identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C868625178F74295E1F95FFEBCF955.text	03C868625178F74295E1F95FFEBCF955.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichothyse Tucker 1923	<div><p>Trichothyse Tucker, 1923</p><p>Type species.  Trichothyse hortensis Tucker, 1923, by monotypy.</p><p>Diagnosis.  Trichothyse species can be easily recognised by genitalic characters such as the large robust RTA with an apical bifurcation, large conductor with a prolateral fold, apically originating embolus with a broad base, epigyne with or without a median extension of the anterior margin [contra Sankaran et al. (2021), who considered it as a median septum], and with large or reduced median atrium and vulva with large, inflated primary spermathecae, short copulatory ducts, and with small paired secondary spermathecae.  Trichothyse species may be distinguished from species of  Poecilochroa sensu stricto by their large AMEs (vs. smaller in  Poecilochroa), large robust RTA with an apical bifurcation, except in  T. fontensis with only a slight dorsal protuberance (vs. long, and gradually tapering in  Poecilochroa), presence of a conductor (vs. absent in  Poecilochroa), and epigyne without an anterior hood (vs. present in  Poecilochroa) (cf. Murphy 2007: fig. 382, Figs 1–14, 23–24, 29–30, 36–37, 43–44, 49–50, 54–56, 59–60, 65–66, 71–72, 92–93, 102–103, 109–114, 116–118 and Murphy 2007: fig. 290 and Coşar et al. 2024: fig. 9C–F). They can also be separated from  Macarophaeus by a large robust RTA (vs. slender in  Macarophaeus), conductor with a prolateral fold (vs. absent in  Macarophaeus), embolus with a distinct bend (vs. straight in  Macarophaeus), and epigyne without a M-shaped ridge (vs. present in  Macarophaeus) (cf. Figs 1–14 and Denis 1962: figs 23–25 and Wunderlich 2011: figs 67–68, 68a–b, f, 90–91, 92a–b).</p><p>Description. Total body length3.57–12.00 mm.Carapace oval in dorsal view, moderately invaginated posteriorly, widest between coxae II and III, narrowed at level of palp, covered with fine white appressed hairs. Cephalic area not elevated; cephalic groove less evident. Thoracic area with inconspicuous streaks of black blotches, gently sloping posteriorly. Fovea longitudinal, marked as a straight, deep groove. From above, AER moderately recurved, PER straight; AME circular, dark, all others pearly white; AME largest, ALE smallest; PME and PLE subequal; AME separated by distance less than their diameter, almost touching ALE; PME separated by distance slightly larger than their diameter, as well as from PLE; MOQ roughly squarish, slightly narrower in back than in front. Clypeus height between ½ and ¾ AME diameter. Chilum absent. Cheliceral boss weakly developed. Chelicerae with a denticle and with or without a keel on promargin; retromargin without teeth or keel but sometimes with a single tiny denticle. Fangs almost half the length of paturon. Endites convergent, with oblique depression, and weak distal scopula; labium short, tongue-shaped. Sternum broad medially, rebordered, with concave anterior margin, with tiny extensions to coxae, clothed with grey-black hairs. Anterior pairs of legs less spinose, posterior pairs moderately spinose, covered with fine aculeate hairs; trochanters I–II not notched, III–IV shallowly notched; metatarsi I–II with well-developed scopulae, metatarsal preening brush or comb absent on legs III and IV; all tarsi with well-developed and complete scopulae, with well-developed claw tufts and dentate paired claws; tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi provided with scattered short trichobothria. Leg formula variable, normally 4132. Abdomen oval, hirsute, with anteriorly restricted scutum in males, absent in females, with two or three pairs of dorsal sigilla. Anal tubercle prominent. Spinnerets hirsute. Male palp with longitudinally triangular cymbium with basoretrolateral flange. Subtegulum nearly as long as tegulum. Tegulum longer than wide, bearing only embolus and conductor. Embolus short, apically originating, with broad embolic base. Conductor large, distomedially arising and wrapping embolus with its distal part, with prolateral fold. Sperm duct forming a single loop, medially contiguous. Tibia with robust RTA of variable size and shape; RTA with apical bifurcation. Epigyne with small or large atrium, often divided by a weak median extension of anterior epigynal margin to form paired posterior atrial lobes [present in Palaearctic species except  T. poonaensis (Tikader, 1982) comb. nov.]