process; procursus (Fig. 16 A – C) wide in lateral view, narrower in dorsal view, with distinctive pair of distal tips connected by transparent membrane; genital bulb (Fig. 16 D – F) with hooked ventral process, two distinctive prolateral-dorsal sclerites, and large membranous element (putative embolus) accompanied by retrolateral-dorsal process barely reaching palpal trochanter. LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs; with short vertical hairs on tibia 1 (contra Huber 2000); retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 56 %; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~ 4 – 5 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct. Variation (males) Tibia 1 in 22 males: 0.58 – 0.72 (mean 0.64). Dark abdominal marks variably distinct. Females In general similar to males but sternum without humps and chelicerae without stridulatory files. Tibia 1 in 46 females: 0.52 – 0.66 (mean 0.60). Epigynum (Fig. 18 A – B) anterior plate semicircular, weakly protruding, with pair of lateral posterior sclerites; posterior plate large but simple, roughly rectangular. Internal genitalia (Figs 17 C, 18 C – F) with weakly curved transversal sclerite connected laterally to lateral posterior sclerites of anterior epigynal plate, medially with anterior sclerotized element leading to membranous sac, and two pairs of membranous pouches / sacs (Fig. 18 F); apparently without pore plates. Barcoding Three specimens were barcoded, from Rio Grande do Norte, Piauí, and Ceará. The K 2 P distances ranged from 1.6 to 3.5 % (Table 2).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFD9FFACFDF0F970FDD1729B.taxon	distribution	Distribution Widely distributed in northeastern Brazil, ranging from eastern Pernambuco to northern Piauí (Fig. 14). However, the type locality “ Pernambuco, Recife ” may be incorrect. Collection date and collector are not known for the type series, and our own (LSC, BAH) efforts to find this species around Recife in 2015 failed. This species occurs at significantly lower altitudes (i. e., 145 ± 131 m, n = 14) than other congeners with broader distributions (e. g., K. coribe Huber sp. nov. and K. ibo Huber sp. nov.; see Fig. 83), as supported by likelihood ratio tests of negative binomial models (χ ² = 21.66, df = 2, p = 0.000). Specimens from further localities, deposited in CHNUFPI and IBSP, could not be studied in detail (by BAH) or include females only; they might be representatives of K. neotropica or of the species informally described below as Kambiwa sp. aff. neotropica. They originate from Rio Grande do Norte, Estação Ecológica do Seridó (6.5875 ° S, 37.2553 ° W); and Rio Grande do Norte, Encosta da Serra (6.0163 ° S, 37.9916 ° W).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFD9FFACFDF0F970FDD1729B.taxon	biology_ecology	Natural history At Lajedo do Arapuá, the spiders were collected on a semiarid slope with shrubs and low trees. They lived under small stones that were fully exposed to the sun, and started to run rapidly as soon as the stones were gently moved. Six egg sacs contained 4 – 8 eggs each and were flat (all eggs in a single layer); egg diameter was 0.48 – 0.52.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFE1FFACFD9EFE43FAAB75FD.taxon	discussion	Remarks As noted previously (Huber 2000: 87), the type material of this species is lost, and the rudimentary original description lacks illustrations and just reveals that this might be a representative of Ninetinae. The species was tentatively assigned to Kambiwa, based primarily on its geographic origin (Huber 2000). Our new data, especially the many more records of Brazilian Ninetinae available now than in 2000, are compatible with this view. However, the identity of the species, and to some degree even its generic assignment, remain uncertain. First, K. anomala might be a synonym of K. neotropica. The geographically closest sample available of any Kambiwa to the type locality of K. anomala (Paraíba, Campina Grande) is K. neotropica from Serrota, just ~ 50 km west of Campina Grande (see above). Second, K. anomala could be identical to the very close relative of K. neotropica that we informally describe below as Kambiwa sp. aff. neotropica. The available specimens of that species originate from four localities around Paraíba (from Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco, northern Bahia), and they differ slightly but consistently from K. neotropica. Third, we cannot exclude the possibility that K. anomala is none of these two species. In fact, it could even be a representative of the currently monotypic genus Pinoquio Huber & Carvalho, 2022. That genus has been reported from Rio Grande do Norte only (~ 300 km NW of Campina Grande), but the ZFMK has specimens from Ceará (females only) that might also belong to Pinoquio. Because of these taxonomic uncertainties and in particular because K. anomala might be identical with some specimens we consider slightly but consistently different from K. neotropica, we describe these latter specimens informally as “ Kambiwa sp. aff. neotropica CHNUFPI 9116 ”. We follow the idea that ‘ open nomenclature’ (Bengtson 1988; Sigovini et al. 2016; Minelli 2019; Horton et al. 2021) is a valuable approach that provides all the relevant information available at the point of publication without formally naming the species. In this sense, we think that the informal description of ‘ problematic’ species helps improve the quality of formal species lists and databases and is thus good taxonomic practice (Huber et al. 2024 e). In sum, the identity of K. anomala continues to be dubious and dense sampling around Campina Grande is necessary before a solution can be attempted or provided, both for this and for the following species.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFE5FFA6FDE9FDA4FD6E70C9.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: BA 851 D 16 - 51 DA- 4 C 41 - 882 C- 40 C 5 B 0 C 74 E 75 Figs 2 E – F, 21 – 25	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFE5FFA6FDE9FDA4FD6E70C9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males are distinguished from those of known congeners by distinctive shape of ventral bulbal process (Fig. 22 D – F; long, gradually narrowing, on ventral side membranous, distally hooked), by distinctive prolateral-dorsal sclerite on genital bulb (Fig. 22 D – E; but note variation below), by retrolateral-dorsal process of genital bulb reaching palpal coxa (Fig. 21 C; longer than in K. neotropica; shorter than in K. maracas sp. nov., K. brumado sp. nov., and K. mucuge sp. nov.), and by very short but wide (in lateral view) membranous procursus without sclerotized elements (Fig. 22 A – C). Females appear externally indistinguishable from those of several congeners (K. neotropica; K. maracas; K. brumado; K. mucuge); they differ from those of K. neotropica internally by absence of strong median element and by convoluted membranous tube rather than simple sac (Fig. 23 C); other similar species may be indistinguishable even internally (K. maracas; K. brumado; K. mucuge).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFE5FFA6FDE9FDA4FD6E70C9.taxon	etymology	Etymology The species name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFE5FFA6FDE9FDA4FD6E70C9.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype BRAZIL – Bahia • ♂; E of São Felix do Coribe; 13.404 ° S, 44.110 ° W; 470 – 580 m a. s. l.; 17 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 9168. Paratypes BRAZIL – Bahia • 6 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9169 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9170 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9171 • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9172 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 24720]. Other material examined BRAZIL – Bahia • 1 ♂, 4 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9173 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 181] • 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; SW of São Felix do Coribe, ‘ site 1 ’; 13.4325 ° S, 44.2168 ° W; 470 m a. s. l.; 17 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 9174 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 24721] • 2 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9175 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 178] • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; SE of Bom Jesus da Lapa, ‘ site 1 ’; 13.4398 ° S, 43.1643 ° W; 520 m a. s. l.; 18 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and L. S. Carvalho leg. CHNUFPI 9176 • 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9177 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 189] • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; SW of Correntina, margins of BR- 349; 13.4998 ° S, 44.9795 ° W; 770 m a. s. l.; 16 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 9178 • 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9179 • 5 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9180 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 173] (vouchers of UH 059) • 1 ♂; N of Correntina, margins of BR- 135; 13.3031 ° S, 44.6448 ° W; 700 m a. s. l.; 16 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 9181 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9182 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 174]. – Maranhão • 1 ♂; Aldeias Altas, Riacho Curva, 2.5 km after bridge over Riacho Limpeza; 4.6618 ° S, 43.4411 ° W; 100 m a. s. l.; 11 Dec. 2021; G. S. Lustosa et al. leg.; CHNUFPI 4197 • 1 ♂; Caxias, Riacho Junco, Junco village; 4.7974 ° S, 43.2646 ° W; 95 m a. s. l.; 17 Dec. 2021; G. S. Lustosa et al. leg.; CHNUFPI 4202. – Minas Gerais • 1 ♂; NW of Itacarambi, ‘ site 1 ’, near radio / TV towers; 15.0500 ° S, 44.1820 ° W; 780 m a. s. l.; 13 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber, L. S. Carvalho and R. A. Torres leg.; CHNUFPI 9183 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 24722]. – Piauí • 1 ♂; Guaribas, Serra das Confusões National Park; 9.2211 ° S, 43.4892 ° W; 590 m a. s. l.; Oct. 2006; P. R. R. Silva et al. leg.; CHNUFPI 1131 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Floriano, Fazenda do Colégio Técnico de Floriano; 6.7636 ° S, 43.0607 ° W; 120 m a. s. l.; 18 Oct. 2018; L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 4192 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 4052 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 4191 • 2 ♀♀, 1 juv.; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 4051 • 2 ♀♀ abdomens (prosomata used for molecular work); same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9184 [deposited in ZFMK Carv 70] (vouchers of E 079) • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; Floriano, Fazenda do Colégio Técnico de Floriano, margins of Rio Parnaíba; 6.7596 ° S, 43.0557 ° W; 105 m a. s. l.; 22 Jul. 2023; L. S. Carvalho et al. leg.; CHNUFPI 5051 • 8 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5046 • 5 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5049 • 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; 6.7636 ° S, 43.0750 ° W; 115 m a. s. l.; 12 Jun. 2023; M. S. C. S. Lima et al. leg.; CHNUFPI 5060 • 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; 6.7592 ° S, 43.0550 ° W; 110 m a. s. l.; 18 Dec. 2019; M. L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 4043. BOLIVIA – Santa Cruz • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; Yabaré, Estación de la Universidad A. Gabriel R. Moreno; 17.4417 ° S, 62.1725 ° W; 260 m a. s. l.; 20 – 24 Oct. 2010; C. Grismado, S. Ávila and M. Pérez leg.; MACN Ar 29116 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; MACN Ar 29117 (voucher of S 358) • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; MACN Ar 29123.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFE5FFA6FDE9FDA4FD6E70C9.taxon	description	Description Male (holotype) MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 1.16, carapace width 0.49. Distance PME – PME 40 µm; diameter PME 45 µm; distance PME – ALE 15 µm; distance AME – AME 10 µm; diameter AME 30 µm. Leg 1: 2.18 (0.62 + 0.18 + 0.54 + 0.52 + 0.32), tibia 2: 0.44, tibia 3: 0.40, tibia 4: 0.62; tibia 1 L / d: 8; diameters of leg femora 115 – 120 µm, of leg tibiae 65 µm. COLOR (in ethanol). Prosoma and legs ochre-yellow, carapace and legs without darker marks or rings; abdomen monochromous ochre-gray except for light ochre-brown plate in front of gonopore. BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 2 E. Ocular area not raised. Carapace without thoracic groove. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum slightly wider than long (0.37 / 0.33), with pair of very indistinct anterior humps near coxae 1 (~ 10 µm high, 40 µm diameter at basis, barely different from female). Abdomen globular. CHELICERAE. As in Fig. 23 A – B; with pair of small frontal apophyses; stridulatory files very fine and poorly visible in dissecting microscope. PALPS. As in Fig. 21; coxa unmodified; trochanter ventrally slightly protruding; femur proximally with small ventral process, distally widened but otherwise unmodified; femur-patella condyles barely shifted toward prolateral side; tibia-tarsus condyles slightly shifted toward retrolateral side; tarsus with small prolateral sclerotized process; procursus (Fig. 22 A – C) wide in lateral view, narrower in dorsal view, with large transparent distal flap; genital bulb (Fig. 22 D – F) with triangular ventral process distally hooked and mostly whitish except for dorsal sclerotized margin, distinctive prolateral-dorsal sclerite slightly hooked at tip, with dorsal process (putative embolus) composed of membranous and sclerotized elements, and retrolateral-dorsal process reaching palpal coxa. LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs; with short vertical hairs on tibia 1; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 58 %; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~ 4 – 5 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct. Variation (males) Tibia 1 in 22 males: 0.50 – 0.66 (mean 0.57). The prolateral-dorsal process on the genital bulb varies slightly among localities: in males from near Correntina, it is lighter and lacks a distal hook; in males from Piauí, it is more evenly curved rather than hooked; in males from Maranhão, it is generally slightly stronger; in males from Bolivia, it is considerably stronger. In the latter males, also the retrolateral-dorsal process is stronger / thicker. The ventral sclerite of the putative embolus (arrow in Fig. 22 F) is slightly shorter in specimens from Piauí. We tentatively assign all these specimens to one species. Females In general similar to males but chelicerae apparently without stridulatory files (not confirmed with SEM). Tibia 1 in 42 females: 0.48 – 0.66 (mean 0.54). Epigynum (Fig. 24 A – C) anterior plate semicircular, weakly protruding, with pair of lateral posterior sclerites; posterior plate large but simple, roughly rectangular. Internal genitalia (Figs 23 C, 24 D – G, 25 A – D) with curved transversal sclerite connected laterally to lateral posterior sclerites of anterior epigynal plate, medially with anterior rounded process from which membranous coiled tube originates; apparently with pair of small round pore plates (arrows in Figs 24 G, 25 D). Barcoding Two specimens were barcoded, from Brazil, Bahia and from Bolivia, Santa Cruz (geographic distance: 1900 km). The K 2 P distance was 14.1 %. This relatively high distance reflects the morphological differences described above, and suggests that the specimens studied might represent more than one species.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFE5FFA6FDE9FDA4FD6E70C9.taxon	distribution	Distribution Known from several localities in Brazil (Bahia, Minas Gerais, Piauí, Maranhão), and from a single locality in Bolivia (Figs 13 – 14). The Bolivian record suggests that this species may be distributed across much of the Cerrado biome. Brazilian specimens were collected at an intermediate altitude (374 ± 273 m, n = 13) compared to congeners with broader distributions, being statistically higher than K. neotropica (145 ± 131 m, n = 14) and not differing significantly from K. ibo Huber sp. nov. (460 ± 120 m, n = 18; see Fig. 83). Specimens from further localities, deposited in CHNUFPI, MPEG, UFMG, and IBSP could not be studied in detail (by BAH) or are represented by females only; available photos (L. S. Carvalho, unpubl. data) and distribution data suggest they are representatives of the present species. They originate from Minas Gerais, Manga, Parque Estadual da Mata Seca (14.849 ° S, 43.988 – 44.008 ° W); Minas Gerais, Prudente de Morais, Fazenda Sapé (19.4684 ° S, 44.2416 ° W); Minas Gerais, Lavras (21.2483 ° S, 45.0014 ° W); Piauí, José de Freitas, Fazenda Nazareth (4.7994 ° S, 42.6300 ° W); Piauí, Povoado Bela Vista (4.9224 ° S, 42.8633 ° W); Piauí, Povoado Boa Hora (4.9060 ° S, 42.8736 ° W); Piauí, Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara, 8,7672 ° S, 42.5600 ° W); and Maranhão, Reserva Ecológica Inhamum (4.8917 ° S, 43.4147 ° W).