taxonID	type	description	language	source
03C987CBED3EFFFFE7B7F88FF910B95B.taxon	type_taxon	(type-species by original designation Callichthys laevigatus Valenciennes)	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED3EFFFFE7B7F88FF910B95B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. No uniquely derived features were found to diagnose Hoplosternum. Posterior ex pantion of the second infraorbital toward the pterotic-supracleithrum is the only derived feature found in Hoplosternum (but also shared with Brochis). Hoplosternum is further distinguished from other Callichthyinae by its forked caudal fin. This character is shared with Dianema, from which it is distinguished by having the first infraorbital strongly articulated with the lateral ethmoid.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED3EFFFFE7B7F88FF910B95B.taxon	discussion	Phylogenetic relationships. Additional evidence of phylogenetic relationships within Hoploster num, not referred to by Reis (in press), place H. punctatum as the sister-species to H. magdalenae, with H. littorale being the sister-group to them (Fig. 1). Both H. punctatus and H. magdalenae share a particular color pattern formed by many minute dark dots on the dorsal body surface and, especially, on the unpaired fins. This color pattern is not present in H. littorale or in any other Callichthyinae.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED3FFFFAE73AF9A2FD8BBC7D.taxon	description	(Figs. 2 - 3)	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED3FFFFAE73AF9A2FD8BBC7D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type-specimens: ANSP 8318, lectotype of Callichthys melampterus (present designation); ANSP 8319 - 8328 (9 + 1 c & s), paralectotypes; Peru: Rio Ampyiacu. - FMNH 54878, holotype of Cascadura maculocephala; Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: Uruguaiana. - ZMA 102238 a, holotype of Hoplosternum thoracatum cayennae; ZMA 102238 b (1), paratype; French Guiana: Cayenne. - USNM 5944, holotype of Hoplosternum stevardii; Trinidad. - ZMA 100277, holotype of Hoplosternum littorale daillyi; ZMA 100277 b (1), 100281 (1), 100282 (1), 100285 (1); Suriname: Par amaribo. - ZMA 100261 (1), 100283 (1), 100284 (1), paratypes of H. I. daillyi; Suriname. Other specimens: Trinidad: CAS-SU 59110 (1 + 1 c & s), ANSP 77119 (3), 8312 (5), CAS 76535 (1), ROM 61644 (1), AMNH 13702 (1), ROM 41512 (2). Río Orinoco: ANSP 133888 (6), 128726 (3), 1651 - 91 (3), 165304 (1), NRM 15418 (2), 15415 (1), UMMZ 214744 (11), 217076 (2), 214767 (2), CAS-SU 59429 (1), 47800 (2), CAS 6484 (1), 64324 (1), 65010 (2), MCZ 78102 (5), USNM 163180 (1), 260204 (1), 258177 (1), MZUSP 27959 (6). Coastal streams of the Guianas: AMNH 4406 (1), 8859 (2), 16399 (1), ROM 22096 (2), 5364 (1), CAS 55547 (1), 76521 (1), 76524 (1), NMW 46239 (1), CAS-SU 21869 (1), ZMB 5236 (1), NRM 15453 (8), MHNG 1223.33 - 34 (2). Rio Amazonas drainage: CAS-SU 33280 (1), 33279 (1), 63594 (2), CAS 76523 (1), 6522 (2), MZUSP 26128 (3), 6348 (25), 5972 (2), 6477 (3), 5921 (1), 24916 (5), 13557 - 13560 (4), 23756 (2), 24658 (1), 33264 (29), 3604 (6), 5039 (7), 22888 (9), 22899 (6), 22901 (1), 33253 (71), NRM 15416 (4), 15413 (1), MCZ 8241 (6), 78104 (5), ANSP 124176 (3), USNM 94672 (1), 308077 (1), NMW 46230 (2), 46231 (1), 46232 (4). Rio Madeira drainage: MNHN 142 (3), 468 (2), 466 (7), UMMZ 66309 (6), 66308 (1), CAS 76522 (3), USNM 86824 (3), 305467 (1). Rio São Francisco drainage: MCP 16715 (8). Rio Iguaçu drainage: MCP 13966 (6). Upper rio Paraná drainage: MZUSP 40336 (5). Rio Paraguay and lower rio Paraná: MCP 10701 (5), MZUSP 38178 (5), 25094 (2), 4006 (1), 36747 (1), 19250 (1), NRM 15419 (1), 15411 (6), 15417 (2), 15412 (5), NRM 15414 (1), UMMZ 205962 (1), 207380 (2), 205917 (3), 207403 (15), 206975 (3), 207195 (6), 207376 (6), 207895 (1), 207287 (3), USNM 232285 (1), 232284 (1), 176011 (3), MHNG 2353.21 (2), 2080.43 - 46 (4), 2486.70 (1), 2407.84 (5), 2486.69 (1), 2119.71 - 72 (2), 2166.97 (1), 2526.98 (2), 2166.96 (3), 2407.85 (3), 2206.12 (1), 2485.78 (1), 2486.67 - 68 (6), 2166.95 (2), 1554.33 (1), 2095.1 - 2 (2), 2486.67 (3), 2526.97 (1), 2166.98 (1), NMW 46236 (3), AMNH 12269 (1), CAS 76525 (1), 76519 (1), 76520 (1), CAS-SU 31584 (5). Rio Uruguai drainage: MCP 6945 (1), 15129 (3), 9368 (1), 10337 (2). Laguna dos Patos drainage: MCP 13686 (4), 11507 (2 c & s), 11002 (4), 13493 (1), 7027 (1 c & s), 14601 (25 + 1 c & s), 13507 (3), 10556 (1), 13901 (1), 9713 (2), 13962 (4), 15065 (1), 13686 (4), 10012 (1), 8337 (1), 9393 (5), 9535 (1), 10724 (1), 9765 (1), 6888 (1), 14179 (1), 10541 (2), 10203 (1), 10011 (17), 9800 (9), 9435 (14).	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED3FFFFAE73AF9A2FD8BBC7D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Lateral line with 4 - 6 perforated plates; second infraorbital highly developed, articulating with the pterotic-supracleithrum and cover ­ ing the entire area between the eye and the oper ­ cle; tip of pectoral-fin spine of fully developed nuptial males bent dorsally, forming a distal hook. Coracoids exposed but not in contact in the midline ventrally is also a derived condition in this species, which represents a reversal shared by various Corydoras species as well as by Lepthoplosternum.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED3FFFFAE73AF9A2FD8BBC7D.