identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D68782FF93BD5AFF67F8836E3BBD82.text	03D68782FF93BD5AFF67F8836E3BBD82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leporinus scalabrinii (Ameghino 1898) Bogan & Sidlauskas & Vari & Agnolin 2012	<div><p>Leporinus scalabrinii (Ameghino, 1898) new combination</p><p>Figs. 1 and 2</p><p>Arrhinolemur scalabrinii Ameghino, 1898</p><p>Holotype: MACN A-9880, an incomplete skull partially removed from matrix.</p><p>Locality and age. The sole known specimen of Leporinus scalabrinii was reported by Ameghino (1899) to have been collected in the region of the city of Paraná, Entre Ríos Province, Argentina. The fossil’s inexact provenance is shared by many specimens of other species collected in the 19 th century from Late Miocene outcrops at the base on the cliffs near Paraná (Ameghino, 1899). Cione et al. (2000, 2009) analyzed in detail the stratigraphical position of the freshwater fish remains recovered near Paraná, and concluded that they were collected at the base of the late Miocene Ituzaingó Formation, which ranges from about 9 Ma to 6 Ma (Marshall et al., 1983).</p><p>Diagnosis. The majority of the characters proposed by Vari (1983:50) and Sidlauskas &amp; Vari (2008:197) as apomorphic for the Anostomidae involve soft anatomical systems or details of the skeleton either not preserved or not apparent in the holotype of Leporinus scalabrinii . However, three features of the fossil indicate that it is appropriately assigned to the Anostomidae: 1) the ascending process of the premaxilla that is large, well-developed and distinctly triangular overall (Fig. 1); 2) the chisel-shaped dentary teeth that taper to a pointed or blunt distal margin without additional cusping; and 3) the presence of a shelf on the lateral surface of the preopercle that presumably served as an origin for a portion of the adductor mandibulae (Sidlauskas &amp; Vari, 2008, characters 37, 45 and 84). In addition, the overall morphology of the visible portions of the jaws, neurocranium, and suspensorium (Figs. 1-2) are comparable to that typical for many members of the Anostomidae, in particular those of Abramites and Leporinus (see illustrations in Sidlauskas &amp; Vari, 2008).</p><p>The combination of three premaxillary teeth (character 31), spade-shaped dentary teeth (character 37) without a distinct notch in the posterior lamina (characters 38, 39, 40), and only a single cusp on the symphyseal and second dentary teeth (characters 41 and 42) separates the fossil from all previously examined anostomoid species except Hypomasticus megalepis (Günther, 1863) and some species of Leporinus . Leporinus scalabrinii clearly possesses a terminal mouth (Fig. 1) with an anteriorly directed anterior portion of the mesethmoid (character 15, Fig. 2) and a posterodorsally inclined premaxilla (character 46) rather than the ventrally directed and hooked mesethmoid and vertically inclined premaxilla that characterize Hypomasticus . Unusual among anostomids, Leporinus scalabrinii possesses a largely closed frontal-parietal fontanel (Fig. 2), a condition otherwise seen only in Abramites, Anostomus and some species of Pseudanos . Details of the dentition and orientation of the fossil’s jaw, as well as the overall shape of the skull, and the presence of a lateral process of the palatine (character 67, Fig. 1) rule out a placement within Anostomus or Pseudanos, while the posterior laminae of the dentary teeth in Leporinus scalabrinii lack the deep notch separating the tooth into anterior and posterior lobes that characterizes Abramites . Leporinus scalabrinii therefore possesses a unique combination of character states and merits recognition as a valid species.</p><p>Description. The holotype is partially dorsoventrally compressed with the portions of the suspensorium of the left side splayed laterally (Fig. 2). The postmortem compression of the specimen, as evidenced by the displacement of those elements, also likely resulted in the dorsal flexure of the mesethmoid and jaws relative to the typical position in other members of the Anostomidae (Fig. 1). Due to the unique nature of the specimen, it was not feasible to remove residual matrix, but a number of features apparent on the specimen are described in the following sections.