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFE5FFA6FDE9FDA4FD6E70C9.taxon	biology_ecology	Natural history This species was mostly found in dry wood on the ground and in leaf litter, rather than under stones. At the type locality, it was abundant in dry wood in a secondary arboreous Caatinga on a granitic hillside (Fig. 11 B). SW of São Felix do Coribe it was found in the leaf litter of arboreous Caatinga at the base of an outcrop, while the top of the hill was occupied by a different species (Sertana sagarana Huber gen. et sp. nov.). SE of Bom Jesus da Lapa it appeared restricted to the low forest (arboreous Caatinga), while two neighboring habitats (granite outcrop and degraded roadside) had different species (Sertana igapora Huber gen. et sp. nov. and S. lapa Huber gen. et sp. nov.). Near Correntina the spiders were collected in the leaf litter of degraded thorny shrubland (Cerrado) on clayish soil. NW of Itacarambi the single male was collected on a bare rocky field on clayish soil; this locality was dominated by another species of Kambiwa (K. itacarambi sp. nov.). Three egg sacs contained 4 – 5 eggs each and were flat (all eggs in a single layer); egg diameter was 0.44 – 0.48.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFEBFFA3FDFAFBB1FDD17192.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: E 6 D 5228 E- 64 A 4 - 4346 - B 0 FF-C 8282 CAD 6 DCC Figs 2 I – J, 3 B, E, 4 C, 5 A – B, 6 C, 7 E, 9 D, G, 26 – 29	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFEBFFA3FDFAFBB1FDD17192.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males are easily distinguished from those of most known congeners (except K. maracas sp. nov. and K. mucuge sp. nov.) by very long retrolateral-dorsal process of genital bulb (Fig. 27 D – F), and by shape of ventral bulbal apophysis (Fig. 27 D – F; roughly rectangular flat element); from K. maracas and K. mucuge by course of retrolateral-dorsal process (compare Fig. 26 with Figs 30 and 34; directed back and upwards, passing palp on prolateral side); from K. maracas and K. mucuge also by short prolateral process on procursus (arrow in Fig. 27 B; absent in K. maracas, longer in K. mucuge). Females appear externally indistinguishable from those of several congeners (K. neotropica; K. coribe sp. nov.; K. maracas; K. mucuge); they differ from K. neotropica internally by smaller median element and by convoluted membranous tube rather than simple sac (Fig. 28 C); other similar species may be indistinguishable even internally (K. coribe; K. maracas; K. mucuge).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFEBFFA3FDFAFBB1FDD17192.taxon	etymology	Etymology The species name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFEBFFA3FDFAFBB1FDD17192.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype BRAZIL – Bahia • ♂; NE of Brumado; 14.1601 ° S, 41.5154 ° W; 470 m a. s. l.; 11 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 9193. Paratypes BRAZIL – Bahia • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9194 • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9195 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 24725]. Other material examined BRAZIL – Bahia • 1 ♂, 4 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9196 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 155] • 5 ♂♂, 12 ♀♀; W of Marcolino Moura; 13.6028 ° S, 41.7166 ° W; 610 m a. s. l.; 19 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 9197 • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9198 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 24726] • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9199 • 2 ♂♂, 13 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9200 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 197] • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; NE of Marcolino Moura; 13.5883 ° S, 41.6635 ° W; 630 m a. s. l.; 19 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 9201 • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9202 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 199] • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; SE of Paramirim; 13.550 ° S, 42.202 ° W; 590 – 640 m a. s. l.; 18 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 9203 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 24727] • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9204 • 3 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9205 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 196] • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; W of Mucugê, Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina; 13.0097 ° S, 41.4084 ° W; 1010 m a. s. l.; 19 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 9206 • 9 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; E of Milagres, Morro do São Cristóvão; 12.8711 ° S, 39.8548 ° W; 420 m a. s. l.; bare granite outcrop, in shrubland; 10 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 9207 • 2 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9208 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 149] (1 ♂, 1 ♀ used for SEM).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFEBFFA3FDFAFBB1FDD17192.taxon	description	Description Male (holotype) MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 0.96, carapace width 0.49. Distance PME – PME 45 µm; diameter PME 50 µm; distance PME – ALE 15 µm; distance AME – AME 15 µm; diameter AME 20 µm. Leg 1: 2.42 (0.66 + 0.18 + 0.62 + 0.62 + 0.34), tibia 2: 0.52, tibia 3: 0.49, tibia 4: 0.76; tibia 1 L / d: 10; diameters of leg femora 110 µm, of leg tibiae 65 µm. COLOR (in ethanol). Prosoma and legs ochre-yellow, carapace and legs without darker marks or rings; abdomen monochromous ochre-gray. BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 2 I. Ocular area not raised. Carapace without thoracic groove. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum slightly wider than long (0.35 / 0.32), with small but distinct anterior processes near coxae 1 (~ 30 µm high, 40 µm diameter at basis). Abdomen globular. CHELICERAE. As in Fig. 28 A – B; with pair of small frontal apophyses; stridulatory files very fine and poorly visible in dissecting microscope. PALPS. As in Fig. 26; coxa unmodified; trochanter ventrally slightly protruding; femur proximally with ventral process, distally widened but otherwise unmodified; femur-patella condyles shifted toward prolateral side; tibia-tarsus condyles slightly shifted toward retrolateral side; tarsus with small prolateral sclerotized process; procursus (Fig. 27 A – C) wide in lateral view, narrower in dorsal view, with transparent dorsal flap and distinctive distal sclerotized process directed towards distal and prolateral (arrow in Fig. 27 B), poorly visible in undissected palp; genital bulb (Fig. 27 D – F) with slightly sclerotized flat ventral process, short dorsal process (putative embolus) composed of membranous and sclerotized elements, and long retrolateral-dorsal process curved towards posterior, passing palp on prolateral side. LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs; with short vertical hairs on tibiae 1 and 2; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 61 %; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~ 4 – 5 pseudosegments, fairly distinct. Variation (males) Tibia 1 in 25 males (incl. holotype): 0.54 – 0.66 (mean 0.61). In three males, the filiform process of the bulb of one side passed the palp on the retrolateral side; in all other palps (n = 47) it passed the palp on the prolateral side. Abdomen color variable, sometimes with indistinct internal marks. Females In general similar to males but sternum unmodified, chelicerae apparently without stridulatory files (not confirmed with SEM). Tibia 1 in 25 females: 0.54 – 0.62 (mean 0.57). Epigynum (Fig. 29 A – B) anterior plate semicircular, weakly protruding, with pair of lateral posterior sclerites; posterior plate large but simple, roughly rectangular. Internal genitalia (Figs 28 C, 29 C – F) with curved transversal sclerite connected laterally to lateral posterior sclerites of anterior epigynal plate, medially with anterior rounded process from which membranous coiled tube originates; apparently with pair of small round pore plates (arrows in Fig. 29 F). Barcoding Three specimens were barcoded, from NE of Brumado (type locality), from SE of Paramirim, and from E of Milagres (geographic distances: 100 – 265 km). K 2 P distances were surprisingly high considering the morphological uniformity, ranging from 8.2 to 11.2 % (Table 2).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFEBFFA3FDFAFBB1FDD17192.taxon	distribution	Distribution Known from several localities in southeastern Bahia, Brazil (Fig. 14).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFEBFFA3FDFAFBB1FDD17192.taxon	biology_ecology	Natural history At the type locality, the spiders were found under rocks in arboreous Caatinga on a marble outcrop (Fig. 11 C). East of Milagres, they were collected at the basis of a large outcrop. They lived under rocks and small stones (the size of a hand). Upon disturbance, they ran until finding a depression in the stone to hide, or they dropped to the ground. Southeast of Paramirim they were found both under rocks on a hillside with bare granite and in dead wood and cacti in the neighboring thorny shrubland on clayish soil. West of Marcolino Moura they were collected in a flat thorny shrubland (Caatinga) on clayish soil, in dead wood on the ground, but not in the leaf litter. Northeast of Marcolino Moura they were found under rocks exposed to the sun, on a hillside with bare rock fields and thorny shrubs (Caatinga) on clayish soil. West of Mucugê, the spiders were collected under rocks in a shrubland at the base of a large granite outcrop. Eight egg sacs contained 5 – 10 eggs each (mean 6.9) and were flat (all eggs in a single layer); egg diameter was 0.44 – 0.45.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFEEFFBFFDE6FD79FEB1728A.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: BBF 0 DC 5 D- 4 BC 9 - 4 EDE- 933 F-FE 91 CE 12 C 354 Figs 2 G – H, 3 D, F – G, 4 D, 5 E – F, 6 A – B, 7 B, F, 8 A – D, 9 F, 10 B, D, 30 – 33	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFEEFFBFFDE6FD79FEB1728A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males are easily distinguished from those of most known congeners (except K. brumado sp. nov. and K. mucuge sp. nov.) by very long retrolateral-dorsal process of genital bulb (Fig. 31 D – F), and by shape of ventral bulbal process (Fig. 31 D – F; roughly rectangular flat element); from K. brumado and K. mucuge by absence of prolateral process on procursus (compare Fig. 31 B with Figs 27 B and 35 B); from K. brumado also by course of retrolateral-dorsal process (compare Figs 27 F and 31 F; directed towards leg coxae, passing palp on retrolateral side). Females appear externally indistinguishable from those of several congeners (K. neotropica; K. coribe sp. nov.; K. brumado; K. mucuge); they differ from K. neotropica internally by smaller median element and by convoluted membranous tube rather than simple sac (Fig. 32 C); other similar species may be indistinguishable even internally (K. coribe; K. brumado; K. mucuge).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFEEFFBFFDE6FD79FEB1728A.taxon	etymology	Etymology The species name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFEEFFBFFDE6FD79FEB1728A.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype BRAZIL – Bahia • ♂; SW of Maracas; 13.5858 ° S, 40.7226 ° W; 410 m a. s. l.; 11 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 9185. Paratypes BRAZIL – Bahia • 2 ♂♂, 12 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9186 • 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9187 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 24723]. Other material examined BRAZIL – Bahia • 3 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀, 9 juvs, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9188 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 150] (voucher of UH 046; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ used for SEM) • 3 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; NE of Contendas do Sincorá; 13.7474 ° S, 41.0227 ° W; 320 m a. s. l.; 11 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 9189 • 1 ♂, 5 ♀♀, 7 juvs, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9190 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 151] (voucher of UH 481) • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; S of Contendas do Sincorá; 13.7826 ° S, 41.0507 ° W; 320 m a. s. l.; 11 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 9191 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 24724] • 3 ♀♀, 3 juvs, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9192 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 152] • 1 ♂, assigned tentatively; Maracas, near Sede da Ferbasa; 13.4711 ° S, 40.4380 ° W; 945 m a. s. l.; 12 Mar. 2012; E. S Araujo and A. S Medeiros leg.; CHNUFPI 1127.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFEEFFBFFDE6FD79FEB1728A.taxon	description	Description Male (holotype) MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 1.00, carapace width 0.49. Distance PME – PME 50 µm; diameter PME 45 µm; distance PME – ALE 15 µm; distance AME – AME 15 µm; diameter AME 25 µm. Leg 1: 2.52 (0.70 + 0.16 + 0.64 + 0.64 + 0.38), tibia 2: 0.54, tibia 3: 0.50, tibia 4: 0.76; tibia 1 L / d: 10; diameters of leg femora 120 µm, of leg tibiae 65 µm. COLOR (in ethanol). Prosoma and legs ochre-yellow, carapace and legs without darker marks or rings; abdomen monochromous ochre-gray. BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 2 G. Ocular area not raised. Carapace without thoracic groove. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum slightly wider than long (0.35 / 0.32), with small but distinct anterior processes near coxae 1 (~ 30 µm high, 40 µm diameter at basis). Abdomen globular. CHELICERAE. As in Fig. 32 A – B; with pair of small frontal apophyses; stridulatory files very fine and poorly visible in dissecting microscope. PALPS. As in Fig. 30; coxa unmodified; trochanter ventrally slightly protruding; femur proximally with small ventral process, distally widened but otherwise unmodified; femur-patella condyles shifted toward prolateral side; tibia-tarsus condyles slightly shifted toward retrolateral side; tarsus with small prolateral sclerotized process; procursus (Fig. 31 A – C) wide in lateral view, narrower in dorsal view, with transparent dorsal flap, without distal sclerotized process; genital bulb (Fig. 31 D – F) with slightly sclerotized flat ventral process, short dorsal process (putative embolus) composed of membranous and sclerotized elements, and filiform retrolateral-dorsal process reaching anterior side of leg coxa 2, passing palpal coxa on retrolateral side. LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs; with short vertical hairs on tibiae 1 and 2; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 59 %; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~ 4 – 5 pseudosegments, fairly distinct. Variation (males) Tibia 1 in nine males (incl. holotype): 0.56 – 0.64 (mean 0.59). The male from near Sede da Ferbasa has shorter legs (tibia 1: 0.50) and also a slightly shorter retrolateral-dorsal bulbal process (similar to K. mucuge sp. nov.). It is tentatively assigned to this species because the procursus has no distal sclerotized process (in contrast to K. mucuge). Females In general similar to males but sternum unmodified, chelicerae without stridulatory files, legs without short vertical hairs. Tibia 1 in 23 females: 0.52 – 0.62 (mean 0.56). Epigynum (Fig. 33 A – B) anterior plate semicircular, weakly protruding, with pair of lateral posterior sclerites; posterior plate large but simple, roughly rectangular. Internal genitalia (Figs 32 C, 33 C – F) with curved transversal sclerite connected laterally to lateral posterior sclerites of anterior epigynal plate, medially with anterior rounded process from which transparent coiled tube originates; apparently with pair of small round pore plates (arrows in Fig. 33 F). Barcoding Two specimens were barcoded, from SW of Maracas (type locality) and from NE of Contendas do Sincorá (geographic distance: 37 km). The K 2 P distance was 1.8 %.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFEEFFBFFDE6FD79FEB1728A.taxon	distribution	Distribution Known from four localities in Bahia, Brazil (Fig. 14).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFEEFFBFFDE6FD79FEB1728A.taxon	biology_ecology	Natural history At the type locality, the spiders were beaten from dead wood on the ground in shrubby Caatinga woodland on clayish soil (Fig. 11 D); in the dead branches, they apparently occupied the abandoned tunnels of termites. They were not found in the neighboring leaf litter. Northeast of Contendas do Sincorá, they were found on the undersides of rocks in shrubby Caatinga woodland on a rocky hillside. South of Contendas do Sincorá, the spiders were collected on a hillside with shrubby Caatinga woodland on sandy soil; one specimen was beaten out of a dead cactus approximately 1 m above the ground. Four egg sacs contained 2 – 12 eggs each (mean 6.3) and were flat (all eggs in a single layer); egg diameter was 0.44 – 0.45.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFF5FFB4FDE3FEA9FCFE766C.