. Copulatory openings hidden beneath posterior lobes, often only visible when epigyne is rotated 45° on longitudinal axis. Vulva composed of large primary spermathecae, very short copulatory ducts and small mesal secondary spermathecae, often obscured by primary spermathecae.</p><p>Species composition. Afrotropical species:  T. africana (Tucker, 1923) [misplaced],  T. antineae (Fage, 1929) comb. nov.,  T. fontensis Lawrence, 1928,  T. hortensis Tucker, 1923,  T. karoo Haddad &amp; Sankaran sp. nov.,  T. subtropica Lawrence, 1927, and  T. zuluensis (Lawrence, 1938) comb. nov. Palaearctic species:  T. furcata (Simon, 1914) comb. nov.,  T. golan (Levy, 1999) comb. nov.,  T. hamipalpis (Kroneberg, 1875) comb. nov.,  T. ilkerakkusi (Coşar, Danişman &amp; Marusik, 2024) comb. nov.,  T. jodhpurensis (Gajbe, 1993) comb. nov.,  T. loricata (Kritscher, 1996) comb. nov.,  T. perversa (Simon, 1914) comb. nov.,  T. poonaensis comb. nov.,  T. senilis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) comb. nov. and  T. senilis auspex (Simon, 1878) comb. nov. Trichothyse pugnax (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874) comb. nov. occurs in North Africa, spanning both the Afrotropical and Palaearctic regions.</p><p>Distribution. Africa (Egypt, Ethiopia, Libya, Mali, Namibia and South Africa), Europe (Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain), and Asia (India, Israel and Turkey) (World Spider Catalog 2024; present data) (Figs 120–121).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C868625178F74295E1F95FFEBCF955	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Haddad, Charles R.;Tripathi, Rishikesh	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Haddad, Charles R., Tripathi, Rishikesh (2025): A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Zootaxa 5583 (1): 39-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2
03C86862517BF74395E1F8BBFC9CF8D8.text	03C86862517BF74395E1F8BBFC9CF8D8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichothyse antineae (Fage 1929) Sankaran & Haddad & Tripathi 2025	<div><p>Trichothyse antineae (Fage, 1929) comb. nov.</p><p>Poecilochroa antineae Fage, 1929: 248, fig. 1 (holotype ♂: MALI: Asselar [Asler] [18°52’N, 00°15’E], 21.XII.1927, collector unknown, #596, repository unknown—not examined.</p><p>Description. Male. For description of the male, see Fage (1929).</p><p>Female. Unknown.</p><p>Justification of transfer. The illustrations of the holotype palp provided in Fage (1929: fig. 1) are diagnostic and were used for comparison. Even though we did not examine the holotype of  P. antineae, the original illustrations of the palp have all of the typical features of male  Trichothyse species, in contrast to  Poecilochroa sensu stricto and  Macarophaeus: distomedially originating broad conductor with prolateral fold, apically originating claw-like embolus with broad embolic base, medially contiguous sperm duct with single loop, and a robust RTA with apical bifurcation (cf. Figs 1–8, 54–55, 109–112, 116–117 and Fage 1929: fig. 1). Based on these observations, we propose transferring  P. antineae to  Trichothyse .</p><p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 120).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C86862517BF74395E1F8BBFC9CF8D8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Haddad, Charles R.;Tripathi, Rishikesh	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Haddad, Charles R., Tripathi, Rishikesh (2025): A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Zootaxa 5583 (1): 39-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2
03C86862517DF74795E1F880FAEEFAB9.text	03C86862517DF74795E1F880FAEEFAB9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichothyse fontensis Lawrence 1928	<div><p>Trichothyse fontensis Lawrence, 1928</p><p>Figs 1–2, 5–6, 9, 15, 21–33</p><p>Trichothyse fontensis Lawrence, 1928: 232, plate XXI, fig. 14</p><p>(holotype ♂: NAMIBIA: Sesfontein [19°07’S, 13°37’E], I– IV.1925, leg. Museum Expedition, SAMC B7136—examined) .</p><p>Other material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve, Eastern shore of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.3075&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.87861" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.3075/lat -26.87861)">Shokwe Pan</a>, 26°52’30’’S, 32°12’24’’E, 24.I.2006, leg. C. Haddad ( Vachellia xanthophloea bark), 1♀ (NCA 2014 /1417); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.3075&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.87861" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.3075/lat -26.87861)">Same</a> locality, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.3075&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.87861" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.3075/lat -26.87861)">Environmental Centre</a>, 26°55’24’’S, 32°18’08’’E, 122 m a.s.l., 29.XI.2009, leg. C. Haddad, V. Swart &amp; A. Kirk-Spriggs (broadleaf woodland, canopy fogging 23, Strynchos spinosa), 1♂ (NCA 2021 /1255); Same locality, Near Abattoir, 26°54’44’’S, 32°18’20’’E, 114 m a.s.l., 9.XII.2009, leg. C. Haddad, V. Swart &amp; A. Kirk-Spriggs (broadleaf woodland, canopy fogging 47,  Garcinia livingstonei), 1♂ (NCA 2021 /1256); Same locality, Southern shore of Hotwe Pan, 26°52’43’’S, 32°18’27’’E, 7.II.2005, leg. C. Haddad ( Vachellia xanthophloea bark), 1♂, together with 4♀  T. zuluensis comb. nov. (NCA 2014 /1317).</p><p>Diagnosis. Males of  T. fontensis are similar to the males of  T. zuluensis comb. nov. in the general structure of the palp, particularly the rounded end of the conductor and the similar shape of the sperm duct (Figs 1–2, 4) but can be distinguished by the different shape of the embolus, with the tip directed apically in  T. fontensis (Fig. 2) and retrolaterally in  T. zuluensis comb. nov. (Fig. 4), and the lack of a strong bifurcation of the RTA in  T. fontensis (only a slight protuberance; Fig. 6). Females of  T. fontensis share with  T. karoo sp. nov. and  T. zuluensis comb. nov. the almost parallel mesal margins of the primary spermathecae, but can be distinguished by the angular anterolateral edge of the primary spermathecae (as opposed to the anteromesal edge of the latter two species), and the small hood-shaped anterior atrium compared to the small central teardrop-shaped atrium (as in  T. karoo sp. nov.) or the heart-shaped posterior atrium in the epigyne as in  T. zuluensis comb. nov. (see Lawrence 1938: fig. 14) (cf. Figs 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 56–57).</p><p>Description. Male (Ndumo, NCA 2021/1255, Figs 22–27). Carapace deep red-brown, chelicerae, labium, endites and legs dark brown, sternum orange-brown, eye field slightly darker than carapace (Fig. 22). Abdomen dark grey dorsally, spinnerets dark brown; carapace with faintly darker striae radiating from fovea, densely covered with white appressed hairs, cephalic part, and posterior slope with several stiff erect black setae. Fovea narrow, longitudinal, straight, dark brown. Anterior surface of cheliceral paturon with long black setae, promargin with low serrated keel and distal denticle, with keel extending along entire length of promargin (Fig. 27; arrow); retromargin without keel or denticle (Fig. 27). Abdomen oval, hirsute, anterior surface with dense anterior dorsal strong curved setae; dorsal abdomen anteriorly with deep red oval scutum extending to ½ abdominal length, with three pairs of distinct oval sigilla, first two pairs close together, within posterior margin of dorsal scutum, third pair at ⅗ abdominal length (Fig. 22). Metatarsi I–II and all tarsi with well-developed complete scopulae, scopulae on metatarsi III and IV restricted distally (Figs 25–26). Spinnerets hirsute. Body length 6.45. Carapace 3.05 long, 2.16 wide. Abdomen 3.57 long, 2.20 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.16, AME 0.21, PLE 0.15, PME 0.14; ALE–PLE 0.10, AME–AME 0.04, AME–PME 0.17, PME–PLE 0.10, PME–PME 0.14. AME and ALE nearly contiguous. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.13, at ALEs 0.12. Chelicerae 1.30 long. Length of palp and legs: palp 2.78 [0.90, 0.46, 0.32, 1.10], I 6.99 [2.11, 1.30, 1.53, 1.32, 0.73], II 7.17 [2.17, 1.31, 1.50, 1.40, 0.79], III 6.89 [2.05, 1.13, 1.35, 1.55, 0.81], IV 8.72 [2.45, 1.30, 1.85, 2.28, 0.84]. Leg formula: 4213. Spination of palp: femur pl 1 do 2, patella pl 1 do 1, tibia spineless, tarsus plv 1 rlv 1; legs: femur I pl 1 do 3, II pl 2 do 3, III pl 2 do 3 rl 2, IV pl 1 do 3 rl 1; patella I, II and IV spineless, III pl 1 rl 1; tibia I–II plv 1 vt 2, III pl 4 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 1 vt 2, IV pl 3 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 1 vt 2; metatarsus I–II plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 2 do 1 rl 2 plv 1 rlv 1 vt 3, IV pl 3 rl 3 plv 2 rlv 2 vt 4; tarsus I–IV spineless.</p><p>Palp (Figs 1–2, 5–6): segments orange-brown. RTA more than half the length of cymbium, with prominent ventral branch at approximately ⅔ its length, but inconspicuous dorsal “lobe” and restricted to a dorsal angle (Figs 2, 6). Cymbial flange nearly half of the length of cymbium, slightly concave along most of its length (Fig. 2). Tegulum long-oval, sac-like (Fig. 2). Conductor membranous, with almost right-angled bend in distal half, passing behind embolus, with proximal part parallel to embolus and smoothly rounded apex directed retrolaterally (Fig. 2). Embolus arising apically, narrow, initially straight, looping prolaterally then distally, with spike-like tip directed at 12-o’clock (Fig. 2).