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric data summarized in Tables 1 and 2. Body elongate, slightly compressed. Trunk and caudal peduncle progressively more compressed toward caudal fin. Body profile between snout and dorsal-fin origin straight or slightly convex. Largest recorded size 157.7 mm SL. Head depressed; snout rounded in dorsal view. Mouth slightly inferior; lower lip laminar with deep median notch; upper barbel reaching base of pectoral fin; lower barbel reaching base of pelvic fin. Opercle partially exposed; interopercle covered by skin. Eyes small, laterally placed; infraorbital bones large, second usually equal to or wider than eye diameter. Coracoids widely exposed on ventral surface, covered by skin antero-medially. Upper lateral series with 25 - 27 scutes, 22 - 24 in lower series. Five to 15 azygous plates between dorsal and adipose fins. Lateral line sensory canal comprising 4 - 6 anterior scutes of upper lateral series. Dorsal fin with strong spine, approximately half length of longest branched ray; spine followed by one unbranched and seven branched rays. Pectoral fin with pungent spine and 9 - 10 branched rays; spine with stronger odontodes anteriorly and small retrorse hooks posteriorly. Pectoral spine of fully developed nuptial males very elongated, passing first half of pelvic fin and with distal tip turned dorsally. Pelvic fin rounded, inserted below third and fourth scute of lower lateral series; first ray unbranched, about two thirds length of longest ray, followed by five branched rays. Mature females with small skin fold on external face of leading pelvic ray. Anal fin with two unbranched rays, well ossified but not pungent, and six branched rays. Adipose fin with pungent, depressible spine. Caudal fin forked or strongly concave. Color in alcohol. Head, trunk and fins uniformly light brown or grayish, lighter ventrally. Snout, lips, barbels and fins sometimes strongly pigmented. Small darker dots on head, flanks and caudal peduncle may be present, especially on smaller individuals. Young specimens (about 20 mm SL) light brown in ground color, with four or five dark transversal bands between dorsal-fin origin and caudal fin. With about 30 mm SL transversal bands are alreadyreduced to small dark punctuations on head and trunk, which end up disappearing during further growth.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED3FFFFAE73AF9A2FD8BBC7D.taxon	discussion	Comments. Hoplosternum littorale is the callichthyid species with the widest distribution. It is present in all of South America east of the Andes and north of Buenos Aires, including the Rio Orinoco, Trinidad, coastal rivers of the Guianas, Rio Amazonas drainage, Rio Paraguay, lower Rio Paraná and coastal systems in southern Brazil (Fig. 4). A single lot each is known from the upper rio Paraná (MZUSP 40336) and from the rio São Francisco drainage (MCP 16715). Oliveira (1991) suggested that these occurrences may represent introduced populations. Samples of populations from the above hydrographic systems were morphometrically analyzed separately (Table 2), and statistical comparisons failed to suggest the presence of more than one species. I was unable to examine directly the holotype of H. littorale (BMNH 1996.7.11: 1), but a photograph of that specimen (Fig. 3) allowed a precise identification. The lot ZMA 102238 b contains three paratypes of H. thoracatum cayennae, the largest of this being Hoplosternum littorale and the two smaller being Megalechis personata.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED3AFFF4E3B7FCAAFB37BE6E.taxon	description	(Fig. 5)	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED3AFFF4E3B7FCAAFB37BE6E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. CAS-SU 47807 (3), 47808 (1), USNM 121119 (4), 88324 (2), MHNG 1066.12 (1), MCP 17307 (4, formerly CAS 76516), 17298 (1), NRM 13016 (1), 15409 (1), 15410 (1).	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED3AFFF4E3B7FCAAFB37BE6E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Interopercle exposed on the ventral surface of head as a small roundish plate below the opercle. This species is further distinguished from H. littorale by having the coracoids extremely developed on the ventral surface; and from H. punc ­ tatum by possessing a deeper caudal peduncle (17.4 - 19.5 % SL, vs. 14.3 - 17.2, in specimens larger than 55.0 mm SL).	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED3AFFF4E3B7FCAAFB37BE6E.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric data summarized in Table 3. Body elongate, slightly compressed. Trunk and caudal peduncle progressively more compressed towards caudal fin. Body profile between snout and dorsal-fin origin slightly convex. Largest recorded size 95.8 mm SL. Head depressed; snout rounded in dorsal view. Mouth slightly inferior; lower lip laminar with deep median notch; upper barbel passing base of pectoral fin; lower barbel reaching base of pelvic fin. Opercle and interorpercle partially exposed. Eyes small, laterally placed; infraorbital bones comparatively small. Coracoids highly developed and exposed on ventral surface, usually overlapping in midline even in females. Upper lateral series with 26 - 27 scutes, 22 - 23 in lower series. Three to 7 azygous plates between dorsal and adipose fins. Lateral line sensory canal reduced to one single scute of upper lateral series. Dorsal fin with strong spine, approximately half length of longest branched ray; spine followed by one unbranched and seven branched rays. Pectoral fin with pungent spine and 8 - 10 branched rays; spine with stronger odontodes anteriorly and small retrorse hooks posteriorly. Pectoral spine of fully developed nuptial males very elongated, reaching anterior third of pelvic fin. Pelvic fin rounded, inserted below third and fourth scute of lower lateral series; first ray unbranched, with about two thirds length of longest ray, followed by five branched rays. Mature females with small skin fold on external face of leading pelvic ray. Anal fin with two unbranched rays, well ossified but not pungent, and six branched rays. Adipose fin with pungent, depressible spine. Caudal fin forked or strongly concave. Color in alcohol. Head, trunk and fins uniformly light brown or grayish, lighter ventrally. Head, trunk and fins covered with minute darker dots. Young specimens (about 20 mm SL) with light brown ground color and four or five dark transverse bands between dorsal-fin origin and caudal fin. With about 30 mm SL, however, the transverse bands are already reduced to small dark punctuations on head and trunk.