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 4 AD 6876 B-D 2 F 5 - 45 C 9 - AAAD- 24 FA 49 C 56078 Figs 2 K – L, 34 – 37	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFF5FFB4FDE3FEA9FCFE766C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males are easily distinguished from those of most known congeners (except K. maracas sp. nov. and K. brumado sp. nov.) by very long retrolateral-dorsal process of genital bulb (Fig. 35 D – F), and by shape of ventral bulbal process (Fig. 35 D – F; roughly rectangular flat element); from K. maracas by presence of prolateral process on procursus (compare Figs 31 B and 35 B); from K. brumado by course of retrolateral-dorsal process (compare Figs 27 F and 35 F; directed towards leg coxae, passing palp on retrolateral side). Females appear externally indistinguishable from those of several congeners (K. neotropica; K. coribe sp. nov.; K. maracas; K. brumado); they differ from K. neotropica internally by smaller median element and by convoluted membranous tube rather than simple sac (Fig. 36 C); other similar species may be indistinguishable even internally (K. coribe; K. maracas; K. brumado).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFF5FFB4FDE3FEA9FCFE766C.taxon	etymology	Etymology The species name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFF5FFB4FDE3FEA9FCFE766C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype BRAZIL – Bahia • ♂; NE of Mucugê, Parque “ Sempre Viva ”; 12.998 ° S, 41.363 ° W; 970 – 990 m a. s. l.; bare granite fields with shrubs on sandy soil; 20 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 9209. Paratypes BRAZIL – Bahia • 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9210 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9211 • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9212 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 24728]. Other material examined BRAZIL – Bahia • 1 ♂, 5 ♀♀, 5 juvs, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9213 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 201] • 1 ♀, 2 juvs, in pure ethanol; identity of female confirmed by CO 1 barcode; W of Mucugê, Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina; 13.0097 ° S, 41.4084 ° W; 1010 m a. s. l.; 19 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 9214 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 200] • 2 ♀♀, assigned tentatively, see below; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9215 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 24729].	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFF5FFB4FDE3FEA9FCFE766C.taxon	description	Description Male (holotype) MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 1.14, carapace width 0.47. Distance PME – PME 50 µm; diameter PME 45 µm; distance PME – ALE 15 µm; distance AME – AME 15 µm; diameter AME 20 µm. Leg 1: 2.22 (0.62 + 0.16 + 0.56 + 0.54 + 0.34), tibia 2: 0.47, tibia 3: 0.44, tibia 4: 0.67; tibia 1 L / d: 9; diameters of leg femora 110 µm, of leg tibiae 65 µm. COLOR (in ethanol). Prosoma and legs ochre-yellow, carapace and legs without darker marks or rings; abdomen ochre-gray, ventrally with slightly darker plate in front of gonopore. BODY. Habitus as Fig. 2 K. Ocular area not raised. Carapace without thoracic groove. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum slightly wider than long (0.35 / 0.32), with small but distinct anterior processes near coxae 1 (~ 30 µm high, 40 µm diameter at basis). Abdomen globular. CHELICERAE. As in Fig. 36 A – B; with pair of small frontal apophyses; stridulatory files very fine and poorly visible in dissecting microscope. PALPS. As in Fig. 34; coxa unmodified; trochanter ventrally slightly protruding; femur proximally with ventral process, distally widened but otherwise unmodified; femur-patella condyles shifted toward prolateral side; tibia-tarsus condyles slightly shifted toward retrolateral side; tarsus with small prolateral sclerotized process; procursus (Fig. 35 A – C) wide in lateral view, narrower in dorsal view, with transparent dorsal flap and distinctive sclerotized process directed towards distal and prolateral, clearly visible in undissected palp; genital bulb (Fig. 35 D – F) with slightly sclerotized ventral process, short dorsal process (putative embolus) composed of membranous and sclerotized elements, and filiform retrolateral-dorsal process reaching anterior side of leg coxa 1, passing palpal coxa on retrolateral side. LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs; short vertical hairs not seen (not studied with SEM); retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 59 %; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~ 4 – 5 pseudosegments, fairly distinct. Variation (males) Tibia 1 in six males from type locality (incl. holotype): 0.55 – 0.57 (mean 0.56). Abdomen color variable, sometimes with indistinct internal marks. Females In general similar to males but sternum unmodified, chelicerae apparently without stridulatory files (not confirmed with SEM). Tibia 1 in nine females from type locality: 0.48 – 0.53 (mean 0.50). The sequenced female from the neighboring locality W of Mucugê has minimally longer legs (tibia 1: 0.54); tibia 1 two further females from that locality: 0.46, 0.49. [The fourth female from W of Mucugê has much longer legs (tibia 1: 0.62); it is thus assigned to K. brumado sp. nov., together with the only male from this locality]. Epigynum (Fig. 37 A – B) anterior plate semicircular, weakly protruding, with pair of lateral posterior sclerites; posterior plate large but simple, roughly rectangular. Internal genitalia (Figs 36 C, 37 C – F) with curved transversal sclerite connected laterally to lateral posterior sclerites of anterior epigynal plate, medially with anterior rounded process from which membranous coiled tube originates; apparently with pair of small round pore plates (arrows in Fig. 37 E). Barcoding Two specimens were barcoded, from NE of Mucugê (type locality) and from W of Mucugê (geographic distance: 5 km). Haplotypes at both sites were identical.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFF5FFB4FDE3FEA9FCFE766C.taxon	distribution	Distribution Known from two neighboring localities near Mucugê in Bahia, Brazil (Fig. 14).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFF5FFB4FDE3FEA9FCFE766C.taxon	biology_ecology	Natural history At both localities, the spiders were found under stones lying on large granitic rock plates with scattered shrubs on sandy soil (Fig. 11 E). Two egg sacs contained 4 and 5 eggs, respectively, and were flat (all eggs in a single layer); egg diameter was 0.44 – 0.46.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFF9FFB1FDF4FAD2FEE471AB.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 164 FEB 6 B- 6 BFD- 4 D 70 - 87 E 8 - 5935 FB 6 CF 0 CC Figs 2 A – B, 3 C, 4 B, F, 5 C, 6 E – F, 8 E – F, 9 A, C, 10 E – F, 38 – 41	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFF9FFB1FDF4FAD2FEE471AB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Easily distinguished from all known congeners by male chelicerae without frontal apophyses (Fig. 40 A – B; only with pair of low ridges and distinctive whitish distal areas), by strong ventral bulbal process directed towards ventral and distally slightly hooked (Fig. 39 D, F), and by arc-shaped anterior epigynal plate (Fig. 41 A, C); also by tip of procursus (Fig. 39 A – C; simple membranous flap, distally bent towards prolateral) and by female internal genitalia with very indistinct median modification (Fig. 40 C; low anterior protrusion).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFF9FFB1FDF4FAD2FEE471AB.taxon	etymology	Etymology The species name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFF9FFB1FDF4FAD2FEE471AB.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype BRAZIL – Minas Gerais • ♂; NW of Itacarambi, ‘ site 1 ’, near radio / TV towers; 15.0500 ° S, 44.1820 ° W; 780 m a. s. l.; 13 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber, L. S. Carvalho and R. A. Torres leg.; CHNUFPI 9120. Paratypes BRAZIL – Minas Gerais • 8 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9121 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9122 • 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9123 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 24711]. Other material examined BRAZIL – Minas Gerais • 2 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀, 4 juvs, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9124 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 159] • 1 ♂; same locality as for holotype; 3 Mar. 2020; A. J. Santos leg.; CHNUFPI 3502 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 3504 (“ Carv 56 ”; voucher of E 072) • 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 3501, 3503 • 13 ♂♂, 19 ♀♀; SW of Manga, Parque Estadual da Mata Seca; 14.8438 ° S, 44.0592 ° W; 500 m a. s. l.; 15 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 9125 – 9126 • 3 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀, 8 juvs, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9127 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 170] (voucher of G 50; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ used for SEM).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFF9FFB1FDF4FAD2FEE471AB.taxon	description	Description Male (holotype) MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 1.07, carapace width 0.51. Distance PME – PME 45 µm; diameter PME 55 µm; distance PME – ALE 15 µm; distance AME – AME 15 µm; diameter AME 30 µm. Leg 1: 2.54 (0.62 + 0.19 + 0.67 + 0.68 + 0.38), tibia 2: 0.54, tibia 3: 0.50, tibia 4: 0.81; tibia 1 L / d: 10; diameters of leg femora 110 – 120 µm, of leg tibiae 65 µm. COLOR (in ethanol). Prosoma and legs ochre-yellow, carapace and legs without darker marks or rings; abdomen ochre-gray with very indistinct internal marks, with slightly darker ochre plate in front of gonopore. BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 2 A. Ocular area not raised. Carapace with very shallow thoracic groove. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum slightly wider than long (0.37 / 0.33), with pair of anterior humps near coxae 1 (~ 30 µm high, 60 µm diameter at basis). Abdomen globular. CHELICERAE. As in Fig. 40 A – B; without frontal apophyses, with pair of low sclerotized ridges followed distally by whitish area; with very fine stridulatory files (Fig. 6 E), not visible in dissecting microscope. PALPS. As in Fig. 38; coxa unmodified; trochanter ventrally slightly protruding; femur proximally with small ventral process, distally widened but otherwise unmodified; femur-patella condyles slightly shifted towards prolateral side; tibia-tarsus condyles slightly shifted towards retrolateral side; tarsus with strong prolateral process; procursus (Fig. 39 A – C) wide in lateral view, narrower in dorsal view, with semitransparent distal flap distally directed towards prolateral; genital bulb (Fig. 39 D – F) with complex distal process composed of membranous and sclerotized elements, with strong and distally hooked ventral process, without recognizable retrolateral-dorsal process. LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs; with short vertical hairs on tibiae 1 and 2; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 56 %; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with four fairly distinct pseudosegments. Variation (males) Tibia 1 in 27 males: 0.62 – 0.71 (mean 0.67). Some males with distinct dark internal marks on abdomen. Females In general similar to males (including color variation), but sternum without anterior humps and tibiae without vertical hairs; chelicerae without stridulatory files. Tibia 1 in 29 females: 0.60 – 0.69 (mean 0.65). Epigynum (Fig. 41 A – C) anterior plate reduced to narrow ark around whitish central area, weakly protruding, variably spread away from posterior plate; posterior plate much larger than anterior plate, roughly rectangular. Internal genitalia (Figs 40 C, 41 D – G) with curved transversal sclerite connected laterally to lateral corners of anterior epigynal plate, medially with small anterior bulge but without membranous sac; posteriorly with pair of small weakly sclerotized processes but apparently without pore plates. Barcoding Two specimens were barcoded, from NW of Itacarambi (type locality) and from SW of Manga (geographic distance: 26 km). The K 2 P distance was 11.5 %. Considering the small geographic distance and the absence of morphological differences, we suspect that the large molecular distance (and the long terminal branch leading to E 072 in Fig. 1) results from an artifact.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFF9FFB1FDF4FAD2FEE471AB.taxon	distribution	Distribution Known from two localities in northern Minas Gerais, Brazil (Fig. 14).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFF9FFB1FDF4FAD2FEE471AB.taxon	biology_ecology	Natural history At the type locality, the spiders were extremely abundant on a bare degraded hill-top with numerous small stones on clayish soil fully exposed to the sun (Fig. 11 F). At Parque Estadual da Mata Seca they occupied a very different habitat, the leaf litter among bushes and low trees on flat terrain, in a thorny shrubland (Caatinga) on sandy soil. Upon moving the leave litter, the spiders started to run. A semiquantitative collecting effort covering 1 m 2 resulted in 19 adult specimens within 45 min. Eleven egg sacs contained 4 – 10 eggs each (mean 7.5) and were flat (all eggs in a single layer); egg diameter was 0.44 – 0.48.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFFCFFC8FDC6FD11FD1A728C.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: E 1412702 - D 173 - 4244 - 834 A- 2 CF 75643 B 212 Figs 2 C – D, 4 E, 5 D, 6 D, 7 C – D, 9 B, E, 10 A, 42 – 45	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFFCFFC8FDC6FD11FD1A728C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males are distinguished from those of most known congeners (except K. sapo) by shape of ventral bulbal process (Fig. 43 D, F; short and pointed, slightly twisted), by tip of procursus (Fig. 43 A – C; mostly membranous, set with numerous tiny spikes), and by male cheliceral apophyses relatively far apart (Fig. 44 A); from K. sapo by simple rounded tip of procursus (rather than bifid), by distinct separation between distal membranous part of procursus from proximal sclerotized part, and by genital bulb slightly more rounded rather than elongate and with slightly different sclerotized elements (compare Figs 43 D – F with 46 D – F). Females are externally very similar to those of several congeners (e. g., K. neotropica; K. coribe sp. nov.; K. maracas sp. nov.; K. brumado sp. nov.; K. mucuge sp. nov.; K. sapo); they differ by internal genitalia with indistinct median element leading into small membranous sac (Fig. 44 C).