identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C98115FF93FFE9FF45FD5245BDFE2D.text	03C98115FF93FFE9FF45FD5245BDFE2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caenis srinii Kiruthiga & Sivaruban & Jeyapriya & Barathy & Isack 2026	<div><p>Caenis srinii sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 1–32)</p><p>Caenis sp. 2 Srinivasan et al. 2023a: 69 (♀ imago, egg).</p><p>Materials examined. Holotype. L-S-I ♂, South India, Tamil Nadu, Madurai District, Karuppaurani pond, 9°94'07"N, 78°18'84"E, 132 m, 27.I.2025, colls. M. Kiruthiga &amp; P. Srinivasan (AMC/ZN/289) . Paratypes. 3 L-S ♂, 3 L-S-I ♀, 7 larvae (AMC/ZN/290) with same label data as holotype . Other materials. 5♀ imagos, South India, Tamil Nadu, Madurai District, Karuppaurani lake, 9°94'07"N, 78°18'84"E, 132 m, 24.V.2020, colls. P. Srinivasan &amp; R. Isack (AMC/ZN/266) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Caenis srinii sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other Caenis species by the following combination of characters: Imago: 1) base of the antennal flagellum not dilated (Fig. 2); 2) prosternal triangle with concave sides, tip less broadly rounded lacking a transverse strip (Fig. 3); 3) Segments 2–4 of foretarsus with a small lateral and a median projection (Fig. 5); 4) penes broad with a deep concavity at the posterior margin and each of the two lobes triangular (Fig. 7); 5) forceps divergent, apically with a large spine equipped with 4–5 small spines (Fig. 7). Larva: 1) cuticular coloration of each femora ochre with contrasting dark brownish patch in the 3/4 the distal apex; tibia and tarsus ochre with dark brownish band at middle (Fig. 17); 2) medial margin with a triangular process between mola and inner incisor of right mandible (Fig. 12); 3) mesonotum with margins denticulate without any bulging (Fig. 16); 4) forefemur with a transverse row of 8–10 spatulate setae on ¾ of distal region (Fig. 18); 5) hindclaw strongly bent with 4 basal denticles increasing in size distally, and a row of microdenticles (Fig. 21); 6) gill cover with poorly developed Y-shaped ridges, inner one reduced posteriorly (Fig. 24); 7) hind margin of sternum IX rounded with numerous minute indentations medially (Fig. 26).</p><p>Description</p><p>Male imago (Fig. 1). Measurements (holotype). Body length: 2.41 mm; forewing length: 1.67 mm; foreleg length: 1.99 mm; midleg length: 0.9 mm; hind leg length: 1.2 mm; cercus length: 6.7 mm. Ratios. Head (see Malzacher 2015; Fig. 4k), c: a = 2.2, a: b = 1.3; Leg: fore femur: fore tibia = 0.44; fore tibia: fore tarsus = 1.47; fore leg: hind leg = 1.7; segments of fore tarsus 1st: 2nd: 3rd: 4th: 5th = 1: 2.1: 1.4: 1.2: 1.3.</p><p>Coloration. Head: Vertex with dark brown transverse bands between the ocelli (Fig. 2). Antenna: scape and pedicel pale. Thorax: Pronotum with a dark brownish transverse band near the posterior margin. Mesonotum dark brownish with lateral stripes; scutellum pale; mesonotal suture darkly pigmented. Wings: Mostly hyaline except costa and subcostal veins reddish-brown. Legs: Forefemora dark brown, proximal and distal ends of foretibiae with dark brown patches, remaining parts pale or translucent (Fig. 4). Abdomen: Terga I–II often with a faint blackish stippling, other segments of tergum mostly colourless. Cerci translucent.</p><p>Morphology. Head. Anterior margin between lateral and frontal ocelli slightly bowed (Fig. 2). Pedicel ca. 2.5 times the length of scape. Base of the antennal flagellum not dilated (Fig. 2). Thorax. Prosternal triangle with concave sides, tip less broadly rounded lacking a transverse strip (Fig. 3). Segments 2–4 of foretarsus with a small lateral and a median projection (Fig. 5). Abdomen. Tergum II without a finger-like process. Lateral processes absent. Sternum IX and genitalia as in Fig. 6. penes broad, nearly as wide as the styiger plate (Fig. 7); penis with a deep concavity at the posterior margin and each of the two lobes triangular. Styliger sclerite broad, with short apophyses. Forceps moderate, divergent, apically with a large spine equipped with 4–5 small spines (Fig. 7).</p><p>Female imago (Fig. 8). Measurements (n=3). Body length: 3.5–3.8 mm; forewing length: 2.3–2.5 mm. Coloration similar to that of males, but terga III–VI with well-developed dark brownish transverse band (Fig. 8).