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED3AFFF4E3B7FCAAFB37BE6E.taxon	discussion	Comments. Hoplosternum magdalenae occurs west of the Andes, in the Lago Maracaibo basin in Venezuela, and in the drainages of Río Sinu and Rio Magdalena in Colombia (Fig. 4). This region is separated by the Sierra de Abibe and Serrania de las Palomas from the Rio Atrato basin, where H. punctatum occurs.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED34FFF7E0B9FEBAFF76BA3B.taxon	description	(Fig. 6)	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED34FFF7E0B9FEBAFF76BA3B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type-specimens: USNM 78378 (2), paratypes of Hoplosternum punctatum; Panama: Rio Marte Arnade, a small strem about 6 miles East of Panama City. Other specimens: CAS 76513 (4), AMNH 11580 (52), 11581 (1), MCP 17302 (4 + 4 c & s), USNM 226419 (1), 109129 (1), UMMZ 217258 (1), 217259 (1), 217245 (1), 217300 (4).	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED34FFF7E0B9FEBAFF76BA3B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. No uniquely derived features were found to diagnose H. punctatum. This species is readily distinguished from H. littorale, however, by possessing highly developed coracoids, exposed on the ventral surface. From H. magdalenae it is distinguished by having the interopercle covered by skin and by the comparatively shallower caudal peduncle (14.3 - 17.2 % SL, vs. 17.4 - 19.5, in specimens larger than 55.0 mm SL).	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED34FFF7E0B9FEBAFF76BA3B.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric datasummarized in Table 4. Body elongate, slightly compressed. Trunk and caudal peduncle progressively more compressed towards caudal fin. Body profile between snout and dorsal-fin origin straight to slightly convex. Largestrecorded size 77.4 mm SL. Head depressed; snout rounded in dorsal view. Mouth slightly inferior; lower lip laminar with deep median notch; upper barbel passing base of pectoral fin; lower barbel reaching base of pelvic fin. Opercle partially exposed, interoper ­ cle covered by skin. Eyes small, laterally placed; infraorbital bones comparatively small. Coracoids well developed and exposed on ventral surface, usually overlapping in midline even in females. Upper lateral series with 25 - 27 scutes, 22 - 23 in lower series. Four to 7 azygous plates between dorsal and adipose fins. Lateral line sensory canal reduced to one single scute of upper lateral series. Dorsal fin with strong spine, approximately half length of longest branched ray. Spine followed by one unbranched and seven branched rays. Pectoral fin with pungent spine and 8 - 10 branched rays; spine with stronger odontodes anteriorly and small retrorse hooks posteriorly. Pectoral spine of fully developed nuptial males very elongated, reaching or slightly passing origin of pelvic fin. Pelvic fin rounded, inserted below third and fourth scute of lower lateral series; first ray unbranched, with about two thirds length of longest ray, followed by five branched rays. Mature females with small skin fold on external face of leading pelvic ray. Anal fin with two unbranched rays, well ossified but not pungent, and six branched rays. Adipose fin with pungent, depressible spine. Caudal fin forked or strongly concave. Color in alcohol. Head, trunk and fins uniformly light brown or grayish, lighter ventrally. Head, trunk and fins, especially dorsal and caudal fins, covered with minute darker dots. Area of skin between posterior lateral scutes and base of middle caudal-fin rays strongly pigmented with brown, forming an elongated blotch on caudal-fin base. Color of young specimens unknown.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED34FFF7E0B9FEBAFF76BA3B.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is only found in the Rio Atrato basin in Colombia and in the Pacific coastal drainages of Panamá, in southern Central America (Fig. 4). Hoplosternum punctatum is very similar to H. magdalenae, and both species have long been considered conspecific. Beside the characters described above, this species can also be distinguished from other Hoplosternum species by its small adult size. Hoplosternum punctatum is the smallest species in this genus, the smallest mature male examined being 56.1 mm SL (CAS 76513).	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED37FFF7E209FA61F949B9FF.taxon	type_taxon	Type-species. Callichthys thoracatus Valenciennes, 1840.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED37FFF7E209FA61F949B9FF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. No uniquely derived features were found to diagnose Megalechis. Greatly elongated pectoral-fin spine in fully developed mature males is a derived feature of Megalechis, but this charac ­ ter is shared with H. littorale. Megalechis can be further distinguished from Dianema and Hoplosternum by its rounded or emarginated caudal fin. From Callichthys it is distinguished by its exposed infraorbital bones, and from Lepthoplosternum by possession of dor ­ sal and anal fins with two unbranched rays preceding the branched rays.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED37FFF7E209FA61F949B9FF.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Greek megas, large and lekis, plate, in allusion to the extreme development of the coracoids on breast of fully developed males. Gender feminine.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED37FFF2E0E8F928FCE9B891.taxon	description	(Figs. 7 - 8)	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED37FFF2E0E8F928FCE9B891.