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFFCFFC8FDC6FD11FD1A728C.taxon	etymology	Etymology The species name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFFCFFC8FDC6FD11FD1A728C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype BRAZIL – Bahia • ♂; S of Ibó; 8.6906 ° S, 39.2682 ° W; 340 m a. s. l.; 2 Dec. 2022; B. A. Huber and A. S. Michelotto leg.; CHNUFPI 9128. Paratypes BRAZIL – Bahia • 3 ♂♂, 9 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9129 • 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9130 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 24712]. Other material examined BRAZIL – Bahia • 1 ♂, 6 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9131 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 255] (voucher of UH 510) • 2 ♀♀; between Ibó and Curaçá, Serra do Furtuoso; 8.6420 ° S, 39.5266 ° W; 390 m a. s. l.; 2 Dec. 2022; B. A. Huber and A. S. Michelotto leg.; CHNUFPI 9132 • 1 ♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9133 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 256 a] (voucher of UH 511) • 6 ♂♂, 12 ♀♀; S of Curaçá; 9.2571 ° S, 39.8163 ° W; 390 m a. s. l.; 3 Dec. 2022; B. A. Huber and A. S. Michelotto leg.; CHNUFPI 9134 • 1 ♂, 7 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9135 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 258] (voucher of UH 513, G 64) • 7 ♂♂, 19 ♀♀; N of Poço de Fora; 9.588 ° S, 39.787 ° W; 450 – 490 m a. s. l.; 3 Dec. 2022; B. A. Huber and A. S. Michelotto leg.; CHNUFPI 9136 – 9137 • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9138 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 24713] • 2 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9139 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 260] (voucher of UH 110) • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; SE of Juazeiro; 9.5512 ° S, 40.4408 ° W; 400 m a. s. l.; 29 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and A. S. Michelotto leg.; CHNUFPI 9140 • 2 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9141 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 242] • 9 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; N of Senhor do Bonfim; 10.1515 ° S, 40.2297 ° W; 630 m a. s. l.; 29 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and A. S. Michelotto leg.; CHNUFPI 9142 • 1 ♂, 5 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9143 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 241] (voucher of UH 503) • 7 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀ (3 males used for karyotype analysis); 9 km W of Andorinha; 10.3650 ° S, 39.9114 ° W; 440 m a. s. l.; 28 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and A. S. Michelotto leg.; CHNUFPI 9144 • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9145 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 24714] • 2 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9146 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 240] (voucher of UH 502). – Ceará • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; SE of Nova Olinda; 7.1457 ° S, 39.6331 ° W; 770 m a. s. l.; 1 Dec. 2022; B. A. Huber and A. S. Michelotto leg.; CHNUFPI 9156 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 24717]. – Pernambuco • 8 ♂♂, 28 ♀♀; W of Orocó; 8.6157 ° S, 39.6316 ° W; 370 m a. s. l.; 30 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and A. S. Michelotto leg.; CHNUFPI 9147 • 4 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9148 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 249; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ used for SEM] • 6 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; NE of Cabrobó; 8.420 ° S, 39.176 ° W; 450 m a. s. l.; 2 Dec. 2022; B. A. Huber and A. S. Michelotto leg.; CHNUFPI 9149 • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9150 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 24715] • 1 ♂, 4 ♀♀, 1 juv., in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9151 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 254] (voucher of UH 509) • 6 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀; NE of Lagoa Grande; 8.9117 ° S, 40.0547 ° W; 450 m a. s. l.; 30 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and A. S. Michelotto leg.; CHNUFPI 9152 • 1 ♂, 4 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9153 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 247] • 6 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; NE of Petrolina; 9.1957 ° S, 40.3832 ° W; 440 m a. s. l.; 30 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and A. S. Michelotto leg.; CHNUFPI 9154 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 24716] • 2 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9155 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 244] (voucher of UH 103) • 1 ♂; Itacuruba, near Riacho Itacuruba; 8.7874 ° S, 38.6983 ° W; 310 m a. s. l.; 2014; S. C. Sousa leg.; CHNUFPI 4189. Material assigned tentatively (see Variation and Barcoding sections below) BRAZIL – Bahia • 5 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀; NW of Ibipeba; 11.540 ° S, 42.170 ° W; 590 – 640 m a. s. l.; 22 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and A. S. Michelotto leg.; CHNUFPI 9157 • 1 ♂, 7 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9158 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 207] (voucher of UH 496) • 5 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀; S of Xique-Xique, ‘ loc. 1 ’; 11.1196 ° S, 42.7376 ° W; 420 m a. s. l.; 23 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and A. S. Michelotto leg.; CHNUFPI 9159 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 24718] • 1 ♂, 7 ♀♀, 2 juvs, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9160 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 217] (voucher of UH 087) • 2 ♂♂; S of Xique-Xique, ‘ loc. 2 ’; 11.0870 ° S, 42.7313 ° W; 410 m a. s. l.; 24 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and A. S. Michelotto leg.; CHNUFPI 9161 • 1 ♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9162 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 218] • 2 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; S of Xique-Xique, ‘ loc. 3 ’; 11.0398 ° S, 42.7311 ° W; 430 m a. s. l.; 24 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and A. S. Michelotto leg.; CHNUFPI 9163 • 10 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9164 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 219] • 1 ♂; NW of Gameleira do Assuruá; 11.1942 ° S, 42.7165 ° W; 640 m a. s. l.; 23 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and A. S. Michelotto leg.; CHNUFPI 9165 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 24719] • 2 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9166 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 214].	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFFCFFC8FDC6FD11FD1A728C.taxon	description	Description Male (holotype) MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 1.30, carapace width 0.53. Distance PME – PME 40 µm; diameter PME 50 µm; distance PME – ALE 25 µm; distance AME – AME 15 µm; diameter AME 30 µm. Leg 1: 2.61 (0.70 + 0.20 + 0.66 + 0.70 + 0.35), tibia 2: 0.54, tibia 3: 0.52, tibia 4: 0.83; tibia 1 L / d: 9; diameters of leg femora 120 µm, of leg tibiae 70 µm. COLOR (in ethanol). Prosoma and legs ochre-yellow to light brown, carapace and legs without darker marks or rings; abdomen ochre-gray with very indistinct internal marks, with light ochre-brown plate in front of gonopore. BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 2 C. Ocular area not raised. Carapace without thoracic groove. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum slightly wider than long (0.38 / 0.35), with small but distinct anterior humps near coxae 1 (~ 30 µm high, 50 µm diameter at basis). Abdomen globular. CHELICERAE. As in Fig. 44 A – B; with pair of small frontal apophyses; stridulatory files very fine and poorly visible in dissecting microscope. PALPS. As in Fig. 42; coxa unmodified; trochanter ventrally slightly protruding; femur proximally with small ventral process, distally widened but otherwise unmodified; femur-patella condyles and tibia-tarsus condyles not shifted toward one side; tarsus with strong prolateral rim slightly protruding; procursus (Fig. 43 A – C) wide in lateral view, narrower in dorsal view, with large transparent distal flap bent towards prolateral and set with numerous tiny spikes; genital bulb (Fig. 43 D – F) with very short but complex distal process composed of membranous and sclerotized elements, with short and pointed, slightly twisted ventral process, with barely recognizable retrolateral-dorsal process. LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs; with short vertical hairs on tibia 1; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 62 %; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~ 4 – 5 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct. Variation (males) Tibia 1 in 83 males: 0.56 – 0.72 (mean 0.650). Males from southwestern localities (near Ibipeba, Xique-Xique, and Gameleira do Assuruá) tend to be minimally smaller than males from all other localities (mean tibia 1 length: 0.625 vs 0.655) but otherwise they appear morphologically indistinguishable. See Barcoding section below. Females In general similar to males (Fig. 2 D) but sternum without anterior humps and tibia 1 without vertical hairs; chelicerae apparently without stridulatory files (not confirmed with SEM). Tibia 1 in 137 females: 0.56 – 0.72 (mean 0.639). Females from southwestern localities (near Ibipeba, Xique-Xique, and Gameleira do Assuruá) tend to be minimally smaller than females from all other localities (mean tibia 1 length: 0.616 vs 0.643) but otherwise they appear morphologically indistinguishable. Epigynum (Fig. 45 A – C) anterior plate semicircular, weakly protruding, with pair of lateral posterior sclerites; internal transversal sclerite often visible in uncleared specimens; posterior plate large but simple, roughly rectangular. Internal genitalia (Figs 44 C, 45 D – G) with curved transversal sclerite connected laterally to lateral posterior sclerites of anterior epigynal plate, medially with small membranous sac; posteriorly with pair of sclerotized plates connected to transversal sclerotized element, apparently without pore plates. Barcoding Ten specimens were barcoded: eight from northeastern localities (including the type locality), and two from southwestern localities (Fig. 14). Among northeastern localities (maximal geographic distance: 225 km), K 2 P distances mostly ranged from 0.0 % to 0.6 % (Table 2); only the specimen from west of Andorinha had a higher distance to other northeastern specimens: 5.3 – 5.6 %. The two southwestern specimens (geographic distances to northeastern specimens: 260 – 500 km) had much higher genetic distances to northeastern specimens: 10.0 – 12.9 %. Even between the two southwestern specimens (geographic distance: 78 km), the K 2 P distance was high: 9.6 %.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFFCFFC8FDC6FD11FD1A728C.taxon	distribution	Distribution Known from numerous localities in Bahia, Pernambuco and Ceará, Brazil (Fig. 14). Specimens were collected at a higher mean altitude (460 ± 120 m, n = 18; see Fig. 83) compared to congeners with broader distributions, being significantly higher than that of K. neotropica (145 ± 131 m, n = 14), and not differing statistically from K. coribe Huber sp. nov. (374 ± 273 m, n = 13).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFFCFFC8FDC6FD11FD1A728C.taxon	biology_ecology	Natural history This species was found in a range of microhabitats (Fig. 12). At the type locality, a degraded thorny roadside shrubland dominated by bushes and grasses (Fig. 12 A), most specimens were beaten out of pieces of dead wood. They ran rapidly but stopped suddenly as soon as they encountered a small piece of ‘ dirt’ for hiding. Between Ibó and Curaçá, the spiders were collected under stones on a rocky hillside with thorny shrubs. West of Andorinha, they were found under stones lying on a large flat rock plate (Fig. 12 B); several specimens sometimes shared one stone. North of Senhor do Bonfim, they were collected on a dry hillside at the margin of a cactus plantation, under small stones in the plain sun; upon moving the stones, they started to run rapidly. Northeast of Petrolina, they were found under stones on a rock outcrop (Fig. 12 C) and in the neighboring thorny woodland; upon turning the stones, the spiders usually stayed on the ground (rather than on the stone) and often did not move, making them barely visible. Northeast of Lagoa Grande, they were found in a highly degraded thorny shrubland (Caatinga) (Fig. 12 D) with cattle; they were very abundant under stones and small rocks. West of Orocó, they were found in a well-preserved thorny shrubland (Caatinga), in very high abundance (often three or four specimens on one stone). Northeast of Cabrobó, they were found on a rock outcrop with scattered shrubs, under stones on bare rock, together with Ibotyporanga sertao Huber, 2024. South of Curaçá they were found under stones in a degraded roadside shrubland. North of Poço de Fora, they were abundant under stones and in dead wood on a hill with shrubs and scattered trees. Southeast of Juazeiro they were found under small stones in the plain sun in a degraded roadside shrubland. Specimens assigned tentatively occupied a similar range of habitats. Northwest of Ibipeba, they were found on a semiarid hillside with scattered trees and thorny shrubs, mostly in leaf litter, but also on the underside of rocks. South of Xique-Xique ‘ site 1 ’, they were found in a flat area dominated by rocks on white sand (Fig. 12 E); they lived in the thin layer of organic material between stone and sand; upon disturbance, they ran extremely fast but then stopped abruptly and became almost invisible. South of Xique-Xique ‘ site 2 ’ they were found under small stone pebbles lying on the soil in the plain sun in thorny shrubland. South of Xique-Xique ‘ site 3 ’ they were found under stones lying on a large rock plate in the plain sun, near thorny shrubs and scattered trees (Fig. 12 F). Northwest of Gameleira do Assuruá, the spiders were found on a rock outcrop with thorny shrubs and trees. 26 egg sacs contained 6 – 14 eggs each (mean 9.6) and were flat (all eggs in a single layer); egg diameter was 0.44 – 0.49.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF85FFC9FD90FE73FD0D7163.taxon	description	Figs 46 – 47	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF85FFC9FD90FE73FD0D7163.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males are distinguished from those of most known congeners (except K. ibo sp. nov.) by shape of ventral bulbal process (Fig. 46 D, F; short and pointed, slightly twisted), by tip of procursus (Fig. 46 A – C; mostly membranous, set with numerous tiny spikes), and by male cheliceral apophyses relatively far apart (cf. Fig. 44 A; see also Huber & Carvalho 2019: fig. 119); from K. ibo by bifid tip of procursus (rather than simple rounded), by absence of distinct separation between distal membranous part of procursus and proximal sclerotized part, by genital bulb slightly more elongate rather than rounded and with slightly different sclerotized elements (compare Figs 43 D – F and 46 D – F), and by smaller palp (tibia length / width: 180 / 140 µm, vs 230 / 180 µm in K. ibo; femur length: 190 µm, vs 250 µm in K. ibo). Females are externally very similar to those of several congeners (e. g., K. neotropica; K. coribe sp. nov.; K. maracas sp. nov.; K. brumado sp. nov.; K. mucuge sp. nov.; K. ibo); they differ by internal genitalia without distinct median modification (Fig. 47; see also Huber & Carvalho 2019: figs 121 – 122).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF85FFC9FD90FE73FD0D7163.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype VENEZUELA – Bolívar • ♂; Canaima, forest near Salto El Sapo; 6.254 ° N, 62.848 ° W; 400 m a. s. l.; 9 Dec. 2002; B. A. Huber leg.; ZFMK Ar 20620.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF85FFC9FD90FE73FD0D7163.taxon	discussion	Remarks A reanalysis of topotypical material (ZFMK Ar 20621) shows that the retrolateral-dorsal process on the genital bulb distinctive for Kambiwa is also present in K. sapo even though indistinct (Fig. 46 F). The female genitalia are in several respects very similar to other species of Kambiwa (semicircular epigynal plate with strong lateral sclerites extending posteriorly; lateral sclerites connected to internal transversal element). However, a median internal process or sac seems to be absent (Fig. 47 B). The coordinates published in Huber & Carvalho (2019) are slightly wrong. The collecting site was 1.4 km further north, at 6.254 ° N, 62.848 ° W.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF84FFC3FDD7FDCBFAA974C4.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 8 D 1 E 1801 - AD 95 - 48 B 2 - 9783 - E 031 B 60 D 08 FA	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF84FFC3FDD7FDCBFAA974C4.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Sertana igapora Huber gen. et sp. nov.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF84FFC3FDD7FDCBFAA974C4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Small short-legged pholcids with eight eyes and globular abdomen (Fig. 48), similar in size and body shape to closely related South American Ninetinae (Guaranita, Galapa, Kambiwa). Males are distinguished from these by pair of distinctive ventral processes on genital bulb, one rather pointed, the other rather rounded (e. g., Figs 59 E, 63 E, 67 E; Kambiwa with single ventral process; Galapa spiniphila also with pair of small pointed ventral processes), and by absence of processes on sternum; from Galapa also distinguished by unmodified cheliceral fangs, presence of pair of apophyses on main cheliceral segments (e. g., Figs 60 A, 64 A), and absence of sclerotized retrolateral process on procursus; from Galapa and Guaranita also by absence of dorsal flap on procursus (present only in S. bumba Huber gen. et sp. nov.; some species with retrolateral membrane that might also be homologous to dorsal flap of Galapa and Guaranita); from Guaranita also by absence of ventral membrane on procursus; from Kambiwa also distinguished by much longer male cheliceral apophyses (compare Figs 17 B, 23 B, 36 B with 60 B, 64 B, 68 B), and by main branch of procursus slender and sclerotized in lateral view (wide and partly membranous in Kambiwa). Females are morphologically barely distinguishable from females of Guaranita, Galapa, and Kambiwa, but anterior epigynal plate without or with weak lateral posterior sclerites (e. g., Figs 60 C, 64 C; Guaranita and Kambiwa with strong lateral posterior sclerites).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF84FFC3FDD7FDCBFAA974C4.taxon	etymology	Etymology The genus name is derived from “ sertão ”, the Brazilian backlands, home of the known species. Due to regular draughts, this region is economically poor, yet particularly rich in history and folklore. Gender feminine.