</p><p>Female (Ndumo, NCA 2014/1417, Figs 28–33). As in male except the following: habitus generally orange-brown, abdomen dark grey (Fig. 28). Abdomen with three pairs of oval sigilla, first two pairs at ⅓ abdomen length, third pair just beyond midpoint (Fig. 28). Body length 7.45. Carapace 3.80 long, 2.40 wide. Abdomen 3.60 long, 2.45 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.22, AME 0.24, PLE 0.19, PME 0.16; ALE–PLE 0.11, AME–AME 0.10, AME–PME 0.19, PME–PLE 0.14, PME–PME 0.18. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.14, at ALEs 0.11. Chelicerae 1.17 long. Length of palp and legs: palp 2.97 [1.06, 0.55, 0.49, 0.87], I 7.52 [2.16, 1.42, 1.60, 1.45, 0.89], II 7.33 [2.12, 1.32, 1.58, 1.45, 0.86], III 8.01 [2.10, 1.23, 1.41, 1.59, 1.68], IV missing. Spination of palp: femur pl 2 do 2, patella pl 1 do 1, tibia pl 2 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 1 vt 1, tarsus pl 1 rl 1 plv 2 rlv 2 vt 2; legs (both leg IV missing): femur I pl 1 do 3, II pl 2 do 3, III pl 2 do 3 rl 2; patella I and II spineless, III pl 1 rl 1; tibia I–II plv 1 vt 1, III pl 2 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 1 vt 2; metatarsus I–II plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 4 rl 2 plv 1 rlv 2 vt 4.</p><p>Genitalia (Figs 9, 15): epigyne hirsute, well sclerotised, with broadly notched posterior border, with small hood-shaped anterior atrium (Fig. 9; arrow) and paired semi-circular lobes posteriorly, forming shallow median depression. Copulatory openings indistinct, possibly at the edge of posterior lobes. Copulatory ducts very short, mostly hidden by primary spermathecae (Fig. 15). Primary spermathecae parallel, anteriorly forming diverging ends (Fig. 15). Paired secondary spermathecae short, globular, partly obscured by primary spermathecae. Fertilization ducts narrow, diverging.</p><p>Variation. Male (n = 4): body length 6.30–6.75, mean 6.51.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from north-western Namibia and north-eastern South Africa (Fig. 120).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C86862517DF74795E1F880FAEEFAB9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Haddad, Charles R.;Tripathi, Rishikesh	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Haddad, Charles R., Tripathi, Rishikesh (2025): A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Zootaxa 5583 (1): 39-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2
03C86862517EF74995E1FA9FFA9CFCA1.text	03C86862517EF74995E1FA9FFA9CFCA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichothyse hortensis Tucker 1923	<div><p>Trichothyse hortensis Tucker, 1923</p><p>Figs 10, 16, 34–41</p><p>Trichothyse hortensis Tucker, 1923: 332, plate IX, fig. 53; Murphy, 2007: 50, figs 382–383; Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2021: 28, figs 1–7</p><p>( lectotype ♀, here designated, and   paralectotype ♀: NAMIBIA: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.416666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.25/lat -20.416666)">Waterberg</a> [ca. 20°25’S, 17°15’E], leg. R.W. Tucker, II.1920, SAMC B5072—examined)  .</p><p>Other material examined.   SOUTH AFRICA: Free State: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.268055&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.517778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.268055/lat -29.517778)">Kalkfontein Dam Nature Reserve</a>, 29°31’04’’S, 25°16’05’’E, 28.I.2014, leg. N. Josling (in garden amongst plants), 1♀ (NCA 2015 /1903)  .</p><p>Remark. The holotype female’s colouration is faded (Fig. 34), so the redescription is based on the recently collected specimen.</p><p>Diagnosis. The females of  T. hortensis share with  T. subtropica the convex shape of the primary spermathecae but can be distinguished from it by the far stronger curvature of the same structure, being separated by at least 1.5 times their width (cf. Fig. 16 and Fig. 18). Male unknown.