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type-material: ZMB 3151, holotype of Callichthys pictus; British Guiana. - NMW 4775, lectotype of Callichthys sulcatus (present designation); NMW 47748 (1), paralec ­ totype of C. sulcatus; Brazil: Amazonas: Marabitanas. - NMW 47767 (2), paralectotypes of C. sulcatus; Brazil: Roraima: rio Branco. Other specimens: Rio Amazonas: USNM 264035 (11), 304430 (1), MCP 17305 (2 + 2 c & s), 17297 (1 + 1 c & s), CAS 76528 (3), 76531 (1), CAS-SU 33276 (1), 33278 (1), 33277 (1), 33275 (1), NRM 15429 (1), 15428 (2), 15422 (5), 15421 (3), 15424 (5), 7016 (1), ANSP 167693 (6), ROM 56330 (1), 56454 (1), UMMZ 167966 (1), MZUSP 26111 (1), 26020 (1), MCZ 8260 (5), 8270 (5), 8246 (5), 8226 (6), 8251 (10), 8238 (6), 8218 (8), MZUSP 19307 (1), 6347 (4), 24657 (9), 6110 (2), 24623 (1), 6783 (1), 6831 (1), 23504 (7), 15579 - 15584 (4), 23855 (5), 9460 (4), 25451 (30 + 3 c & s), 35696 (3), 24219 (1), 23907 (2), 24678 (2). Rio Madeira: AMNH 40029 (2), 77413 (1), 12701 (1), UMMZ 205104 (6), MCP 17309 (2), MNHN 465 (1), 464 (3), 229 (5). Rio Orinoco: NRM 15430 (2), 15427 (3), ANSP 133138 (5), 162691 (6), CAS-SU 48662 (2), 48663 (5), 48661 (4), CAS 6538, 6542 (3), 6624 (1), MCP 17304 (3). Coastal streams of Guiana: CAS-SU 21850 (2), ROM 61956 (3), 61955 (1), NMW 46248 (1), 46246 (5), UMMZ 215875 (1), CAS 76527 (5).	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED37FFF2E0E8F928FCE9B891.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. No uniquely derived features were found to diagnose M. thoracata. This species is readily distinguished from M. personata, however, by possessing a transverse band and the distal border of caudal fin conspic ­ uously dark, by having usually five branched anal-fin rays, and by the comparatively longer dorsal-fin spine (52.0 - 64.0 % of dorsal-fin base in specimens with 90 mm SL or larger).	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED37FFF2E0E8F928FCE9B891.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric datasummarized in Table 5. Body elongated, slightly compressed. Trunk and caudal peduncle progressively more compressed towards caudal fin. Body profile between snout and dorsal-fin origin straight to slightly convex. Largest recorded size 155.2 mm SL. Head depressed; snout rounded or slightly triangular in dorsal view. Mouth slightly inferior; lower lip laminar with deep median notch; upper barbel reaching base of pectoral fin; lower barbel passing base of pelvic fin. Opercle partially exposed, interopercle covered by skin. Eyes small, laterally placed; infraorbital bones comparatively small. Coracoids highly developed and exposed on ventral surface, meeting at midline in large spec ­ imens. Upper lateral series with 26 - 27 scutes, 22 - 24 in lower series. Five to 9 azygous plates between dorsal and adipose fins. Lateral line sensory canal reduced to a single scute of upper lateral series. Dorsal fin with strong spine, approximately half length of longest branched ray. Spine followed by one unbranched and 7 - 8 branched rays. Pectoral fin with one spine and 8 - 9 branched rays; spine with fleshy tip, with stronger odontodes anteriorly and small retrorse hooks posteriorly. Pectoral spine of fully developed nuptial males very elongated, passing half length of pelvic fin. Pelvic fin rounded, inserted below third and fourth or fourth and fifth scute of lower lateral series; first ray unbranched, about two thirds length of longest ray, followed by five branched rays. Anal fin with two unbranched rays, well ossified but not pungent, and five branched rays. Adipose fin with pungent, depressible spine. Caudal fin emarginated or rounded. Color in alcohol. Ground color of head, trunk and fins light brown, lighter or yellowish ventrally. Body usuallywith dark brown large blotches or irregular transversal stripes that fade and even disappear during growth. Furthermore, body and fins, including skin of ventral portion of head and abdomen with many small darker dots, smaller dorsally on body. Caudal fin with medial portion and distal tip of rays and adjoining membrane strongly pigmented with dark brown, forming both a wide medial transverse and a narrow apical band. Young specimens (about 20 mm SL) light brown in ground color, with four or five dark transverse bands between dorsal-fin origin and caudal fin. During growth the transverse bands become fragmented and irregular, resulting in the pattern described above. One specimen of 25 mm SL (MZUSP 26111) already shows the characteristic dark bands on caudal fin.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED37FFF2E0E8F928FCE9B891.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is distributed east of the Andes in the northern portion of South Amer ­ ica, including the rio Amazonas and Rio Orinoco as well as the coastal drainages of the Guianas (Fig. 9). The lectotype of Callichthys sulcatus Kner, 1855 (NMW 47755) is herein designated and the typelocality is thus restricted to Marabitanas, Amazonas, Brazil. There are two localities named Marabitanas in the Amazon, one in Amazonas State and other in Pará State. The type-locality of Callichthys sulcatus, however, can be easily identified by following the travel of Johann Natterer in Brazil, collector of the syntypes, as described by Papavero (1971). Callichthys longifilis is only tentatively place as a synonym of this species, as little evidence is found in the original description and the typespecimens was not available for a direct examination. A close inspection of the type can show that it is actually synonym of M. personata.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED32FFECE3C5F786F9FEBE8C.taxon	description	(Figs. 10 - 11)	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED32FFECE3C5F786F9FEBE8C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type-material: ZMB 3150, holotype of Callichthys exaratus; Guiana. - ZMA 100292, holotype of Hoplosternum thoracatum surinamensis; ZMA 100295 (2), 100297 (1), 100300 (1), paratypes of H. t. surinamensis; Suriname. - ZMA 100298 (1), 100299 (5), paratypes of H. t. surinamensis; Suriname: Paramaribo. - ZMA 100301 (1), paratype of H. t. surinamensis; West-Indies. Other specimens: rio Amazonas: USNM 311311 (1), 167880 (4), 199179 (8), 305859 (1), 317951 (1), 34577 (3), 304580 (1), NRM 15426 (1), 15436 (1), 7017 (1), NMW 47794 (3), 47791 (1), 46261 (1), 46253 (1), MHNG 1583.70 (1), 2157.25 (2), MCP 17306 (1), 17308 (2), CAS 76526 (3), 76529 (2), 76530 (2), CAS-SU 36203 (1), 52602 (1), 22156 (2), MZUSP 38704 (1), 26642 (4), 26020 (7), 26424 (3), 30848 (25), 30849 (26), 30854 (1), 30853 (1), 30851 (2), 38250 (2), 22455 (4), 23346 (3), 23423 (2), 23370 (2), 22593 (2), 19307 (2), 24657 (6), 30852 (1), 22294 (2), 23856 (2), 5004 (1), 36865 (7), 35632 (4), 23901 (8), 15579 - 15584 (2), ROM 56401 (1), MCZ 8219 (5). Northeastern Brazil streams: MZUSP 43601 (1), CAS-SU 22163 (3). Coastal streams of the Guianas: USNM 167881 (2), USNM 225541 (2), 225544 (1), 225543 (1), CAS 76532 (3), 76533 (3), 76534 (2), AMNH 38204 (4), 17636 (1), NMW 46240 (2), ZMB 8435 (3), 3147 (1), 19612 (1), ZMA 102238 b (2 of 3 paratypes of Hoplosternum thoracatum cayennae). Río Orinoco: CAS-SU 53801 (1), CAS 65011 (2), MCP 17303 (2 + 2 c & s, formerly ANSP 165468). Río Paraguai: MZUSP 25262 (1).	