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF84FFC3FDD7FDCBFAA974C4.taxon	description	Description Males MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 0.9 – 1.4; carapace width 0.4 – 0.7. PME diameter 40 – 60 µm; AME diameter 20 – 35 µm. Leg 1 length 2.1 – 3.3; tibia 1 length 0.5 – 0.9; metatarsus 1 approximately same length as tibia 1 (metatarsus 1 / tibia 1 length: 0.93 – 1.10); tibia 4 longer than tibia 1 (tibia 4 / tibia 1 length: 1.2 – 1.4); leg femora diameters 85 – 145 µm; leg tibiae diameters 50 – 75 µm. Tibia 1 L / d 9 – 12. COLOR. In ethanol mostly ochre-yellow to light brown, carapace without darker marks or with indistinct darker lateral borders, legs without dark rings; abdomen usually pale gray with darker internal marks dorsally and laterally; ventrally with light ochre to brown plate in front of gonopore. Live specimens sometimes with slightly reddish prosoma and shiny brown or black abdomen (Fig. 48). BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 48. Ocular area not or slightly raised. Carapace without thoracic groove (Fig. 49 A – B). Clypeus unmodified. Sternum barely wider than long, without pair of anterior processes near coxae 1. Abdomen globular. Gonopore either with four epiandrous spigots (Fig. 49 C – D) or without spigots (Fig. 49 E). General arrangement of spinnerets as usual in Pholcidae (Fig. 50 A, C); ALS with seven spigots each (Fig. 50): one strongly widened spigot, one long and slender spigot, and five cylindrical spigots (of which one is much wider than the others); PMS with two short conical spigots; PLS with strong hairs but without spigots. CHELICERAE. With pair of relatively long frontal apophyses (e. g., Figs 60 B, 64 B; longer than in Kambiwa). Stridulatory files mostly fine but distinct (Fig. 51 C), very indistinct in S. igapora gen. et sp. nov. (Fig. 51 A; not visible in dissecting microscope), with ~ 25 – 30 ridges, distances between ridges (in three species studied with SEM) 2.3 – 2.7 µm, distances between ridges homogeneous throughout file. PALPS. Coxa unmodified; trochanter with indistinct ventral protrusion; femur proximally without or with indistinct retrolateral protrusion, distally slightly widened but otherwise unmodified; femur-patella condyles not or slightly shifted toward prolateral side; tibia almost globular, with two trichobothria; tibia-tarsus condyles not or slightly shifted toward retrolateral side; palpal tarsal organ capsulate with small opening (Fig. 52 C – E), strongly elevated (approximately twice as high as diameter), outer diameter 5 – 8 µm, opening diameter 0.7 – 0.9 µm; procursus relatively small and simple, sclerotized main branch bent towards dorsal, in some species covered retrolaterally by large membranous flap (Figs 51 E – F, 59 C, 63 C), in S. bumba gen. et sp. nov. with small dorsal transparent flap (Figs 52 A, 72 C); genital bulb with proximal sclerite connecting to tarsus; bulbous part of genital bulb with two distinctive ventral processes, one rather pointed and variably long, the other rather rounded and mostly short (e. g., Figs 59 E, 63 E, 67 E); dorsal bulbal process with sclerotized and membranous elements, presumably carrying sperm duct opening hidden between membranous folds (cf. Fig. 52 B). LEGS. Without spines; without curved hairs. Usually with sexually dimorphic short vertical hairs on tibia 1 or tibia 1 + tibia 2 (Fig. 53 D – G), only in S. sagarana gen. et sp. nov. apparently without such hairs (not studied with SEM); base diameter 5.0 – 6.5 µm, length 15 – 20 µm, diameter at half-length 0.7 – 1.1 µm. Distal leg segments (tarsi and metatarsi) with putative chemoreceptors (Fig. 54 E – H), in light microscope similar to sexually dimorphic short ‘ vertical’ hairs but with one or two distal side branches, with one or two oblique furrows, and flattened distally (i. e., with oval diameter); base diameter 4.0 – 4.5 µm, length 15 – 20 µm, diameter proximally 1.5 – 1.8 µm. Rimmed pores (Fig. 54 A – B) at regular intervals especially dorsally on tibiae, metatarsi, and tarsi; outer diameter 2.8 – 3.2 µm; opening diameter: 0.2 – 0.5 µm. Femora, tibiae, metatarsi, and tarsi with round or oval cuticular plates (Fig. 54 C – D) at regular intervals, diameter ~ 4.5 – 6.0 µm. Base of trichobothria round or with pair of indistinct lateral humps (Fig. 53 A – C); outer diameter of base: 10 – 14 µm; proximal diameter of seta: 0.8 – 1.1 µm; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 55 – 62 % of tibia length; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1. Without slender metatarsal hairs (as described in Huber et al. 2023 c, 2024 d). Tarsi with 3 – 5 pseudosegments, variably distinct. Leg tarsal organs capsulate with small opening (Fig. 55 A – F), outer diameter 3.5 – 6.0 µm, opening diameter 0.8 – 1.0 µm. Tarsus 4 with two comb hairs distally on prolateral side. Tarsal claws as usual for family (Fig. 55 G – H); main claws with 9 – 11 teeth; teeth on tarsus 4 slightly different (shorter and directed more towards distal). Females In general, similar to males (Fig. 48), but legs on average slightly shorter than in males (male / female tibia 1 length: 1.0 – 1.2); chelicerae without stridulatory files (Fig. 51 B, D); without sexually dimorphic short vertical hairs on tibiae; coloration sometimes lighter and abdomen less shiny (Fig. 48). Palpal tarsal organ as in males (Fig. 52 F), but less elevated, outer diameter 5 – 6 µm, opening diameter 0.9 – 1.0 µm. Other sensory organs and comb hairs on tarsus 4 as in males. Spinnerets and spigots as in males (Fig. 50). Tip of palp with simple pointed process (Fig. 52 F). Epigynum anterior plate trapezoidal to semicircular, without pockets or processes (Fig. 49 F). Posterior epigynal plate simple, unmodified. Internal genitalia usually with transversal sclerite that is medially complex in some species (Figs 61 G, 65 E – F, 70 G – H), but medially reduced in S. capivara Huber gen. et sp. nov. (Fig. 78 C, E); some species with membranous anterior sac (e. g., Figs 61 D – E, 65 D); without or with very small and indistinct pore plates (arrows in Figs 70 G, 78 C).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF84FFC3FDD7FDCBFAA974C4.taxon	discussion	Relationships The latest molecular phylogeny of Pholcidae (Meng et al. 2025) includes one representative of Sertana gen. nov. (under the name “ E 074 _ Ninetinae-Gen? _ L 21 - 272 _ Carv 64 ”; now S. capivara gen. et sp. nov.). This species is resolved as sister to Galapa, and both together are sister to Kambiwa (inset in Fig. 1). This topology is confirmed in an upcoming, larger dataset that combines the UCA data of Meng et al. (2025) with results from low coverage genome sequencing (G. Meng, L. Podsiadlowski, B. A. Huber, unpubl. data). This dataset includes four species of Sertana gen. nov. (S. igapora gen. et sp. nov.; S. lapa Huber gen. et sp. nov.; S. sagarana gen. et sp. nov.; S. capivara) and results in maximum support for the monophyly of Sertana and for the sister group relationship with Galapa.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF84FFC3FDD7FDCBFAA974C4.taxon	biology_ecology	Natural history Sertana gen. nov. spiders were found in very similar semiarid habitats as Kambiwa, also ranging from flat areas with bushes and grasses to rock outcrops (Fig. 56). They occupied the same ground-level microhabitats as Kambiwa, such as undersides of stones, leaf litter, and dead wood, both shaded and fully exposed to the sun. At least one species (S. igapora gen. et sp. nov.) occurs in a range of very different microhabitats, similar to Kambiwa ibo sp. nov. (cf. Fig. 12). Abundances were often high, and the reaction to disturbance was as in Kambiwa, i. e., fast running until a suitable spot for hiding was found. We rarely found more than one species of Sertana gen. nov. at one locality (S. igapora and S. lapa gen. et sp. nov., SE of Bom Jesus da Lapa), but localities were sometimes shared with a representative of Ibotyporanga or Kambiwa. These other Ninetinae were usually found in slightly different microhabitats. Egg sacs were carried under the prosoma (Fig. 48), and consisted of 5 – 8 eggs that were arranged in a single flat layer; eggs were covered with a few barely visible lines of silk. For further details, see individual natural history sections below.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF84FFC3FDD7FDCBFAA974C4.taxon	distribution	Distribution Sertana gen. nov. is apparently restricted to the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes of northeastern Brazil (Fig. 57). Similar to Kambiwa above, we suspect that the large Cerrado region SW of Maranhão / Piauí / Bahia that has currently no record of Sertana may in fact be occupied by the genus. Composition and species limits The genus includes five nominal species, all of them newly described below. The IBSP has specimens of an additional probable species that we could not study in detail; these specimens originate from Pará, Santa Isabel, Cave SI- 15 (6.2247 ° S, 48.4317 ° W) (shown as “ L 19 - 265 ” in Fig. 57).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF91FFD8FD83FEA9FCF476DB.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: E 4097297 - 6257 - 4353 - A 405 - E 91 C 775 BD 0 C 1 Figs 48 A – B, 49 A – C, F, 50 A – B, 51 A – B, E – F, 52 B – C, 53 C – E, 54 A, C, E, G – H, 55 A – C, G, 58 – 61	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF91FFD8FD83FEA9FCF476DB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males are easily distinguished from those of most known congeners (except S. sagarana gen. et sp. nov.) by presence of large retrolateral membranous flap of procursus with serrated distal margin (Fig. 59 C); from S. sagarana by much shorter retrolateral-ventral apophysis on genital bulb (compare Figs 59 E and 63 E) and by shorter main branch of procursus largely hidden by retrolateral membranous flap (compare Figs 59 C and 63 C). Females externally very similar to those of known congeners; internally distinguished by complex median modifications (similar to S. sagarana and S. lapa gen. et sp. nov.) and large semicircular membranous pouch (Fig. 60 C; larger than in S. sagarana and S. lapa).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF91FFD8FD83FEA9FCF476DB.taxon	etymology	Etymology The species name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF91FFD8FD83FEA9FCF476DB.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype BRAZIL – Bahia • ♂; SE of Igaporã; 13.7977 ° S, 42.6578 ° W; 1000 m a. s. l.; 18 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 9216. Paratypes BRAZIL – Bahia • 8 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9217 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9218 • 4 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9219 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 25074]. Other material examined BRAZIL – Bahia • 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9220 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 194] (voucher of UH 070; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ used for SEM) • 5 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; SW of Caetité, Caetité Wind Farm; 14.1155 ° S, 42.6087 ° W; 1000 m a. s. l.; 12 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 9221 • 1 ♂, 4 ♀♀, 4 juvs, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9222 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 156] (voucher of UH 050) • 2 ♀♀; N of Guanambi; 14.1797 ° S, 42.7812 ° W; 560 m a. s. l.; 12 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber, L. S. Carvalho and R. A. Torres leg.; CHNUFPI 9223 • 4 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9224 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 157] • 5 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀; SE of Bom Jesus da Lapa, ‘ site 2 ’; 13.4383 ° S, 43.1645 ° W; 480 m a. s. l.; 18 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 9225 • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9226 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 25075] • 1 ♀; probably same collection data as for preceding (see Natural history section of S. lapa gen. et sp. nov.); CHNUFPI 9227 • 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9228 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 190] (voucher of UH 492, G 54) • 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; W of Bom Jesus da Lapa, Fazenda Pedra Branca; 13.315 ° S, 43.795 ° W; 470 m a. s. l.; 17 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 9229 • 5 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9230 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 24730] • 1 ♂, 5 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9231 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 184] • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9232 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 186].	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF91FFD8FD83FEA9FCF476DB.taxon	description	Description Male (holotype) MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 1.04, carapace width 0.46. Distance PME – PME 40 µm; diameter PME 50 µm; distance PME – ALE 20 µm; distance AME – AME 10 µm; diameter AME 25 µm. Leg 1: 2.32 (0.64 + 0.14 + 0.58 + 0.62 + 0.34), tibia 2: 0.51, tibia 3: 0.48, tibia 4: 0.79; tibia 1 L / d: 10; diameters of leg femora 95 – 100 µm, of leg tibiae 60 µm. COLOR (in ethanol). Prosoma and legs ochre-yellow, carapace and legs without darker marks or rings; abdomen ochre-gray, with very indistinct internal marks, ventrally with slightly darker ochre plate in front of gonopore. BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 48 A. Ocular area not raised. Carapace without thoracic groove. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum barely wider than long (0.33 / 0.32), without anterior processes. Abdomen globular. CHELICERAE. As in Fig. 60 A – B; with pair of frontal apophyses; with very indistinct stridulatory files (Fig. 51 A) not visible in dissecting microscope. PALPS. As in Fig. 58; coxa unmodified; trochanter ventrally slightly protruding; femur proximally with very indistinct retrolateral protrusion, distally slightly widened but otherwise unmodified; femur-patella condyles shifted toward prolateral side; tibia-tarsus condyles not shifted toward one side; tarsus with strong dorsal hairs, without prolateral process; procursus (Fig. 59 A – C) consisting of large semitransparent flap and strongly curved process originating proximally on ventral side and curving towards dorsal, hidden in retrolateral view by large flap; flap distally serrated; genital bulb (Fig. 59 D – F) with prolateral-dorsal oblique flat process and distinctive pair of ventral processes distally: slender prolateral process and spoon-shaped retrolateral process. LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs; with short vertical hairs on tibiae 1 and 2, barely visible in dissecting microscope; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 62 %; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with 4 pseudosegments, fairly distinct. Variation (males) Tibia 1 in 33 males: 0.50 – 0.62 (mean 0.58). Abdomen color variable, ranging from monochromous pale gray to dark gray with black internal marks. Females In general similar to males but usually lighter and abdomen less shiny (Fig. 48 B); chelicerae without stridulatory files (Fig. 51 B). Tibia 1 in 38 females: 0.52 – 0.62 (mean 0.57). Epigynum (Fig. 61 A – C) anterior plate trapezoidal, weakly protruding, medially often lighter; posterior plate simple, sometimes indistinct (especially medially). Internal genitalia (Figs 60 C, 61 D – G) with curved transversal sclerite connected laterally to posterior lateral corners of anterior epigynal plate, medially with small but complex sclerotized elements and large anterior membranous sac; apparently without pore plates. Barcoding Three specimens were barcoded, from SE of Igaporã (type locality), from SW of Caetité, and from SE of Bom Jesus da Lapa (geographic distances: 36 – 95 km). K 2 P distances ranged from 0.5 % to 0.8 %.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF91FFD8FD83FEA9FCF476DB.taxon	distribution	Distribution Known from several localities in southern Bahia, Brazil (Fig. 57).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF91FFD8FD83FEA9FCF476DB.taxon	biology_ecology	Natural history At the type locality, the spiders were collected on an arenite outcrop, in thorny shrubland on clayish soil (Fig. 56 A); they were found in high abundance among the pebbles in the shade of the bushes. Southeast of Bom Jesus da Lapa, they were very abundant in the leaf litter of degraded roadside vegetation with shrubs and grasses; two neighboring habitats had different species of Ninetinae (Kambiwa coribe sp. nov., Sertana lapa gen. et sp. nov.). At the other localities (shrubland with scattered trees on clayish soil), they occupied different microhabitats, i. e., the leaf litter (Fig. 56 B) and dead wood on the ground. Eight egg sacs contained 5 – 8 eggs each (mean 6.1), and were flat (all eggs in a single layer); egg diameter was usually 0.42 – 0.46, in one egg sac 0.48.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF95FFD4FD9CF980FDD1729B.