</p><p>Description. Female (Kalkfontein, NCA 2015/1903, Figs 35–41). Carapace, clypeus, chelicerae, labium, endites, sternum, scutum and legs yellow-brown, eye field slightly darker than carapace, carapace with faint black mottling (Fig. 35). Abdomen dark grey, mottled creamy-grey dorsally in anterior half (Fig. 35), spinnerets yellowgrey; carapace with faintly darker striae radiating from fovea, densely covered with grey appressed hairs; cephalic part, midline and posterior slope with numerous stiff erect brown setae (Fig. 35). Fovea narrow, longitudinal, straight, brown. Anterior surface of cheliceral paturon with long brown setae, with low serrated keel ending in distinct denticle, and additional sharp denticle beyond it (Fig. 38; arrow); retromargin without keel, with two weakly developed, indistinct denticles. Abdomen oval, hirsute, dorsum with three pairs of distinct oval sigilla, first two pairs at ¼ abdomen length and third pair at midpoint (Fig. 35). Metatarsi I–II and all tarsi with well-developed scopulae (Figs 40–41), scopulae on metatarsi I and II complete while that on metatarsi III and IV restricted distally. Spinnerets hirsute (Fig. 39). Body length 5.90. Carapace 2.55 long, 1.38 wide. Abdomen 3.42 long, 2.23 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances:ALE 0.15, AME 0.17, PLE 0.13, PME 0.12; ALE–PLE 0.07, AME–AME 0.05, AME–PME 0.13, PME–PLE 0.10, PME–PME 0.12. AME and ALE nearly contiguous. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.13, at ALEs 0.11. Chelicerae 0.84 long. Length of palp and legs: palp 2.21 [0.78, 0.38, 0.35, 0.70], I 5.59 [1.59, 1.05, 1.15, 1.08, 0.72], II 5.53 [1.54, 1.01, 1.16, 1.10, 0.72], III 5.33 [1.52, 0.90, 1.07, 1.06, 0.78], IV 6.10 [1.82, 1.05, 1.43, 1.08, 0.72]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of palp: femur pl 1 do 2, patella pl 1 do 2, tibia pl 2 rl 2 plv 1, tarsus pl 1 rl 1 plv 2 rlv 2 vt 2; legs: femur I–II pl 1 do 3, III pl 2 do 3 rl 2, IV pl 1 do 3 rl 1; patella I–II spineless, III–IV pl 1 rl 1; tibia I vt 1, II plv 1 vt 1, III pl 2 rl 2 plv 2 vt 2, IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 1 vt 2; metatarsus I plv 1, II plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 2 rl 2 plv 1 rlv 1 vt 3, IV pl 3 rl 3 plv 2 rlv 2 vt 3; tarsus I–IV spineless.</p><p>Genitalia (Figs 10, 16): epigyne originally hirsute, hairs lost during cleaning, with paired S-shaped lobes posteriorly, forming posterior border and broad shallow atrium (Fig. 10; arrow). Copulatory openings indistinct, probably at anterior edge of posterior lobes. Copulatory ducts very short, partly obscured by primary spermathecae (Fig. 16). Primary spermathecae strongly convex, forming diamond-shaped space between them, at least 1.5 times their width. Paired secondary spermathecae short, globular, partly obscured by primary spermathecae. Fertilization ducts narrow, finger-like, diverging.</p><p>Variation. The holotype female is 9.02 mm in length.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from northern Namibia and the Free State Province of South Africa (Fig. 120).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C86862517EF74995E1FA9FFA9CFCA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Haddad, Charles R.;Tripathi, Rishikesh	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Haddad, Charles R., Tripathi, Rishikesh (2025): A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Zootaxa 5583 (1): 39-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2
03C868625170F74B95E1FC9FFB2BFCA1.text	03C868625170F74B95E1FC9FFB2BFCA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichothyse karoo Haddad & Sankaran 2025	<div><p>Trichothyse karoo Haddad &amp; Sankaran sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 3, 7, 11, 17, 42–57</p><p>Type material.   Holotype ♂: SOUTH AFRICA: Western Cape: Matjiesfontein, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.409945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.22211" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.409945/lat -33.22211)">Farm Jagerskraal</a>, 33°13’19.6’’S, 20°24’35.8’’E, 975 m a.s.l., 18.X.2015, leg. Z. Mbo (hand collecting, karoo veld) (NCA 2016 /2262).</p><p>Paratypes: SOUTH AFRICA: Western Cape: Laingsburg, Anysberg Nature Reserve, 33°28.454’S, 20°40.696’E, 660 m a.s.l., 8.IX–8.X.2015, leg. Z. Mbo (pitfall traps, riparian woodland),  1♂ (NCA 2016 /2493); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.151249&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.81525" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.151249/lat -33.81525)">Matjiesfontein</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.151249&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.81525" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.151249/lat -33.81525)">Farm Jagerskraal</a>, 33°13’28.6’’S, 20°24’29.8’’E, 995 m a.s.l., 16.X.2015, leg. Z. Mbo (hand collecting, karoo veld),  1♀ (NCA 2016 /2243); Same locality, 33°13’48.1’’S, 20°24’54.4’’E, 1045 m a.s.l., 10.IX– 15.X.2015, leg. Z. Mbo (pitfall traps, open ground),  1♂ (NCA 2016 /2224); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.151249&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.81525" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.151249/lat -33.81525)">Montagu</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.151249&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.81525" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.151249/lat -33.81525)">Les Hauts de Montagu</a>, 33°48’54.9’’S, 20°09’04.5’’E, 360 m a.s.l., VII–XII.2016, leg. W. Jubber (hand collecting),  1♂ (NCA 2017 /521) .