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED32FFECE3C5F786F9FEBE8C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. No uniquely derived features were found to diagnose M. personata. It is readily distinguished from M. thoracata, however, by lacking (of having a faint) transverse pigment band and distal border on the caudal fin, by having usually six branched anal-fin rays, and by the comparatively shorter dor ­ sal-fin spine (32.0 - 47.0 % of dorsal-fin base in specimens of 90 mm SL or larger).	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED32FFECE3C5F786F9FEBE8C.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric data summarized in Table 6. Body elongate, slightly compressed. Trunk and caudal peduncle progressively more compressed towards caudal fin. Body profile between snout and dorsal-fin origin usually convex. Largest recorded size 124.2 mm SL. Head depressed; snout rounded or slightly triangular in dorsal view. Mouth slightly inferior; lower lip laminar with deep median notch; upper barbel reaching base of pectoral fin; lower barbel passing base of pelvic fin. Opercle partially exposed, interopercle covered by skin. Eyes small, dorso-laterally placed; infraorbital bones comparatively small. Coracoids highly developed and exposed on ventral surface, meeting and sometimes overlapping at midline in large specimens. Upper lateral series with 26 - 27 scutes, 23 - 24 in lower series. Five to 10 azygous plates between dorsal and adipose fins. Lateral line sensory canal reduced to a single scute of upper lateral series. Dorsal fin with strong spine, shorter than half length of longest branched ray; spine followed by one unbranched and 7 branched rays. Pectoral fin with one spine and 9 - 10 branched rays; spine with fleshy tip, with stronger odontodes anteriorly and small retrorse hooks posteriorly. Pectoral spine of fully developed nuptial males very elongated, passing half length of pelvic fin. Pelvic fin rounded, inserted below third and fourth or fourth and fifth scute of lower lateral series; first ray unbranched, with about two thirds length of longest ray, followed by five branched rays. Anal fin with two unbranched rays, well ossified but not pungent, and six branched rays. Adipose fin with pungent, depressible spine. Caudal fin emarginated or rounded. Color in alcohol. Ground color of head, trunk and fins light brown, lighter or yellowish ventrally. Body usually with pattern of dark brown large blotches or irregular transverse stripes that fade and may disappear during growth. Further ­ more, body and fins, including skin of ventral portion of head and abdomen with many small darker dots, these dots smaller dorsally. Caudal fin homogeneously grayish, with a lighter band on base of rays and usually with darker punctuations more distally, sometimes forming a faint vertical bar. Young specimens (about 20 mm SL) light brown in ground color with four or five dark transverse bands between dorsal-fin origin and caudal fin. During growth the transverse bands become fragmented and irregular, resulting in the pattern described above. Caudal fin of young is homogeneously dark.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED32FFECE3C5F786F9FEBE8C.taxon	discussion	Comments. As with M. thoracata, this species is distributed east of the Andes in the northern portion of South America, including the rio Amazonas and Río Orinoco as well as the coastal drainages of the Guianas (Fig. 9). One single specimen of M. personata, however, was apparently collected in the rio Paraguay system (MZUSP 25262). I was unable to examine the holotype of Callichthys personatus (Mus. Zool. Bologna 100934) but a photograph and measurements taken by Claude Weber (MHNG) allowed a precise identification. Two of the three paratypes of H. thoracatum cayennae (synonym of H. littorale) in lot ZMA 102238 b are actually M. personata.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED2CFFEDE721FD9AFCA6B691.taxon	type_taxon	Type-species. Callichthys pectoralis Boulenger, 1895.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED2CFFEDE721FD9AFCA6B691.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A small notch on lower lip, lateral to the median notch, forming a small fleshy projec ­ tion on each side of lip is unique to Lepthoploster num. The anal fin having a single unbranched ray preceding the branched ones is also a derived feature of this genus, but this character is also shared with some, but not all, species of Corydoras.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED2CFFEDE721FD9AFCA6B691.taxon	etymology	Etylomogy. From the Greek leptos, meaning small and delicate, and Hoplosternum. Gender neutral.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED2CFFEDE721FD9AFCA6B691.taxon	discussion	Comments. Unlike all other genera of the subfamily Callichthyinae, the species of Lepthoplosternum are not present in the northern portion of the South American continent, north of the rio Amazonas (Fig. 12). The species are found in the upper Río Amazonas in Peru, middle rio Madeira, rio Paraguay and in the laguna dos Patos drainage, in southern Brazil. The species of Lepthoplosternum are traditionally known, especially in the world-wide aquarium trade, as ‘ dwarf hoplos’ and are frequently identified as Hoplosternum pectorale.