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: A 021 CB 38 - C 4 B 3 - 489 B- 984 E-FA 7 DAD 0 E 7 AC 8 Figs 48 C – D, 62 – 65	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF95FFD4FD9CF980FDD1729B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males are easily distinguished from those of known congeners by very long prolateral-ventral process on genital bulb (Fig. 63 D – F; reaching palpal coxa); from most congeners (except S. igapora gen. et sp. nov.) also by presence of large retrolateral membranous flap of procursus with serrated distal margin (Fig. 63 A – C); from S. igapora also distinguished by longer main branch of procursus distally not hidden by retrolateral flap (compare Figs 59 C and 63 C). Females externally very similar to those of known congeners; internally distinguished by complex median modifications (Fig. 65 E – F; similar to S. igapora and S. lapa gen. et sp. nov.) and large globular membranous pouch (Fig. 64 C; smaller than in S. igapora, larger than in S. lapa).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF95FFD4FD9CF980FDD1729B.taxon	etymology	Etymology The species name is a noun in apposition, derived from Sagarana, a collection of nine short stories published in 1946 by João Guimarães Rosa (1908 – 1967). All of them have their setting in the sertão.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF95FFD4FD9CF980FDD1729B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype BRAZIL – Bahia • ♂; SW of São Felix do Coribe, ‘ site 2 ’; 13.4329 ° S, 44.2168 ° W; 480 m a. s. l.; 17 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 9233. Paratypes BRAZIL – Bahia • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9234 • 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9235 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 24731]. Other material examined BRAZIL – Bahia • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀, in pure ethanol (one female prosoma used for molecular work; abdomen cleared and transferred to ZFMK Ar 24731); same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9236 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 179] (voucher of G 52).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF95FFD4FD9CF980FDD1729B.taxon	description	Description Male (holotype) MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 0.88, carapace width 0.43. Distance PME – PME 40 µm; diameter PME 40 µm; distance PME – ALE 15 µm; distance AME – AME 10 µm; diameter AME 25 µm. Leg 1: 2.50 (0.70 + 0.14 + 0.62 + 0.68 + 0.36), tibia 2: 0.54, tibia 3: 0.50, tibia 4: 0.73; tibia 1 L / d: 12; diameters of leg femora 90 µm, of leg tibiae 50 µm. COLOR (in ethanol). Prosoma and legs pale ochre-yellow, carapace and legs without darker marks or rings; abdomen ochre-gray, with very indistinct internal marks, ventrally with slightly darker ochre plate in front of gonopore. BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 48 C. Ocular area not raised. Carapace without thoracic groove. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum barely wider than long (0.29 / 0.28), without anterior processes. Abdomen globular. CHELICERAE. As in Fig. 64 A – B; with pair of frontal apophyses; with stridulatory files (barely visible in dissecting microscope). PALPS. As in Fig. 62; coxa unmodified; trochanter ventrally slightly protruding; femur proximally with small retrolateral protrusion, distally slightly widened but otherwise unmodified; femur-patella condyles shifted toward prolateral side; tibia-tarsus condyles not shifted toward one side; tarsus with strong dorsal hairs, without prolateral process; procursus (Fig. 63 A – C) consisting of large semitransparent flap and strongly curved process on prolateral side of large flap, originating proximally on ventral side and curving towards dorsal; membranous flap distally serrated; genital bulb (Fig. 63 D – F) with prolateral-dorsal process consisting of membranous and sclerotized elements, and distinctive pair of ventral distal elements: long and slender prolateral process and short retrolateral process. LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs; apparently without short vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 55 %; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with 3 – 4 indistinct pseudosegments. Variation (males) Tibia 1 in six males (incl. holotype): 0.60 – 0.66 (mean 0.63). Females In general, similar to males; chelicerae apparently without stridulatory files (not confirmed with SEM). Tibia 1 in three females: 0.60, 0.61, 0.62. Epigynum (Fig. 65 A – B) anterior plate trapezoidal, weakly protruding, medially lighter; posterior plate simple, indistinct. Internal genitalia (Figs 64 C, 65 C – F) with transversal sclerite connected laterally to posterior lateral corners of anterior epigynal plate, medially with small but complex sclerotized elements and large anterior membranous sac; apparently without pore plates.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF95FFD4FD9CF980FDD1729B.taxon	distribution	Distribution Known from type locality only, in southern Bahia, Brazil (Fig. 57).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF95FFD4FD9CF980FDD1729B.taxon	biology_ecology	Natural history The spiders were collected on the top of a rocky outcrop, under stones among cacti and thorny shrubs (Fig. 56 C). Another species of Ninetinae was found at the bottom of the outcrop (Kambiwa coribe sp. nov.). Two egg sacs contained five and six eggs, respectively, and were flat (all eggs in a single layer); egg diameter was 0.42 – 0.44.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF98FFD2FDFEFEA8FE037105.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 964 B 82 CD- 5748 - 48 F 5 - A 7 E 2 - 6510 F 71 CFA 5 B Figs 48 E – F, 49 E, 50 C – E, 51 C – D, 52 D, F, 53 A – B, F, 54 F, 55 D – E, H, 66 – 70	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF98FFD2FDFEFEA8FE037105.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males are easily distinguished from those of known congeners by shape of procursus (Fig. 67 A – C; proximally wide, distally tapering and strongly curved towards dorsal, with prolateral subdistal side branch), by shapes of bulbal processes (Fig. 67 D – F; dorsal processes complex, partly almost as long as ventral processes), and by male cheliceral apophyses strongly pointing downward (Fig. 68 B); from S. igapora gen. et sp. nov. and S. sagarana gen. et sp. nov. also by absence of retrolateral membranous flap on procursus. Females very similar to those of known congeners but posterior margin of anterior epigynal plate medially light (Fig. 69 A, C); internally with complex median modifications similar to S. igapora and S. sagarana but with smaller membranous pouch (Fig. 70 G – H).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF98FFD2FDFEFEA8FE037105.taxon	etymology	Etymology The species name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF98FFD2FDFEFEA8FE037105.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype BRAZIL – Bahia • ♂; SE of Bom Jesus da Lapa, ‘ site 1 ’; 13.4398 ° S, 43.1643 ° W; 520 m a. s. l.; 18 Nov. 2022; B. A. Huber and L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 9237. Paratypes BRAZIL – Bahia • 6 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9238 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9239 • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9240 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 24732]. Other material examined BRAZIL – Bahia • 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, in pure ethanol (1 female prosoma used for molecular work; abdomen cleared and transferred to ZFMK Ar 24732); same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9241 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 187] (voucher of UH 490, G 53; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ used for SEM) • 2 ♀♀, in pure ethanol (1 female abdomen cleared and transferred to ZFMK Ar 24732); same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9242 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 188] (voucher of UH 066) • 1 ♀, in pure ethanol; probably same collection data as for holotype (see Natural history section below); CHNUFPI 9243 [deposited in ZFMK Br 22 - 191] (voucher of UH 067).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF98FFD2FDFEFEA8FE037105.taxon	description	Description Male (holotype) MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 1.38, carapace width 0.66. Distance PME – PME 50 µm; diameter PME 60 µm; distance PME – ALE 20 µm; distance AME – AME 15 µm; diameter AME 35 µm. Leg 1: 3.32 (0.96 + 0.22 + 0.86 + 0.90 + 0.38), tibia 2: 0.78, tibia 3: 0.76, tibia 4: 1.04; tibia 1 L / d: 11; diameters of leg femora 140 – 145 µm, of leg tibiae 75 µm. COLOR (in ethanol). Prosoma and legs ochre to light brown, carapace and legs without darker marks or rings; abdomen gray, with indistinct internal marks, ventrally with slightly darker ochre plate in front of gonopore. BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 48 E. Ocular area barely raised. Carapace without thoracic groove. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum slightly wider than long (0.44 / 0.40), without anterior processes. Abdomen globular. CHELICERAE. As in Fig. 68 A – B; with pair of frontal apophyses; with stridulatory files (Fig. 51 C; poorly visible in dissecting microscope). PALPS. As in Fig. 66; coxa unmodified; trochanter ventrally barely protruding; femur proximally with small retrolateral protrusion, distally slightly widened but otherwise unmodified; femur-patella condyles and tibia-tarsus condyles not shifted to one side; tarsus with strong dorsal hairs, without prolateral process; procursus (Fig. 67 A – C) very simple, strongly curved towards dorsal, with small subdistal side branch, without semitransparent flap; genital bulb (Fig. 67 D – F) distally complex, with two ventral processes (vp 1 and vp 2 in Fig. 67 E) and two dorsal processes (dp 1 and dp 2 in Fig. 67 E); location of sperm duct opening unclear. LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs; with short vertical hairs on tibia 1; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 56 %; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with 3 – 4 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct. Variation (males) Tibia 1 in 12 males (incl. holotype): 0.76 – 0.90 (mean 0.82). Some males darker brown, with distinct brown plate in front of gonopore and indistinct plate in front of spinnerets. Females In general, similar to males (Fig. 48 F); chelicerae without stridulatory files; tibia 1 without short vertical hairs. Tibia 1 in seven females: 0.58 – 0.78 (mean 0.70). Epigynum slightly variable in size, shape, and color (Fig. 69), anterior plate semicircular, weakly protruding, medially at posterior margin whitish, lateral posterior margins usually darker brown to black; posterior plate large but simple. Internal genitalia (Figs 68 C, 70) with transversal sclerite connected laterally to posterior lateral corners of anterior epigynal plate, medially with small but complex sclerotized elements and anterior membranous sac; possibly with pair of pore plates (arrows in Fig. 70 G). Barcoding Three female specimens from the type locality were barcoded to check the significance of the minor variations seen in the epigynum. K 2 P distances ranged from 0.0 % to 0.2 % (Table 2).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF98FFD2FDFEFEA8FE037105.taxon	distribution	Distribution Known from type locality only, in southern Bahia, Brazil (Fig. 57).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF98FFD2FDFEFEA8FE037105.taxon	biology_ecology	Natural history At the type locality, southeast of Bom Jesus da Lapa, we collected in three different habitats: on a granite outcrop with bare rock fields; in the neighboring arboreous Caatinga; and in leaf litter at the roadside. Except for two dubious specimens, all specimens from the granite outcrop were S. lapa gen. et sp. nov. (n = 20), and all specimens from the roadside litter were S. igapora gen. et sp. nov. (n = 26). We thus suspect that the two dubious specimens were mixed up and mislabeled and that the two species are restricted to different neighboring habitats (170 m distance). One egg sac contained seven eggs; egg diameter was 0.50 – 0.52.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF9FFFEFFD8EFDEDFABC77CD.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 2 E 405 CD 8 - 8 A 8 F- 4997 - 8531 - FE 90 F 64241 C 3 Figs 49 D, 50 F, 52 A, E, 53 G, 54 B, D, 55 F, 71 – 74	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF9FFFEFFD8EFDEDFABC77CD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males are distinguished from those of known congeners by shape of procursus (Fig. 72 A – C; short and slender main branch, small transparent dorsal flap without serrated margin), by shapes of bulbal processes (Fig. 72 D – F; two complex dorsal processes, two ventral processes similar to S. igapora gen. et sp. nov.), and by male cheliceral apophyses proximally directed towards lateral (Fig. 73 A). Females very similar to those of known congeners; internally with simple median modifications (Figs 73 C, 74 F; complex in S. igapora; S. sagarana gen. et sp. nov.; S. lapa gen. et sp. nov.), with large but very indistinct transparent sac.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF9FFFEFFD8EFDEDFABC77CD.taxon	etymology	Etymology The species name is derived from Bumba-meu-boi (Bumba-boi, Boi-bumbá, etc.), a popular and comicdramatic dance widespread in Brazil but particularly famous in Maranhão; noun in apposition.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF9FFFEFFD8EFDEDFABC77CD.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype BRAZIL – Maranhão • ♂; Parque Nacional da Chapada das Mesas, ‘ site 1 ’; 7.155 ° S, 47.392 ° W; 300 – 320 m a. s. l.; 16 Dec. 2022; L. S. Carvalho et al. leg.; CHNUFPI 9244. Paratypes BRAZIL – Maranhão • 7 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 5164 • 5 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5148 • 4 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5095 • 3 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5231 • 8 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5103 • 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5102 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5128 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5117 • 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5120 • 4 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5113 • 5 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5228, 5177, 5181, 5156, 5169 • 3 ♂♂; Parque Nacional da Chapada das Mesas, ‘ site 2 ’; 7.150 ° S, 47.366 ° W; 300 – 310 m a. s. l.; 17 Dec. 2022; L. S. Carvalho et al. leg.; CHNUFPI 5101 • 3 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5122 • 3 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5166 • 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5125 • 5 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5153, 5150, 5152, 5225, 5112 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5178 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Parque Nacional da Chapada das Mesas, ‘ site 3 ’; 7.146 ° S, 47.380 ° W; 320 – 330 m a. s. l.; 16 Dec. 2022; L. S. Carvalho et al. leg.; CHNUFPI 5158 • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5088 • 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5155 • 3 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5123 • 4 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5159 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5147 • 4 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5162 • 5 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5107 (2 ♂ used for SEM) • 5 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5172 • 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5179 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5118 • 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5161 • 6 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5096, 5129, 5184, 5140, 5133, 5180 • 4 ♂♂; Parque Nacional da Chapada das Mesas, ‘ site 4 ’; 7.128 ° S, 47.375 ° W; 290 – 300 m a. s. l.; 23 Aug. 2022; L. S. Carvalho and L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 5227 • 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5145 • 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5151 • 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5142 • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5154 • 16 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5135, 5126, 5105, 5146, 5092, 5108, 5170, 5144, 5100, 5124, 5149, 5106, 5119, 5134, 5174, 5176 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Parque Nacional da Chapada das Mesas, ‘ site 5 ’; 7.125 ° S, 47.364 ° W; 280 – 290 m a. s. l.; 23 Aug. 2022; L. S. Carvalho and L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 5091 • 9 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5094, 5104, 5115, 5173, 5097, 5109, 5099, 5127, 5165 • 3 ♂♂; Parque Nacional da Chapada das Mesas, ‘ site 6 ’; 7.109 ° S, 47.355 ° W; 270 – 280 m a. s. l.; 24 Aug. 2022; L. S. Carvalho and L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 5139 • 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5137 • 5 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5183 • 3 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5090 • 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5093 • 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5141 • 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5168 • 8 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5175 • 5 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5131 • 6 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5132 • 4 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5121 • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5143 • 4 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5167 • 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5136 • 4 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5130 • 3 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5229 • 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5226 • 4 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5089 • 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5098 • 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5138 • 4 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5160 • 9 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5182, 5157, 5116, 5163, 5110, 5232, 5114, 5171, 5230.