</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition referring to the habitat in which it was collected, the Nama Karoo Biome of South Africa.</p><p>Diagnosis. Males of  T. karoo sp. nov. are similar to those of  T. zuluensis comb. nov. in the general structure of the palp but can be distinguished by the different passage of the sperm duct, the more gradual curvature of the embolus (Figs 3–4, 54), and the shorter basal section and the longer/sharper dorsal branch of the RTA in retrolateral view (Figs 7–8, 55). Females of  T. karoo sp. nov. share with  T. fontensis and  T. zuluensis comb. nov. the almost parallel mesal margins of the primary spermathecae but can be distinguished from all their congeners by the presence of a sclerotised posterior mesal ridge that terminates in a small teardrop-shaped atrium centrally in the epigyne (cf. Figs 9, 13, 15, 19 and Figs 56–57).</p><p>Description. Male (holotype, Matjiesfontein, NCA 2016/2262, Figs 42–47). Carapace, clypeus, chelicerae, labium, endites and sternum deep orange-brown (Figs 42–45); legs deep yellow-brown, with black mottling, femora slightly darker than other segments (Figs 46–47); eye field slightly darker than rest of carapace (Figs 43–44); abdomen dark grey dorsally, almost black laterally; spinnerets dark grey; venter creamy-grey. Carapace with faintly darker striae radiating from fovea, densely covered with white appressed hairs, cephalic part, and posterior slope with several stiff, erect black setae. Eye field as in genus description (Figs 43–44). Fovea narrow, longitudinal, straight, dark brown. Anterior surface of cheliceral paturon with numerous long black setae; promargin with low keel ending in small denticle, with additional distal tiny denticle (Fig. 45; arrow); keel continuing along entire length of promargin; retromargin without keel or denticle. Abdomen oval, hirsute; dorsum anteriorly with narrow, shiny brown scutum extending slightly less than ½ abdominal length, with three pairs of distinct oval sigilla, two pairs close together near posterior of scutum, at ⅓ abdomen length, third pair just behind midpoint (Fig. 42). Metatarsi I–II and all tarsi with well-developed complete scopulae (Figs 46–47), on metatarsi III and IV restricted distally. Spinnerets hirsute. Body length 5.40. Carapace 2.60 long, 1.76 wide. Abdomen 3.22 long, 1.80 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.14, AME 0.17, PLE 0.14, PME 0.13; ALE–PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.05, AME–PME 0.16, PME–PLE 0.09, PME–PME 0.10. AME and ALE nearly contiguous. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.12, at ALEs 0.10. Chelicerae 0.83 long. Length of palp and legs: palp 2.10 [0.73, 0.36, 0.23, 0.78], I 5.77 [1.70, 1.05, 1.23, 1.09, 0.70], II 5.53 [1.62, 0.98, 1.19, 1.08, 0.66], III 5.26 [1.56, 0.82, 1.12, 1.13, 0.63], IV 7.01 [1.90, 1.05, 1.43, 1.85, 0.78]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of palp: femur pl 1 do 2, patella pl 1 do 1, tibia pl 1, tarsus plv 1 rlv 1; legs: femur I–II pl 1 do 3, III–IV pl 2 do 3 rl 2; patella I, II, IV spineless, III rl 1; tibia I–II vt 2, III pl 4 rl 2 plv 1 rlv 1 vt 3, IV pl 3 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 1 vt 2; metatarsus I–II plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 4 rl 2 plv 1 rlv 1 vt 3, IV pl 4 rl 4 plv 2 rlv 2 vt 3.</p><p>Palp (Figs 3, 7, 54–55): segments yellow-brown, cymbium darker (Figs 3, 7). RTA with stout base, with slender finger-like ventral branch and slightly shorter sharply pointed triangular dorsal branch (Figs 3, 7, 54–55). Cymbial flange indistinct, approximately half the length of cymbium, smooth along most of its length. Tegulum elongate-oval, sac-like (Figs 3, 54). Conductor membranous, passing behind embolus, with proximal part parallel to embolus and smoothly rounded apex directed retrolaterally (Figs 3, 7, 54–55). Embolus arising prolaterally, then curving retrolaterally at distal part to form a claw-shaped tip, directed at 3-o’clock (Figs 3, 7, 54–55).