</p><p>Mature larva (Fig. 9). Measurements (n=2). Body length: 3.4–3.6 mm in female (Fig. 9); 2.4–2.7 mm in male (Fig. 10). Caudal filaments length: 2.5–2.8 mm in female; 1.3–1.5 mm in male. Antennae length: 1.5 mm. Head. General coloration dark brown, with a dark brownish transverse band between lateral ocelli; vertex with branch-like markings (Fig. 9). Pedicel 2.5 times length of scape (Fig. 11) and with few simple setae on lateral margins, genae distinctly bulged. Mouthparts: Labrum ca. twice as broad as long, medial emargination with thick setae, lateral margin with long simple setae. Hypopharynx with few small, hair-like setae on apical margin and lateral margins of superlingua with long, simple setae. Right mandible. Outer incisor with three denticles and inner incisor with two denticles; medial margin between mola and inner incisor with a small triangular process (Fig. 12). Left mandible. Outer incisor with four denticles and inner incisor with three denticles; medial margin without any process between mola and incisors (Fig. 13). Maxilla (Fig. 14). Palp three-segmented with a ratio of 1: 0.6: 1.2; segment I with a row of four pointed bristles on outer margin; segment III with a longitudinal row of long, simple setae near inner marginal surface. Labium (Fig. 15). Palp three-segmented with length ratio of 1: 0.9: 0.4; segment I with a row of 6 bipinnate bristles on outer margin, segment II with a row 5 pointed bristles on outer margin, segment III with a row of 6 spine-like setae on inner margin and two transverse rows of long, spine-like setae along with few scattered long, hair-like setae on the dorsal surface. Thorax. Mesonotum with margins denticulate without any bulging (Fig. 16). Legs: Cuticular coloration (Fig. 17): Femur of each leg ochre with contrasting dark brownish patch in the 3/4 the distal apex; tibia and tarsus ochre with dark brownish band at middle. Coxal processes semi-circular with denticulate margins. Foreleg (Fig. 17): lengths of femur: tibia: tarsus: claw 0.41: 0.35: 0.26: 0.14 mm; femur with a transverse row of 8–10 spatulate setae on ¾ of distal region (Fig. 18); femora covered with numerous scale bases; inner margin with a row of long hair-like setae on proximal half; dorsal surface of tibia with a longitudinal row of 6–8 spatulate setae; tarsi with a row of 2 bipinnate bristles; claw thin and slender with 3 basal denticles, increasing in size distally (Fig. 19). Midleg (Fig. 22): lengths of femur: tibia: tarsus: claw 0.42: 0.32: 0.23: 0.12 mm. Dorsal surface of femur with scattered spatulate bristles (Fig. 22); outer margin with a row of few long, spatulate setae; tibia similar to that of foreleg, except inner margin medially with a large spine-like seta; tarsi with a longitudinal row of 6 bipinnate bristles and a long monopectinate seta on distal end; midclaw (Fig. 20) broad with 5 basal denticles. Hindleg (Fig. 23): lengths of femur: tibia: tarsus: claw 0. 46: 0.39: 0.24: 0.14 mm. Femur, tibia, and tarsi similar to that of midleg. except outer margin medially with a large spatulate seta; claw strongly bent with 4 basal denticles increasing in size distally, and a row of microdenticles (Fig. 21). Abdomen. Abdominal terga with dark brownish sublateral patches (Fig. 9). Tergum I without any posteromedian process; tergum II with a blunt triangular posteromedian process; gill cover with poorly developed Y-shaped ridges, inner one reduced posteriorly (Fig. 24); dorsal surface with 2–3 spatulate setae on apical half of Y-ridge (Fig. 24); left margin of Y-ridge with a row of long, simple setae; right margin of Y-ridge with a row of small, simple setae. Microtrichia elongated, parallel-sided, and pinnate. Gills III–VI with numerous filaments (Fig. 25). Posterolateral processes on terga I and II absent; tergum III with slightly developed posterolateral processes; terga IV–IX with a well-developed posterolateral processes. Hind margins of tergum VII with a row of long hair-like setae and tergum VIII with a row of long hair-like setae along with few spatulate setae and terga IX and X with small denticles. Hind margin of sternum IX rounded with numerous minute indentations medially (Fig. 26), shagreen field of sternum IX with 9–10 irregular rows of very small denticles parallel to the hind margin (Fig. 27). Cerci translucent. Gill cover about 2.5 times the length of gill I.