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF9FFFEFFD8EFDEDFABC77CD.taxon	description	Description Male (holotype) MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 1.24, carapace width 0.50. Distance PME – PME 50 µm; diameter PME 40 µm; distance PME – ALE 20 µm; distance AME – AME 15 µm; diameter AME 35 µm. Leg 1: 2.65 (0.71 + 0.18 + 0.69 + 0.71 + 0.36), tibia 2: 0.64, tibia 3: 0.64, tibia 4: 0.98; tibia 1 L / d: 12; diameters of leg femora 100 – 110 µm, of leg tibiae 60 µm. COLOR (in ethanol). Prosoma and legs pale ochre-yellow, carapace and legs without darker marks or rings; abdomen gray, with darker gray internal marks, ventrally with dark ochre plate in front of gonopore. BODY. Habitus similar to congeners (cf. Fig. 48). Ocular area barely raised. Carapace without thoracic groove. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum slightly wider than long (0.38 / 0.32), without anterior processes. Abdomen globular. CHELICERAE. As in Fig. 73 A – B; with pair of long frontal apophyses in proximal position, distance between tips 115 µm; with stridulatory files (poorly visible in dissecting microscope). PALPS. As in Fig. 71; coxa unmodified; trochanter ventrally barely protruding; femur without proximal protrusion or process, distally slightly widened but otherwise unmodified; femur-patella condyles slightly shifted toward prolateral side; tibia-tarsus condyles slightly shifted toward retrolateral side; tarsus with strong dorsal hairs, without prolateral process; procursus (Fig. 72 A – C) very simple, proximally light and with transparent dorsal flap, distally thin and sclerotized (dark); genital bulb (Fig. 72 D – F) distally complex, with two ventral processes (vp 1 and vp 2 in Fig. 72 E) and two dorsal processes (dp 1 and dp 2 in Fig. 72 D – E); location of sperm duct opening presumably on membranous element of ‘ dp 2 ’. LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs; with short vertical hairs on tibia 1; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 59 %; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with 4 – 5 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct. Variation (males) Tibia 1 in 66 males: 0.61 – 0.73 (mean 0.67). Females In general, similar to males; chelicerae apparently without stridulatory files (not confirmed with SEM); tibia 1 without short vertical hairs. Tibia 1 in 20 females: 0.62 – 0.70 (mean 0.67). Epigynum (Fig. 74 A – C) anterior plate semicircular, weakly protruding, medially often slightly darker than laterally; posterior plate wide but short, simple; internal transversal sclerite often visible in uncleared females between anterior and posterior epigynal plates. Internal genitalia (Figs 73 C, 74 D – F) with transversal sclerite mostly very simple except medially; with large but very indistinct anterior membranous sac; apparently without pore plates.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF9FFFEFFD8EFDEDFABC77CD.taxon	distribution	Distribution Known from a few neighboring localities (within 7 km) in western Maranhão, Brazil (Fig. 57).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFF9FFFEFFD8EFDEDFABC77CD.taxon	biology_ecology	Natural history A total of 435 specimens were collected at the type locality, including 384 males (88 %) and 51 females (12 %). Sampling was conducted using pitfall traps placed in Cerrado s. str. vegetation on sandy soils. The strong male bias is likely a result of the sampling method, as pitfall traps tend to be more efficient for capturing the more mobile males that actively search for females (Uetz & Unzicker 1976; Churchill 1993; Álvares et al. 2004). In contrast, hand-collecting Ninetinae generally yields a female bias (e. g., ~ 60 – 70 % females in the five species treated herein that were exclusively collected by hand and represented by more than 50 specimens each: K. maracas sp. nov.; K. brumado sp. nov.; K. itacarambi sp. nov.; K. ibo sp. nov.; S. igapora gen. et sp. nov.). Pitfall traps were arranged in 4 × 4 grids with three intertrap spacings – 1 m, 10 m, and 20 m – with nine replicates for each spacing (L. S. Carvalho et al. 2026). Nearly half of the specimens (n = 217; mean per replicate = 24.1 ± 19.5) were collected in the widestspaced grids (20 m), while 26 % (n = 115; mean = 12.8 ± 13.5) and 24 % (n = 103; mean = 11.4 ± 8.25) were captured in the 1 m and 10 m grids, respectively. A generalized linear model with a negative binomial error distribution detected no significant effect of trap spacing on total specimen abundance when compared to a null model (likelihood-ratio test: χ ² = 3.51, df = 2, p = 0.173). Additionally, sampling conducted at twelve gallery forest sites yielded only one specimen of this species out of 1474 specimens collected using pitfall traps, suggesting an association with open environments (de Paula et al. 2026).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFA2FFEBFD98FAB2FE13728E.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 8969 CEBD- 4 AFE- 424 E- 95 D 6 - 5387 FEE 4 E 119 Figs 75 – 78	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFA2FFEBFD98FAB2FE13728E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males are distinguished from those of known congeners by shape of procursus (Fig. 76 A – C; long and slender, proximally bent towards dorsal, distal part straight, without side branch, without transparent flap), by shapes of bulbal processes (Fig. 76 D – G; dorsally with pointed prolateral process, dorsal elements large and hiding ventral processes in dorsal view), and by male cheliceral apophyses in proximal position and directed towards frontal (Fig. 77 A – B). Females very similar to those of known congeners; internally distinguished from all congeners by medially interrupted transversal sclerite (Figs 77 C, 78 C, E).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFA2FFEBFD98FAB2FE13728E.taxon	etymology	Etymology The species name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFA2FFEBFD98FAB2FE13728E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype BRAZIL – Piauí • ♂; Coronel José Dias, Parque Nacional da Serra da Capivara, around Toca de Cima dos Pilões; 8.8635 ° S, 42.5571 ° W; 415 m a. s. l.; 15 Jul. 2023; L. S. Carvalho and E. G. Noetzold leg.; CHNUFPI 5010. Paratype BRAZIL – Piauí • 1 ♀; together with holotype and eight juveniles; CHNUFPI 5010. Other material examined BRAZIL – Piauí • 1 ♂; Coronel José Dias, Parque Nacional da Serra da Capivara, near Boqueirão do Ferreira; 8.7476 ° S, 42.4870 ° W; 585 m a. s. l.; 9 Dec. 2019; L. S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 4047 (“ Carv 64 ”; voucher of E 074) • 1 ♀; São Raimundo Nonato, Parque Nacional da Serra da Capivara, Baixão das Andorinhas; 8.8625 ° S, 42.6873 ° W; 485 m a. s. l.; 15 Jul. 2023; L. S. Carvalho and E. G. Noetzold leg.; CHNUFPI 5013 • 1 ♀, 12 juvs; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5014 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5022.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFA2FFEBFD98FAB2FE13728E.taxon	description	Description Male (holotype) MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 0.96, carapace width 0.47. Distance PME – PME 45 µm; diameter PME 45 µm; distance PME – ALE 20 µm; distance AME – AME 15 µm; diameter AME 20 µm. Leg 1: 2.15 (0.62 + 0.15 + 0.56 + 0.52 + 0.30), tibia 2: 0.49, tibia 3: 0.46, tibia 4: 0.66; tibia 1 L / d: 9; diameters of leg femora 80 – 90 µm, of leg tibiae 60 µm. COLOR (in ethanol). Prosoma and legs pale ochre-yellow, carapace and legs without darker marks or rings; abdomen mostly pale orange, ventrally ochre-gray with dark ochre plate in front of gonopore. BODY. Habitus similar to congeners (cf. Fig. 48). Ocular area barely raised. Carapace without thoracic groove. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum barely wider than long (0.31 / 0.28), without anterior processes. Abdomen globular. CHELICERAE. As in Fig. 77 A – B; with pair of long frontal apophyses in proximal position, distance between tips 65 µm; with distinct stridulatory files. PALPS. As in Fig. 75; coxa unmodified; trochanter ventrally barely protruding; femur with very indistinct retrolateral proximal protrusion, distally slightly widened but otherwise unmodified; femur-patella condyles shifted toward prolateral side; tibia-tarsus condyles slightly shifted toward retrolateral side; tarsus with strong dorsal hairs, without prolateral process; procursus (Fig. 76 A – C) very simple, proximally light, without membranous flap, distally thin and sclerotized, directed towards dorsal; genital bulb (Fig. 76 D – G) distally complex, with two ventral processes (vp 1 and vp 2 in Fig. 76 G) and two dorsal processes (dp 1 and dp 2 in Fig. 76 E); location of sperm duct opening presumably at element ‘ dp 2 ’. LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs; with short vertical hairs on tibiae 1 and 2; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 62 %; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with 4 – 5 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct. Variation (males) Tibia 1 in other male: 0.58 (missing in third male). Abdomen in other specimens ochre-gray. Females In general, similar to males; chelicerae apparently without stridulatory files (not confirmed with SEM); tibia 1 without short vertical hairs. Tibia 1 in four females: 0.53, 0.56, 0.56, 0.59. Epigynum (Fig. 78 A – B) anterior plate semicircular, weakly protruding; posterior plate wide but short, simple; internal transversal sclerite not visible in uncleared females. Internal genitalia (Figs 77 C, 78 C – E) with indistinct transversal sclerite only laterally, i. e., medially absent or unsclerotized, without complex median elements but possibly with tiny pore plates limited to a few pores (arrows in Fig. 78 C); with indistinct anterior membranous sac.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFA2FFEBFD98FAB2FE13728E.taxon	distribution	Distribution Known from three neighboring localities in the Serra da Capivara, southern Piauí, Brazil (Fig. 57).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFA2FFEBFD98FAB2FE13728E.taxon	biology_ecology	Natural history This species is known solely from Parque Nacional da Serra da Capivara, a protected area in Brazil’s semiarid Caatinga biome. All individuals were collected beneath stones, fallen logs, or among ground pebbles. When disturbed, the spiders ran swiftly, and no webs were observed during any collection event. Some specimens were found on sun-exposed sandstone outcrops, among loose pebbles where no shade was available. A sampling carried out in a nearby limestone karst site did not reveal any specimens, neither in epigean nor in hypogean environments. One egg sac had six eggs arranged in a single layer; egg diameter was 0.44.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFA9FFE4FF0AFC2EFD9E76B4.taxon	biology_ecology	Environmental niche modeling revealed high relative habitat suitability (RHS) under current conditions in the ecotonal region between the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes in central Brazil (Fig. 80). Additionally, isolated regions of high RHS were observed within the Caatinga biome in the state of Ceará and within the Cerrado biome in the state of Mato Grosso (Fig. 80). The total area with relatively high habitat suitability for this species in the current climate is estimated at approximately 75 000 km ², with only 5520 km ² (7.4 % of the total area) situated within strict protection conservation units (Table 3). Under global warming scenarios, habitat suitability for this species is projected to increase significantly (Fig. 82 C – D; Table 3). For the nearest-term (2041 – 2060) and less aggressive global warming scenario (i. e., ssp 245), this increase is nearly six-fold compared to the current suitable area. Under longer-term (2081 – 2100) and more severe scenarios (i. e., ssp 585), it is even greater (up to 20 times; Fig. 82 C – D; Table 3). The expansion of suitable area is projected to occur throughout the Cerrado biome, particularly southward and southwestward, as well as extending into the core region of the Caatinga biome (Fig. 80).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFA9FFE4FF0AFE9FFAB97047.taxon	biology_ecology	Environmental niche modeling revealed high relative habitat suitability (RHS) under current conditions in the region extending from eastern Maranhão to western Rio Grande do Norte, encompassing areas of Cerrado (between Maranhão and Piauí), and Caatinga (between Piauí, Ceará, and Rio Grande do Norte) biomes (Fig. 79). The southernmost and easternmost records of K. neotropica were not recovered in areas of high RHS. Additionally, isolated regions of median RHS were observed in the eastern boundaries of the Caatinga biome (Fig. 79; Supp. file 2). The total area with relatively high habitat suitability for this species in the current climate is estimated at approximately 90 000 km ², with only 1363 km ² (1.5 % of the total area) located within strict protection conservation units (Table 3). Under global warming scenarios, habitat suitability for this species is projected to increase significantly (Fig. 82 A – B; Table 3). For the closest (2041 – 2060) and less aggressive global warming scenario (i. e., ssp 245), this increase results in an area 1.6 times greater than the current suitable area. Under the longer-term (2081 – 2100) and more severe (i. e., ssp 585) scenarios, the increase is even higher (Fig. 82 A – B; Table 3). The expansion of suitable area is projected to occur in the westernmost and easternmost regions with median-to-high environmental suitability in the present time (Fig. 79 B – E).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFA9FFFCFF0AFA1DFE4D7141.taxon	biology_ecology	Environmental niche modeling revealed high relative habitat suitability (RHS) under current conditions across nearly the entire Caatinga biome (Fig. 81). The total area with relatively high habitat suitability for this species in the present climate is estimated at approximately 47 000 km ², with only 3773 km ² (8.0 % of the total area) situated within strict protection conservation units (Table 3). Under global warming scenarios, habitat suitability for this species is mostly projected to decrease (Fig. 82 E – F; Table 3). Under the nearest-term (2041 – 2060) and less aggressive global warming scenario (i. e., ssp 245), the area of high relative suitability remains almost identical to that of the current period (Table 3). However, this apparent stability results from a contraction in the northern portion and a southwestward expansion of areas with environmental suitability (Fig. 81 B). When considering longer time scales (2081 – 2100) and / or more severe global warming scenarios (i. e., ssp 585), the area of high relative suitability is expected to retain up to as little as 7.7 % of its present extent (Fig. 81 C, E; Table 3).