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED2DFFEFE0C7FF05FC43BAEB.taxon	description	(Fig. 13)	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED2DFFEFE0C7FF05FC43BAEB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: MZUSP 35905 (1), 25133 (1), 25142 (11), CAS 76517 (1), 76515 (2), 76514 (2), AMNH 1446 (1), NMW 46264 (1), 46244 (1), UMMZ 0786 (1), 207371 (9), 206258 (1), 208109 (1), 206976 (1), MHNG 1554.29 - 32 (4), 2206.11 (2), 2166.100 (2), 2348.98 (1), 2166.99 (3 + 1 c & s), 2486.71 - 72 (2), USNM 232286 (4), 304581 (3).	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED2DFFEFE0C7FF05FC43BAEB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. No uniquely derived features were found to diagnose L. pectorale. This species is readily distinguished from L. altamazonica and L. beni by its comparatively shorter first dorsal-fin ray (42.6 - 60.0 % HL), and from L. tordilho by the comparatively narrower body (cleithral width 26.3 - 28.6 % SL) and by the higher counts of lateral scutes (25 - 26 in upper and 22 - 23 in lower series).	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED2DFFEFE0C7FF05FC43BAEB.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric data summarized in Table 7. Body elongate, slightly compressed. Trunk and caudal peduncle progressively more compressed towards caudal fin. Body profile between snout and dorsal-fin origin usually straight, sometimes slightly convex. Largest recorded size 60.3 mm SL. Head depressed; snout rounded or slightly quadrangular in dorsal view. Mouth slightly inferior; lower lip laminar with deep median notch and small, additional lateral notch, forming a small fleshy projection on each side; upper barbel passing base of pectoral fin; lower barbel passing base of pelvic fin. Opercle partially exposed, interopercle covered by skin. Eyes small, laterodorsally placed; infraorbital bones comparatively small. Coracoids exposed on ventral surface, covered by skin antero-medially and sometimes meeting each other anteriorly in mature males. Upper lateral series with 25 - 26 scutes, 22 - 23 in lower series. Five or 6 azygous plates between dorsal and adipose fins. Lateral line sensory canal reduced to one single scute of upper lateral series. Dorsal fin with delicate, pungent spine, about half length of longest branched ray; spine followed by 7 branched rays. Pectoral fin with one spine and 8 - 9 branched rays; spine with stronger odontodes anteriorly and small retrorse hooks posteriorly. Pectoral spine of nuptial males thick ­ ened but not elongated. Pelvic fin rounded, inserted below third and fourth scute of lower lateral series; first ray unbranched, with about two thirds length of longest ray, followed by five branched rays. Anal fin with one single unbranched ray, well ossified but not pungent, and five branched rays. Adipose fin with pungent, depressible spine. Caudal fin emarginated or rounded. Color in alcohol. Ground color of head, trunk and fins light brown, lighter or yellowish ventrally. Body, fins and skin of underparts of head and abdomen covered with small dark brown roundish dots. Caudal fin homogeneously grayish or brownish, with a lighter band on base of rays and small darker punctuations more distally, sometimes arranged in sinuous vertical lines. Smallest specimen examined (18.3 mm SL) have a color pattern similar to that found in adults, but with comparatively larger and less numerous darker dots.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED2DFFEFE0C7FF05FC43BAEB.taxon	discussion	Comments. Lepthoplosternum pectorale seems to be the widest distributed species of this genus, occuring in the rio Paraguay drainage in Brazil, Paraguay andArgentina (Fig. 12). This species has been traditionally confused with M. thoracata, which is not commonin the rio Paraguay drainage.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED2FFFE8E3D7FA3CFAA6BDB5.taxon	description	(Fig. 14)	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED2FFFE8E3D7FA3CFAA6BDB5.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MHNG 2551.01, 50.3 mm SL, male; Peru: Pucallpa: Río Ucayali; 13 Oct 1981, F. Dolores. Paratypes. MHNG 2388.94 (6), 30.7 - 42.7 mm SL, MCP 17313 (1 + 2 c & s), 44.2 mm SL; collected with the holotype. - MZUSP 26425 (1), 33.7 mm SL; Peru: Pucallpa: Río Ucayali; 20 Jan 1975, H. Ortega. - MHNG 2157.23 (2), 23.6 - 26.5 mm SL, MCP 17301 (2), 24.5 - 27.2 mm SL; Peru: Jenaro Herrera: Supay; 20 Jun 1978, P. de Rham. - USNM 284581 (1), 21.4 mm SL; Peru: Loreto: creek entering Rio Manite about 10 km upriver of junction of Rio Manite and Rio Amazonas; 21 Aug 1986, R. P. Vari, H. Ortega & A. Gerberich. - CAS-SU 58853 (1), 31.1 mm SL; Peru: Loreto: Río Ampiyacu; 20 Nov 1940, W. G. Scherer. - NRM 15420 (3), 26.8 - 40.0 mm SL, MCP 17296 (1), 29.1 mm SL; Peru: Loreto: Sacarita del Tuyé, opposite to Pebas, Rio Ampiyacu drainage; 12 Aug 1981, S. O. Kullander et al. - MHNG 2157.26 (1), 27.4 mm SL; Peru: Padre Isla: Cocha Largo; 14 Jul 1980, P. de Rham.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED2FFFE8E3D7FA3CFAA6BDB5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. No uniquely derived features were found to diagnose L. altamazonicum. This species is readily distinguished from L. pectorale and L. tordilho by its comparatively longer first dorsal-fin ray (60.2 - 79.8 % HL). From L. beni it is distinguished by possessing the first dorsal-fin ray almost as long as the second ray (20.5 - 24.7 % SL), by the comparatively deeper caudal peduncle (22.7 - 25.2 % SL), and by its nar ­ rower body (cleithral width 79.3 - 90.8 % HL).	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED2FFFE8E3D7FA3CFAA6BDB5.