</p><p>Female (paratype, Matjiesfontein, NCA 2016/2243, Figs 48–53). General aspects essentially as in male except the following: habitus colour lighter than male, legs yellow-brown, with metatarsi and tarsi slightly darker (Figs 48, 52–53). Abdomen without dorsal scutum, with three pairs of distinct oval sigilla, first two pairs at ¼ abdomen length and third pair at ½ abdomen length (Fig. 48). Body length 7.12. Carapace 2.86 long, 1.80 wide. Abdomen 3.91 long, 2.16 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.16, AME 0.17, PLE 0.15, PME 0.14; ALE–PLE 0.13, AME–AME 0.09, AME–PME 0.15, PME–PLE 0.10, PME–PME 0.11. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.11, at ALEs 0.10. Chelicerae 0.95 long. Length of palp and legs: palp 2.24 [0.81, 0.35, 0.36, 0.72], I 6.08 [1.80, 1.10, 1.28, 1.12, 0.78], II 6.03 [1.79, 1.11, 1.28, 1.17, 0.68], III 5.72 [1.65, 0.92, 1.12, 1.23, 0.80], IV 7.41 [2.04, 1.10, 1.57, 1.88, 0.82]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of palp: femur pl 1 do 2, patella pl 1, tibia pl 2 do 1 rl 1 plv 2, tarsus pl 1 rl 1 plv 2 rlv 2 vt 2; legs: femur I pl 1 do 3, II pl 2 do 3, III pl 2 do 3 rl 2, IV pl 1 do 2 rl 1; patella I, II and IV spineless, III pl 1 rl 1; tibia I–II vt 1, III pl 4 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 1 vt 2, IV pl 3 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 1 vt 2; metatarsus I plv 1, II plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 4 rl 3 plv 1 rlv 1 vt 3, IV pl 4 rl 4 plv 2 rlv 2 vt 4.</p><p>Genitalia (Figs 11, 17, 56–57): epigyne originally hirsute, hairs lost during cleaning, with narrow median hourglass-shaped ridge in posterior half formed by posterior lobes, terminating anteriorly in small teardrop-shaped atrium in centre of epigyne (Figs 11, 56; arrow). Copulatory openings indistinct, at posterior edge of posterior lobes. Copulatory ducts very short, partly obscured by primary spermathecae (Figs 17, 57). Primary spermathecae parallel-sided, separated by slightly less than half their width (Figs 17, 57). Paired secondary spermathecae short, globular, partly obscured by primary spermathecae (Figs 17, 57). Fertilization ducts broad, undulating, diverging (Figs 17, 57).</p><p>Variation. Male (n = 4): body length 4.60–6.05, mean 5.28.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from the semi-arid south-western parts of South Africa (Fig. 120).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C868625170F74B95E1FC9FFB2BFCA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Haddad, Charles R.;Tripathi, Rishikesh	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Haddad, Charles R., Tripathi, Rishikesh (2025): A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Zootaxa 5583 (1): 39-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2
03C868625175F74D95E1F8BAFC42FD6B.text	03C868625175F74D95E1F8BAFC42FD6B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichothyse pugnax (O. Pickard-Cambridge 1874) Sankaran & Haddad & Tripathi 2025	<div><p>Trichothyse pugnax (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874) comb. nov.</p><p>Drassus pugnax O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874: 339, plate LII, fig. 25 (holotype ♂: EGYPT: Cairo [30°02’N, 31°14’E], date unknown, leg. O. Pickard-Cambridge, repository OUMNH (B. 254)—not examined).</p><p>Drassus sockniensis Karsch, 1881: 12, plate I, fig. 9.</p><p>Poecilochroa pugnax Simon, 1908: 423; Levy, 1999: 433, figs 10–14; Bosmans &amp; Hervé, 2021: 60, fig. 2d–e.</p><p>Scotophaeus subpugnax Strand, 1908: 62 .</p><p>Poecilochroa lesserti Denis, 1947: 62, plate III, figs 8–10.</p><p>Description. Male and female. For description of the male and female, see Levy (1999).</p><p>Justification of transfer. The illustrations of male and female genitalia provided in Levy (1999: figs 10–14) are diagnostic and were used for comparison. Although we did not examine the types of  P. pugnax, the illustrations of the genitalia provided for this species are consistent with the diagnostic features of male and female  Trichothyse species, in contrast to  Poecilochroa sensu stricto and  Macarophaeus: distomedially originating broad conductor with prolateral bend, apically originating claw-like embolus with broad embolic base, medially contiguous sperm duct with single loop, robust RTA with apical bifurcation, epigyne with a median extension of anterior margin and vulva with short copulatory ducts, large, bean-shaped primary and small secondary spermathecae (cf. Figs 1–20, 54–57, 109–119 and Levy 1999: figs 10–14). Moreover, in the original description, O. Pickard-Cambridge (1874) clearly mentioned that this species has very large AMEs, also indicating its incorrect placement in  Poecilochroa sensu stricto . Based on these observations, we propose the transfer of  P. pugnax to  Trichothyse .</p><p>Distribution. Mediterranean North Africa and Ethiopia (Fig. 120).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C868625175F74D95E1F8BAFC42FD6B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Haddad, Charles R.;Tripathi, Rishikesh	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Haddad, Charles R., Tripathi, Rishikesh (2025): A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Zootaxa 5583 (1): 39-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2