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFA9FFFCFF0AFA1DFE4D7141.taxon	description	Karyology The male diploid karyotype of Kambiwa ibo sp. nov. comprises 28 chromosomes including a X 1 X 2 X 3 Y system (Figs 84, 85 G). The chromosomes are biarmed except for the tiny Y chromosome (Fig. 84), which has a transient morphology between submetacentric and subtelocentric (Figs 84 B, 85 I). The biarmed chromosomes are metacentric, except for a large submetacentric chromosome (no. 3) in the karyotype containing X chromosomes (Fig. 84 A) and the chromosomes of a small submetacentric pair. The large submetacentric chromosome is only present in the karyotype with X chromosomes, suggesting that it is one of these chromosomes. As for the chromosome of the small submetacentric pair, it is in the ninth position in a haploid karyotype containing a Y chromosome (Fig. 84 B) but in the twelfth position in a haploid karyotype containing three X chromosomes (Fig. 84 A). Although chromosomes X 1, X 2, and X 3 cannot be unequivocally distinguished from other chromosomes in the karyotype containing X chromosomes, they are larger than the chromosome of the small metacentric pair. Consequently, the chromosome of this pair is located in the karyotype with X chromosomes at the twelfth position, not at the ninth position as in the karyotype with Y chromosomes. The length of chromosome pairs ranged from 9.48 to 6.04 % of the TCL of the haploid karyotype including the Y chromosome (each pair was represented by one chromosome at this karyotype); the relative length of the Y chromosome at this set was 1.21 % only. The absolute length of the Y chromosome depended on the phase of division, and ranged from 1.19 µm (mitotic metaphase) to 2.83 µm (metaphase II) and 3.27 µm (prophase II). Chromosomes of the X 1 X 2 X 3 Y system did not differ by their behavior or pycnosis from the other chromosomes at the spermatogonial mitotic metaphase (Fig. 85 A). In contrast, they exhibited positive heteropycnosis (i. e., they were stained more intensively than chromosome pairs) during premeiotic interphase, some periods of prophase I, as well as throughout prophase II (Fig. 85 B – F, H – I). During the premeiotic interphase, the sex chromosomes formed a highly condensed body on the periphery of the nucleus (Fig. 85 B). During pachytene, the sex chromosomes were positively heteropycnotic and associated at the periphery of the plate (Fig. 85 C – D); their mode of pairing could not be determined. Following the pachytene, the nuclei entered the so-called diffuse stage. Bivalents became considerably decondensed. In contrast to this, sex chromosomes formed a compact, highly condensed body (Fig. 85 E). During early diplotene, the sex chromosome body persisted and bivalents recondensed. Remarkably, bivalents had a similar morphology as in diakinesis during this period (their chiasmata looked as if they were terminalized). This was probably due to a relatively high condensation of bivalents during this period (Fig. 85 F). During late diplotene and diakinesis, bivalents and sex chromosomes did not differ in the degree of condensation. Chiasmata were not terminalized during late diplotene. The sex chromosomes formed a tetravalent during these periods. Each X chromosome formed a loop, pairing by both ends with the tiny Y chromosome, which was placed in the middle of the tetravalent. Bivalents contained a low number of chiasmata; most bivalents had a single chiasma only (Fig. 85 G). The number of chromosome plates was, however, too low to determine the frequency of chiasmata. Sex chromosomes were more condensed than the other chromosomes during prophase II (Fig. 85 H – I). Moreover, X chromosomes were associated during this period (Fig. 85 H).	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFB1FFF8FF0AF918FB5076C9.taxon	description	Karyology in Pholcidae has been summarized in Ávila Herrera et al. (2021), with additional data on Ninetinae in Huber et al. (2023 a, 2023 b, 2023 c, 2024 b, 2024 c). So far, thirteen ninetines belonging to nine genera have been karyotyped. Although Ninetinae exhibit a relatively low species diversity, they show a considerable range of diploid numbers, sex chromosome systems, and NOR patterns. The lowest diploid numbers found in ninetines (Huber et al. 2023 b, 2023 c) are among the lowest known in araneomorph spiders with standard chromosome structure; the highest are close to the assumed ancestral pholcid diploid number (Ávila Herrera et al. 2021; Huber et al. 2024 b, 2024 c, present study). During the evolution of pholcids (Ávila Herrera et al. 2021) including ninetines (Huber et al. 2023 a, 2023 b, 2023 c) as well as most of the other araneomorph spiders (e. g., Suzuki 1954; Kořínková & Král 2013), the number of chromosome pairs has been reduced independently in various clades by fusions. The morphology of chromosome pairs of ninetines is quite uniform; all pairs are biarmed (i. e., metacentric and submetacentric). However, in some species it was not possible to determine the morphology of all pairs (Ávila Herrera et al. 2021; Huber et al. 2023 a, 2023 b, 2023 c, 2024 b, 2024 c). Karyotypes of almost all pholcids karyotyped so far are predominated by metacentric chromosomes (Ávila Herrera et al. 2021; Král et al. 2022; Huber et al. 2023 a, 2023 b, 2024 b, present study). Four sex chromosome systems have been found in ninetines, namely X 0, X 1 X 2 Y, X 1 X 2 X 3 Y, and X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 Y. The most common is the X 1 X 2 X 3 Y system, which has been described in the two major ninetine evolutionary lineages (clades 1 and 2 in Fig. 86) (Huber et al. 2023 a, 2024 b, 2024 c, present study). This system has not been found in any other synspermiate spider so far. The X 1 X 2 X 3 Y system probably arose from the X 1 X 2 Y system, which is ancestral to araneomorph spiders (Paula-Neto et al. 2017) including pholcids (Ávila Herrera et al. 2021). The original X chromosomes of these systems were large biarmed elements, while the Y chromosome was a microchromosome (Ávila Herrera et al. 2021; Huber et al. 2023 a). While X chromosomes of ninetine X 1 X 2 Y and X 1 X 2 X 3 Y systems retain a biarmed morphology (Huber et al. 2023 a, 2023 b, 2024 b, present study), the size and morphology of their Y chromosome is more variable. The length of this element has increased in many ninetine lineages (Huber et al. 2023 a, 2023 b, 2024 b, 2024 c), which has also been observed in some other synspermiate lineages (Král et al. 2006, 2019, 2022; Ávila Herrera et al. 2021). In general, an enlargement of the Y chromosome is not common during sex chromosome evolution. The Y chromosome degenerates during evolution, which is usually accompanied by reduction of this element (Bachtrog 2013). An increase of the Y chromosome may be the result of heterochromatin expansion (Kejnovsky et al. 2009) and / or addition of autosome material (Schartl et al. 2016). Sex chromosomes of ninetines pair achiasmatically in male meiosis (Ávila Herrera et al. 2021; Král et al. 2022; Huber et al. 2023 a, 2023 b, 2024 b, 2024 c, present study) like in other Synspermiata (Ávila Herrera et al. 2021). The number of NOR loci in ninetines ranges from one to four; in some species, one of these loci is undoubtedly sex chromosome-linked (Ávila Herrera et al. 2021; Huber et al. 2023 a, 2023 b). Sex chromosome linked NORs are common in synspermiate spiders; NORs have spread to sex chromosomes repeatedly during the evolution of these spiders (Král et al. 2006; Ávila Herrera et al. 2021). So far, only two species of Kambiwa, K. ibo sp. nov. (present study) and K. neotropica (Ávila Herrera et al. 2021) have been karyotyped. They differ in the sex chromosome system. While K. ibo exhibits a X 1 X 2 X 3 Y system, K. neotropica has a X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 Y system. Among synspermiate spiders, the X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 Y system has so far been found only in K. neotropica. According to the original hypothesis (Ávila Herrera et al. 2021), the sex chromosome system of this species arose from the X 1 X 2 Y system by the integration of an autosome pair among the sex chromosomes, through a rearrangement between one original X chromosome and an autosome. The occurrence of the X 1 X 2 X 3 Y system in K. ibo, an early-diverging species of Kambiwa (present study), supports an alternative hypothesis stating that the X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 Y system arose from the X 1 X 2 X 3 Y system by nondisjunction of the X chromosome or by chromosome fission of one original biarmed X chromosome into two monoarmed chromosomes (Huber et al. 2023 a). The latter hypothesis is supported by the monoarmed morphology of the X 3 and X 4 chromosomes of K. neotropica.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
03D6827FFFB1FFF8FF0AF918FB5076C9.taxon	biology_ecology	Ninetinae biology: a summary This paper concludes a series of recent papers that revised most known ninetine genera (Huber et al. 2023 a, 2023 b, 2023 c, 2024 a, 2024 b, 2024 c; Huber & Meng 2025). We take this opportunity to summarize current knowledge about this previously most enigmatic subfamily of Pholcidae. Figure 86 gives an overview of the genera included in the subfamily, their relationships, and their distribution. However, here we focus on some contrasting aspects united in this subfamily. In some respects, Ninetinae is a very homogeneous group, for example regarding ecology and general morphology. In other respects, Ninetinae exhibit substantial variation, as for example in sexual morphology and sperm morphology (and karyology, see above). Most Ninetinae occupy very similar ecoregions, ranging from xeric shrubland to dry forests. They are rarely found in more humid environments such as the Southern Andean Yungas, and they are conspicuously absent from moist forests, which are otherwise the ecoregions with the highest species richness in Pholcidae (Huber & Rheims 2011; Castanheira et al. 2016). Ninetinae also occupy a very limited number of different microhabitats. The most promising methods to find Ninetinae are turning stones and rocks, beating dead branches and cacti lying on the ground, and sifting dry leaf litter. Upon disturbance, the spiders usually run quickly; the vibrating, bouncing, or whirling that is so typical of long-legged relatives (e. g., Jackson et al. 1990, 1992, 1993) is precluded by their short legs. Webs have never been observed in the field, but representatives of several genera have been observed to build and to rest on small sheets of silk in collecting vials; except for their size, these webs look fundamentally very similar to the typical Pholcidae domed sheet web supported by some scaffolding lines (cf. Eberhard 1992). Related to this ecological homogeneity is a conservative general morphology. Ninetinae are usually small spiders (body length mostly 1 – 2 mm) with short legs, domed carapace without or with a very shallow thoracic groove, and globular abdomen. The short leg length probably affects a range of other characters that are characteristic for Ninetinae, such as (1) the very distal position of the retrolateral trichobothrium on the leg tibia (usually at ~ 50 – 70 % of tibia length; in most other pholcids at 1 – 40 %); (2) the flattened rather than round egg-sac (many Ninetinae would not be able to run carrying an egg sac under the prosoma that is higher than one egg diameter); and (3) the low number of comb hairs on the prolateral side of tarsus 4 (only one or two). Beyond absolute leg-length, also leg proportions are unusual for Pholcidae but similar among Ninetinae: the fourth leg is usually longer than the first leg; the metatarsus is barely longer or even shorter than the tibia; the first leg is barely longer than the second leg; and ‘ leg slenderness’ (measured as tibia 1 length / diameter) is usually at ~ 7 – 15 (in other pholcids mostly ~ 20 – 120). Ninetinae occasionally enter caves as is generally true for many species of Pholcidae (reviewed in Huber 2018 b), but no troglomorphisms are known in the subfamily. Thus, pigmentation is also homogeneous within the subfamily, with little color except for shades of ochre and brown, and with very little color pattern. Finally, as expected from the similar ecology and webs, tarsal tip morphology (claws and setae) is also very homogeneous among Ninetinae. This morphological conservatism extends to traits that are not easily explained by ecology alone. (1) All Ninetinae share a very similar eye pattern: the AME that have repeatedly been lost in other subfamilies are always present and relatively big. (2) The spinneret and spigot morphology is almost identical across the entire subfamily: except for Ibotyporanga, all Ninetinae have the identical set of ALS spigots, even with remarkably consistent shapes and relative sizes of the individual spigots. (3) All Ninetinae except for Tolteca Huber, 2000 have retained male cheliceral stridulation, which has repeatedly been lost in other subfamilies. Ninetinae females, on the other hand, have apparently never developed any kind of stridulation; such female stridulation (prosoma-abdomen) has evolved at least ten times in other subfamilies (Huber 2021). (4) All Ninetinae have very short hairs (“ short vertical hairs ”) on the anterior (or rarely all) leg tibiae that are sexually dimorphic (males only, see below). (5) All Ninetinae share capsulate tarsal organs with a very small opening (~ 1 – 2 µm); exposed tarsal organs have repeatedly evolved in other subfamilies but not in Ninetinae. In contrast to this, considerable variation occurs in morphological characters related to sexual biology, far beyond the ubiquitous phenomenon of species-specific genitalia. (1) The male chelicerae are usually set with a pair of apophyses; in Ibotyporanga, these apophyses are fused to a single median process; in Galapa and in certain species of Nerudia Huber, 2000, Ninetis Simon, 1890, and Kambiwa, they are lost. (2) The male cheliceral fangs are usually unmodified, but in Galapa they carry a pair of processes. (3) The male clypeus is unmodified in most Ninetinae, but provided with a median process in Pinoquio barauna (Huber & Carvalho, 2019) and Guaranita dobby Torres et al., 2016, with a notch in Ibotyporanga, and with modified hairs in Galapa murphyi Huber, 2024. (4) Male sternum humps are present in some genera but absent in others, with no apparent phylogenetic pattern. (5) The male gonopore of most Ninetinae is provided with four epiandrous spigots, usually arranged in two pairs; however, several genera seem to contain both species with and without epiandrous spigots (Tolteca, Ninetis, Sertana, Galapa, Kambiwa). This suggests multiple convergent losses, similar to other Pholcidae subfamilies. (6) The epigynal plate is usually simple, with little sculpture, but in Ibotyporanga and some species of Ninetis, it is provided with a median pocket, presumably with different functions in the two genera. (7) Females of Tolteca are provided with a unique knob between the epigynum and the pedicel; its function is unknown. (8) Glandular pore plates in the female internal genitalia are present in Ibotyporanga, similar to most other Pholcidae, but strongly reduced or absent in all other Ninetinae. (9) Further details of the female internal genitalia are poorly explored, but long tubes have apparently evolved repeatedly in Ibotyporanga, Gertschiola Brignoli, 1981, and Kambiwa. In all three cases, this seems correlated with an elongation of certain male palpal sclerites (Izquierdo et al. 2023; Huber et al. 2024 c, present paper). Sperm ultrastructure in Pholcidae has been summarized in Dederichs et al. (2022), with additional data on the ninetine genus Papiamenta Huber, 2000 in Huber et al. (2024 b). The most intriguing variation among Ninetinae concerns the sperm transfer form (cleistospermia vs synspermia). This finding is difficult to interpret in evolutionary terms. If the synspermia of Ninetinae (confirmed in Gertschiola, Nerudia, Guaranita, Galapa, Kambiwa) are retained from the ancestral Synspermiata, then the cleistospermia in other Pholcidae must have evolved at least five times independently (Pholcinae + Smeringopinae; Caipirinae; Arteminae; Modisiminae; Papiamenta + Tolteca + Pholcophora) (based on the cladogram in Meng et al. 2026). Alternatively, the synspermia in Ninetinae might represent a reversal to the original mode of Synspermiata sperm transfer; this scenario requires only two evolutionary steps within Synspermiata. Sexual dimorphisms have evolved many times independently in Pholcidae, also within Ninetinae (reviewed in Huber 2021; updated for Ninetinae in Huber et al. 2023 c). According to our current understanding of Ninetinae phylogeny, sexual dimorphisms have evolved approximately nine times in this subfamily: (# 1) Modified male cheliceral fangs originated in the ancestor of Galapa. (# 2) All Ninetinae except Tolteca have sexually dimorphic cheliceral stridulation: present in males, absent in females. However, it is not clear if this is plesiomorphic or derived. (# 3 – 6) Clypeus modifications have evolved at least four times in Ninetinae: in Pinoquio barauna, Guaranita dobby, Galapa murphyi, and in the ancestor of Ibotyporanga. Subtle dimorphisms (male clypeus slightly more protruding and with sclerotized rim) occur in additional taxa and may represent one or more further origins. (# 7) A pair of anterior humps on the male sternum occur in several ninetine genera, but it is unclear if this is the result of multiple origins or losses. Such humps are absent in the sister group of Ninetinae, suggesting at least one origin (in the ancestor of Ninetinae). (# 8) Very short hairs (~ 15 – 20 µm) that remind of chemoreceptors but are unbranched and restricted to (or occur in much higher densities on) male legs (the so-called “ vertical hairs ”) seem to occur in all Ninetinae, but not in the sister group of Ninetinae. (# 9) Raised male palpal tarsal organs may have evolved in the ancestor of Ninetinae. However, they also occur in Priscula and might thus not represent an independent origin for Ninetinae.	en	Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M., Carvalho, Leonardo S. (2026): Ninetine spiders in Brazilian Caatinga and Cerrado: revision of Kambiwa and description of Sertana gen. nov. (Araneae, Pholcidae), with analyses of predicted range shifts due to climate change. European Journal of Taxonomy 1054: 1-126, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2026.1054.3276, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3276/14463