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric data summarized in Table 8. Body elongate, slightly compressed. Trunk and caudal peduncle progressively more compressed towards caudal fin. Body profile between snout and dorsal-fin origin usually straight. Caudal peduncle comparatively very deep. Largest recorded size 50.3 mm SL. Head depressed; snout rounded or slightly quadrangular in dorsal view. Mouth slightly inferior; lower lip laminar with deep median notch and small, additional lateral notch, forming a small fleshy projection on each side; upper barbel passing base of pectoral fin; lower barbel passing base of pelvic fin. Opercle partially exposed, interopercle covered by skin. Eyes small, dorso-laterally placed; infraorbital bones comparatively small. Coracoids exposed on ventral surface, covered by skin antero-medially and sometimes meeting each other anteriorly in mature males. Upper lateral series with 25 - 26 scutes, 21 - 23 in lower series. Five to 7 azygous plates between dorsal and adipose fins. Lateral line sensory canal reduced to one single scute of upper lateral series. Dorsal fin with delicate, pungent spine, about two thirds length of longest branched ray; spine usually followed by 7 branched rays. Pectoral fin with one spine and 8 - 9 branched rays; spine with stronger odontodes anteriorly and small retrorse hooks posteriorly. Pectoral spine of nuptial males thickened but not elongated. Pelvic fin rounded, inserted below third and fourth or fourth and fifth scute of lower lateral series; first ray unbranched, with about two thirds length of longest ray, followed by five branched rays. Anal fin with one single unbranched ray, well ossified but not pungent, and five branched rays. Adipose fin with pungent, depressible spine. Caudal fin emarginated or rounded. Color in alcohol. Ground color of head, trunk and fins light brown, lighter or yellowish ventrally. Body, fins and skin of underparts of head and abdomen covered with small dark brown roundish dots. Area of skin between last lateral scutes and base of middle caudal-fin rays pigmented with brown. Caudal fin homogeneously grayish or brownish, with a lighter band on base of rays and small darker punctuations more distally, sometimes arranged in sinuous vertical lines. Color pattern of young unknown.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED2FFFE8E3D7FA3CFAA6BDB5.taxon	discussion	Comments. Lepthoplosternum altamazonicum is only found in upper Rio Amazonas drainage, in Peru (Fig. 12).	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED2FFFE8E3D7FA3CFAA6BDB5.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Specific epithet in allusion to the area of endemism of the species, the upper Río Amazonas. An Adjective.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED28FFEAE702FCE2FB9DBC02.taxon	description	(Fig. 15)	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED28FFEAE702FCE2FB9DBC02.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. USNM 329424, 44.7 mm SL, mature male; Peru: Madre de Dios: Tambopata Reserve (12 ° 15 ' S 69 ° 17 ' W); 5 Nov 1979, R. McDiarmid. Paratypes. USNM 304582 (2), 41.4 - 43.7 mm SL, MCP 17299 (1), 50.3 mm SL; collected with the holotype. - USNM 302284 (12), 26.4 - 33.0 mm SL; Bolivia: Beni: E. B. B. Campamento Trapiche La Pascana (former course of Rio Maniqui); 2 Aug 1988, R. Vasquez & L. Torres. - USNM 302276 (2), 31.2 - 34.3 mm SL; Bolivia: Beni: E. B. B. Campamento Trapiche 500 m upstream bridge of Río Curiraba; 24 Jul 1988, H. Ortega et al. - AMNH 58760 (4), 24.0 - 42.5 mm SL; Bolivia: Beni: Río Mamoré; 27 Sep 1965, S. Anderson. - USNM 305858 (26), 25.3 - 45.2 mm SL, MCP 17300 (4 + 2 c & s), 38.4 - 44.3 mm SL; Bolivia: Beni: E. B. B. Campamento Trapiche La Pascana (former course of Río Maniqui); 30 Jul 1988, H. Ortega, H. Quintana & R. Zamuriano.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED28FFEAE702FCE2FB9DBC02.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. No uniquely derived features were found to diagnose L. beni.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED28FFEAE702FCE2FB9DBC02.taxon	discussion	This species is readily distinguished from L. pectorale and L. tordilho by its comparatively longer first dorsal-fin ray (60.2 - 79.8 % HL). From L. altamazonicum it is distinguished by the first dorsal-fin ray comparatively shorter (16.5 - 20.2 % SL), by theshallower caudal peduncle (17.6 - 22.8 % SL), and by its wider body (cleithral width 94.7 - 107.4 % HL).	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED28FFEAE702FCE2FB9DBC02.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric data summarized in Table 9. Body elongate, slightly compressed. Trunk and caudal peduncle progressively more compressed towards caudal fin. Body profile between snout and dorsal-fin origin usually straight or slightly convex. Largest recorded size 50.3 mm SL. Head depressed; snout rounded or slightly quadrangular in dorsal view. Mouth slightly inferior; lower lip laminar with deep median notch and small, additional lateral notch, forming a small fleshy projection on each side; upper barbel passing base of pectoral fin; lower barbel passing base of pelvic fin. Opercle partially exposed, interopercle covered by skin. Eyes small, laterodorsally placed; infraorbital bones comparatively small. Coracoids exposed on ventral surface, covered by skin antero-medially and almostmeeting each other anteriorly in mature males. Upper lateral series with 24 - 25 scutes, 21 - 22 in lower series. Four to 8 azygous plates between dorsal and adipose fins. Lateral line sensory canal reduced to one single scute of upper lateral series. Dorsalfin with delicate, pungent spine, about half length of longest branched ray; spine usually followed by 7 branched rays. Pectoral fin with one spine and 7 - 8 branched rays; spine with stronger odontodes anteriorly and small retrorse hooks posteriorly. Pectoral spine of nuptial males thickened but not elongated. Pelvic fin rounded, inserted below third and fourth scute of lower lateral series; first ray unbranched, with about two thirds length of longest ray, followed by five branched rays. Anal fin with one single unbranched ray, well ossified but not pungent, and five branched rays. Adipose fin with pungent, depressible spine. Caudal fin emarginated or rounded. Color in alcohol. Ground color of head, trunk and fins light brown, lighter or yellowish ventrally. Body, fins and skin of underparts of head and abdomen covered with small dark brown roundish dots. Area of skin between last lateral scutes and base of middle caudal-fin rays pig ­ mented with brown. Caudal fin homogeneously grayish or brownish, with a lighter band on base of rays and small darker punctuations more distally, sometimes arranged in sinuous vertical lines. Smallest specimen examined (23.6 mm SL) has color pattern similar to that found in adults.