</p><p>Dorsal portion of skull. The mesethmoid has a narrow anterior process extending between the ascending processes of the contralateral premaxillae and posteriorly borders the anterior portions of the paired frontals along a transverse joint (Fig. 2). Overall the bone is slightly wider than long. The distinct anterodorsal flexure of the mesethmoid relative to the frontal and more posterior portions of the skull along that joint-line likely represents postmortem deformation with such an orientation absent or less pronounced in other anostomids (Sidlauskas &amp; Vari, 2008, Figs. 16-18). In life, the premaxillae were likely posterodorsally inclined, resulting in a terminal mouth position. Residual matrix obscures parts of the frontals along their midlines, but the median frontal-parietal fontanel that typically completely separates those bones in many members of the family (Sidlauskas &amp; Vari, 2008, fig. 28) appears absent, with this particularly apparent along the posterior portion of the frontals which is the last portion of the fontanel present between those bones when the opening is retained. The area of contact between the frontals is depressed ventrally with the bones in contact via a suture, with that form of contact further evidence of the lack of a frontal fontanel in life (Fig. 1). An irregular transverse suture joins the frontals posteriorly to the parietals (Fig. 2). As is the case with the frontals, the parietals are also in contact along most of the midline, but have a small posterior fontanel proximate to the supraoccipital which, in turn, terminates posteromedially in a short spine (Fig. 2), with the overall morphology of the parietals being very similar to the condition present in Abramites hypselonotus . A ventrally tapering lateral ethmoid is present along the anterior margin of the orbit (Figs. 1-2), but most details of the bone are not apparent due to poor preservation and it is impossible to determine whether it bears the anterior notch present in many anostomids. The spine of the sphenotic is apparent posterior to the orbit with this followed posteriorly by the dilatator fossa and then the ventrally narrowing pterotic (Fig. 2). An ossification on the posterior right side of the braincase may represent the extrascapular or possibly a portion of the posttemporal, but the overlying covering of matrix makes a definitive assessment impossible (Fig. 2).</p><p>Jaws and teeth. As noted above, the mesethmoid and jaws are apparently reoriented anterodorsally as a consequence of postmortem deformation of the specimen. Allowing for that distortion, it would appear that the mouth was terminal in life. Each premaxilla has a strong ascending process and the main body of the ossification extends posteroventrally for a distance approximately equivalent to the length of the ascending process. Three robust teeth are present on each premaxilla, with the anteriormost the longest and the following teeth progressively less apparent. The posteriormost tooth is anteroposteriorly lengthened with a straight chisel-like cutting edge along most of its length. A strong symphyseal tooth is present on the dentary and tapers distally. A second, similarly shaped dentary tooth is visible on the right side of the specimen. This tooth is distinctly wider than high. Both teeth of the right dentary are anterodorsally oriented. Given the length of the dentary, it seems unlikely that it could potentially accommodate more than three or four teeth, a count comparable to that in many other anostomids (Sidlauskas &amp; Vari, 2008:106).</p><p>Infraorbital series. The infraorbital series apparently was not preserved, except for ossifications on both sides anterior to the orbit that likely represent the nasals (Figs. 1-2).</p><p>Suspensorium. The large ossification apparent on the left ventral side of the specimen is the lateral shelf of the quadrate (Fig. 1; Sidlauskas &amp; Vari, 2008, characters 77 and 132), which articulates with the lateral shelf of the preopercle posteriorly (Sidlauskas &amp; Vari, 2008, character 84). A ventrally displaced preopercle can be seen running posterodorsally from its contact with the quadrate towards the dilatator fossa (Fig. 1). A fragmentary opercle is positioned posteroventral of the preopercle (Fig. 1). The whole left suspensorium is bowed out laterally relative to its probable orientation in life. A laterally directed process of the palatine, a characteristic found only in specimens of Anostomoides, Laemolyta, Leporinus (most species), Rhytiodus, and Schizodon (see discussion of characters 67 and 68 of Sidlauskas &amp; Vari, 2008), appears just posterior to the posteroventral corner of the premaxilla (Fig 1).</p><p>Other portions of the skull, jaws and suspensorium are lacking or embedded in the remaining matrix.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D68782FF93BD5AFF67F8836E3BBD82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bogan, Sergio;Sidlauskas, Brian;Vari, Richard P.;Agnolin, Federico	Bogan, Sergio, Sidlauskas, Brian, Vari, Richard P., Agnolin, Federico (2012): Arrhinolemur scalabrinii Ameghino, 1898, of the late Miocene - a taxonomic journey from the Mammalia to the Anostomidae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes). Neotropical Ichthyology 10 (3): 555-560, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252012000300008, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252012000300008&lng=en&tlng=en