</p><p>Egg. Oval, relatively long and broad with 110–120 μm in length; 75–85 μm in width (Fig. 29). Two-surfaced chorion with a tiny protuberance on the outer edge of the egg nearest to the polar cap and a perfectly smooth surface on the pole (Fig. 30). One end has a polar cap, while the other is smooth and devoid of any attaching structures (Fig. 29). A polar cap with numerous coiled threads located close to the margin with the chorion in their extended configuration, the Knob terminated coiled threads (KCT’s) in their folded configuration appear as a compact button-like structure (Figs. 30–32). The micropyle has a tubular micropyle canal and circular sperm guide in the subequatorial region (Fig. 28).</p><p>Etymology. The new species is named after Dr. Pandiarajan Srinivasan (Sri S. Ramasamy Naidu Memorial College, Sattur) for his invaluable contribution to the study of Caenidae in India. Noun in the genitive case.</p><p>Distribution. Karuppaurani pond, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C98115FF93FFE9FF45FD5245BDFE2D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kiruthiga, Mahendran;Sivaruban, T.;Jeyapriya, Velmurugan;Barathy, S.;Isack, Rajasekaran	Kiruthiga, Mahendran, Sivaruban, T., Jeyapriya, Velmurugan, Barathy, S., Isack, Rajasekaran (2026): A new species of Caenis Stephens, 1835 (Ephemeroptera: Caenidae) from Madurai, India. Zootaxa 5782 (1): 183-192, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5782.1.11, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20736
03C98115FF95FFE6FF45FA2E43AEFA92.text	03C98115FF95FFE6FF45FA2E43AEFA92.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caenis Stephens 1835	<div><p>Key to the known males of Caenis Stephens, 1835 from South India</p><p>1 Base of the antennal flagellum well dilated (Srinivasan et al. 2023a; Fig. 101)..................... C. arunachalami</p><p>- Base of the antennal flagellum slightly or not dilated (Srinivasan et al. 2023a; Fig. 23)........................... 2</p><p>2 Forceps apically with few tuft of short spines (Srinivasan et al. 2023a; Fig. 46)....................... C. americani</p><p>- Forceps apically with a rigid spine (Fig. 7).............................................................. 3</p><p>3 Foretarsus segments 2–3 each with a lateral and a median projections and segment 4 with an apico-median projection (Srinivasan et al. 2023a; Fig. 146)............................................................ Caenis sp. 1</p><p>- Foretarsus segments 2–4 each with a uniform projection (Fig. 5)............................................. 4</p><p>4 Foretarsus segments 2–4 each with a lateral and a median projection (Fig. 5)................................... 5</p><p>- Foretarsus segments 2–4 each with an apico-median projection (Srinivasan et al. 2023b; Fig. 9).................... 6</p><p>5 Penis with deep concavity at the posterior margin and each of the two lobes triangular (Fig. 6)......... C. srinii sp. nov.</p><p>- Penis slightly concave at the posterior margin and each of the two lobes semi-circular (Malzacher 2015; Fig. 4a)............................................................................................. C. ulmeriana</p><p>6 Prosternal sclerite bell-shaped (Srinivasan et al. 2023a; Fig. 24)..................................... C. kaegies</p><p>- Prosternal sclerite differently shaped (Srinivasan et al. 2023a; Figs. 62, 103)................................... 7</p><p>7 Forceps apically with a short spine (Srinivasan et al. 2023a; Fig. 10)............................. C. maduraiensis</p><p>- Forceps apically with a long spine (Srinivasan et al. 2023a; Fig. 66).......................................... 8</p><p>8 Hind margin of penis with a well-developed medial incision (Srinivasan et al. 2023a; Fig. 67)....... C. venkataramani</p><p>- Hind margin of penis with slight or no medial incision (Srinivasan et al. 2023b; Fig. 10)......................... 9</p><p>9 Forceps more or less parallel-sided (Srinivasan et al. 2023b; Fig. 11).................................... C. limai</p><p>- Basal half of forceps very broad, apical part abruptly narrowed (Malzacher 2015; Fig. 5b)................ C. maratha</p><p>Key to the known larvae of Caenis Stephens, 1835 from South India</p><p>(Larval characters of Caenis maratha and Caenis sp. 1 are unknown)</p><p>1 Cuticular coloration of femora, tibia and tarsus of each leg with contrasting dark bands (Srinivasan et al. 2023a; Fig. 129)................................................................................... C. arunachalami</p><p>- Cuticular coloration of femora, tibia and tarsus of each leg mostly unicolor without any contrasting dark band (Srinivasan et al. 2023a; Fig. 3)................................................................................ 