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED28FFEAE702FCE2FB9DBC02.taxon	discussion	Comments. Lepthoplosternum beni is distributed in the Río Mamoré system, Rio Madeira dranage, in the Beni region of Bolivia and Peru (Fig. 12).	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED28FFEAE702FCE2FB9DBC02.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Specific epithet in allusion to the area of endemism of the species, the Río Mamoré drainage in the region of Beni, Bolivia. A noun in apposition.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED2AFFEBE0C6FC17F988BDE4.taxon	description	(Fig. 16)	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED2AFFEBE0C6FC17F988BDE4.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MCP 16310, 44.2 mm SL, mature male; Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: marginal lagoon near sanga do Junco, on dust road between highway BR- 116 and Barra do Ribeiro; 21 Oct 1987, L. R. Malabarba, F. G. Becker & M. Schneider. Paratypes. UFRGS 4195 (1 c & s), 44.9 mm SL; collected with the holotype. - MCP 16308 (3), 27.5 - 43.8 mm SL, UFRGS 902 (2), 34.8 - 42.2 mm SL; Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: small creek below road BR- 290, 2 km West from junction with highway BR- 116, rio Jacui drainage, Eldorado do Sul; 15 Oct 1980, L. R. Malabarba. - MCP 16309 (2 c & s), not measured, UFRGS 966 (2), 28.2 - 33.5 mm SL; Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: creek at Granja Minuano, close to road BR- 290, rio Jacui drainage, Eldorado do Sul; 25 Oct 1981, L. R. Malabar ba, P. A. Buckup & R. E. Reis. - UFRGS 901 (1), 45.8 mm SL; Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: small dam on road between Guaiba and highway BR- 290, Eldorado do Sul; 4 Nov 1979, L. R. Malabar ­ ba, C. S. Souto, P. A. Buckup & P. Silveira.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED2AFFEBE0C6FC17F988BDE4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnose. No uniquely derived features were found to diagnose L. tordilho. This species is readily distinguished from L. altamazonicum and L. beni by its comparatively shorter first dorsal-fin ray (42.6 - 60.0 % HL). From L. pectorale it is distinguished by its comparatively wider body (cleithral width 29.3 - 30.0 % SL), and by possessing 24 scutes in upper and 21 in lower lateral series.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED2AFFEBE0C6FC17F988BDE4.taxon	description	Description. Morphometric data summarized in Table 10. Body elongate, slightly compressed. Trunk and caudal peduncle progressively more compressed towards caudal fin. Body profile between snout and dorsal-fin origin slightly con ­ vex. Largest recorded size 45.8 mm SL. Head depressed; snout pointed or slightly quadrangular in dorsal view. Mouth slightly in ­ ferior; lower lip laminar with deep median notch and small, additional lateral notch, forming a small fleshy projection on each side; upper barbel passing base of pectoral fin; lower barbel passing base of pelvic fin. Opercle partially exposed, interopercle covered by skin. Eyes small, laterodorsally placed; infraorbital bones comparative ­ ly small. Coracoids exposed on ventral surface, cov ­ ered by skin antero-medially and sometimes meeting each other anteriorly in mature males. Upper lateral series with 24 scutes, 21 in lower series. Three to 5 azygous plates between dorsal and adipose fins. Lateral line sensory canal re ­ duced to one single scute of upper lateral series. Dorsal fin with delicate, pungent spine, about half length of longest branched ray; spine usually followed by 7 branched rays. Pectoral fin with one spine and 7 branched rays; spine with stronger odontodes anteriorly and small retrorse hooks posteriorly. Pectoral spine of nuptial males thick ­ ened but not elongated. Pelvic fin rounded, in ­ serted below third and fourth scute of lower lat ­ eral series; first ray unbranched, with about two thirds length of longest ray, followed by five branched rays. Anal fin with one single un ­ branched ray, well ossified but not pungent, and five branched rays. Adipose fin with pungent, depressible spine. Caudal fin emarginated or rounded. Color in alcohol. Ground color of head, trunk and fins light brown, lighter or yellowish ven ­ trally. Body, fins and skin of underparts of head and abdomen covered with small dark brown roundish dots. Area of skin between last lateral scutes and base of middle caudal-fin rays pig ­ mented with brown. Caudal fin homogeneously grayish or brownish, with a lighter band on base of rays and small darker punctuations more dis ­ tally, sometimes arranged in sinuous vertical lines. Color pattern of young unknown.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED2AFFEBE0C6FC17F988BDE4.taxon	discussion	Comments. All lots now known of L. tordilho are from the type-locality or very close to it (Fig. 12), but this species is presumably more widespread in the laguna dos Patos drainage. Its type-locality is a very small dam, but it is more frequently found in small creeks, usually modified for agri ­ cultural irrigation.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
03C987CBED2AFFEBE0C6FC17F988BDE4.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Tordilho is a regional name for the horse color pattern consisting of a light brownish or grayish background with many small darker dots. It is given in allusion to the color pattern of the new species. A noun in apposition.	en	Roberto E. Reis (1997): Revision of the neotropical catfish genus Hoplosternum (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Callichthyidae), with the description of two new genera and three new species. Ichthyological Exploration Freshwaters 7 (4): 299-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19854425