2</p><p>2 Mesonotum with well-developed bulging at the margins (Srinivasan et al. 2023a; Fig. 2)............... C. americani</p><p>- Mesonotum with slightly-developed or no bulging at the margins (Srinivasan et al. 2023a; Fig. 79)................. 3</p><p>3 Foreclaw and midclaw without any denticulation (Srinivasan et al. 2023a; Figs. 80, 85).......................... 4</p><p>- Foreclaw and midclaw with denticles (Figs. 19, 20)....................................................... 5</p><p>4 Hindclaw without any basal denticles along with row of microdenticles (Srinivasan et al. 2023a; Fig. 13)................................................................................................. C. maduraiensis</p><p>- Hindclaw with basal denticles along with row of microdenticles (Srinivasan et al. 2023a; Fig. 91).... C. venkataramani</p><p>5 Hind margin of sternum IX broadly or triangularly rounded (Malzacher and Sangpradub 2020; Fig. 4a).... C. ulmeriana</p><p>- Hind margin of sternum IX nearly semi-circular (Fig. 26).................................................. 6</p><p>6 Mesonotum with slightly-developed bulging at the margins (Srinivasan et al. 2023b; Fig. 14)................. C. limai</p><p>- Mesonotum without any bulging at the margins (Fig. 10)................................................... 7</p><p>7 Maxillary palp segment III 1.5 times the length of segment II (Srinivasan et al. 2023a; Fig. 35)............. C. kaegies</p><p>- Maxillary palp segment III two times the length of segment II (Fig. 14)........................... C. srini sp. nov.</p><p>Key to the known eggs of Caenis Stephens, 1835 from South India</p><p>(Egg characters of Caenis maratha are unknown)</p><p>1 Egg with two epithemata (Srinivasan et al. 2023a; Fig. 4).................................................. 2</p><p>- Egg with a single epithema (Fig. 29)................................................................... 4</p><p>2 Epithemata cap-like (Srinivasan et al. 2023a; Fig. 97)....................................... C. venkataramani</p><p>- Epithemata thread-like (Srinivasan et al. 2023a; Fig. 5).................................................... 3</p><p>3 Mouth of the micropyle broadened (Srinivasan et al. 2023a; Fig. 7)................................ C. americani</p><p>- Mouth of the micropyle not broadened (Srinivasan et al. 2023a; Fig. 17)......................... C. maduraiensis</p><p>4 Epithema cap-like (Srinivasan et al. 2023a; Fig. 55)............................................... C. kaegies</p><p>- Epithema thread-like (Fig. 32)........................................................................ 5</p><p>5 Epithema of coiled-rope type without any terminal knobs (Srinivasan et al. 2023a; Figs. 140, 141).................. 6</p><p>- Epithema of coiled-rope type with terminal knobs (Srinivasan et al. 2023a; Figs. 154)............................ 7</p><p>6 Micropyle ca. 3 times the mouth width, mouth broadened (Srinivasan et al. 2023a; Fig. 142)......... C. arunachalami</p><p>- Micropyle ca. 2 times the mouth width, mouth not broadened (Fig. 151).............................. Caenis sp. 1</p><p>7 Chorion smooth (Fig. 28)............................................................... C. srinii sp. nov.</p><p>- Chorion finely pored (Srinivasan et al. 2023b; Fig. 42).................................................... 8</p><p>8 Micropyle present at the sub-polar region (Srinivasan et al. 2023b; Fig. 4)............................... C. limai</p><p>- Micropyle present at the equatorial region (Malzacher and Sangpradub 2020; Fig. 6).................. C. ulmeriana</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C98115FF95FFE6FF45FA2E43AEFA92	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kiruthiga, Mahendran;Sivaruban, T.;Jeyapriya, Velmurugan;Barathy, S.;Isack, Rajasekaran	Kiruthiga, Mahendran, Sivaruban, T., Jeyapriya, Velmurugan, Barathy, S., Isack, Rajasekaran (2026): A new species of Caenis Stephens, 1835 (Ephemeroptera: Caenidae) from Madurai, India. Zootaxa 5782 (1): 183-192, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5782.1.11, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20736