03C868625174F74E95E1FCF1FEF8FEA9.text	03C868625174F74E95E1FCF1FEF8FEA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichothyse subtropica Lawrence 1927	<div><p>Trichothyse subtropica Lawrence, 1927</p><p>Figs 12, 18, 58–63</p><p>Trichothyse subtropica Lawrence, 1927: 15, plate I, fig. 15</p><p>(lectotype ♀, here designated, and paralectotype ♀: NAMIBIA: Kunene River [19°04’S, 14°13’E], III.1923, leg. R.F. Lawrence, SAMC B6143—examined) .</p><p>Remark. The lectotype designated here is the larger of the two females in the type repository. The types are quite obviously faded in colour, and the true colouration of this species is probably consistent with the congeners (re)described in this paper from recently collected material.</p><p>Diagnosis. Among the Afrotropical species, the females of  T. subtropica and  T. hortensis share the convexly shaped primary spermathecae, but  T. subtropica can be recognised by the less strongly curved primary spermathecae, while separated by more than 1.5 times the width in  T. hortensis (cf. Fig. 18 and Fig. 16). Male unknown.</p><p>Description. Female (lectotype, Kunene River, SAMC B6143, Figs 58–63). Carapace, clypeus, chelicerae, labium, endites, sternum, scutum and legs orange-brown (Figs 58–61). Abdomen uniform grey (Fig. 58), anterior lateral spinnerets yellow-brown, posterior, median and lateral spinnerets creamy-grey; carapace with faintly darker striae radiating from fovea, densely covered with white appressed hairs; clypeus and posterior slope provided with numerous erect stiff black setae. Fovea narrow, longitudinal, straight, dark brown. Anterior surface of cheliceral paturon with long black setae, promargin with low keel ending in distal tooth, with small denticle beyond it (Fig. 61; arrow); retromargin with single tiny basal denticle. Abdomen oval, hirsute; dorsum without scutum, with three pairs of distinct oval sigilla, two pairs at ¼ abdomen length and third pair at midpoint (Fig. 58). Metatarsi I–II and all tarsi with well-developed complete scopulae (Figs 62–63), scopulae on metatarsi III and IV restricted distally. Spinnerets hirsute. Body length 12.10. Carapace 4.40 long, 3.14 wide.Abdomen 7.62 long, 4.39 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.26, AME 0.23, PLE 0.19, PME 0.17; ALE–PLE 0.16, AME–AME 0.10, AME–PME 0.25, PME–PLE 0.17, PME–PME 0.21. AME and ALE nearly contiguous. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.19, at ALEs 0.17. Chelicerae 1.48 long. Length of palp and legs: palp 2.93 [1.11, 0.54, 0.50, 0.78], I 8.94 [2.65, 1.70, 1.93, 1.71, 0.95], II 8.92 [2.59, 1.73, 1.89, 1.70, 1.01], III 8.54 [2.55, 1.35, 1.72, 1.93, 0.99], IV 10.66 [2.98, 1.58, 2.28, 2.81, 1.01]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of palp: femur pl 2 do 2, patella pl 1, tibia pl 2 rl 1 rlv 1, tarsus plv 2 rlv 2 vt 2; legs: femur I pl 1 do 3, II pl 2 do 3, III pl 2 do 3 rl 2, IV pl 1 do 3 rl 1; patella I–II spineless, III pl 1 rl 1, IV rl 1; tibia I–II vt 1, III pl 3 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 1 vt 2, IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 2 vt 2; metatarsus I–II plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 3 rl 3 plv 1 rlv 1 vt 3, IV pl 3 rl 3 plv 2 rlv 2 vt 3; tarsus I–IV spineless.</p><p>Genitalia (Figs 12, 18): epigyne hirsute, with paired S-shaped margins forming a broad shallow atrium (Fig. 12; arrow). Copulatory openings indistinct, hidden behind anterior edge of posterior lobes, visible when epigyne is rotated on its longitudinal axis. Copulatory ducts short, and secondary spermathecae entirely obscured by primary spermathecae (Fig. 18). Primary spermathecae convex, forming arrowhead-shaped space between them, separated by less than the width of each spermatheca (Fig. 18). Fertilization ducts narrow, slightly undulating, diverging (Fig. 18).</p><p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality, on the north-western border between Namibia and Angola (Fig. 120).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C868625174F74E95E1FCF1FEF8FEA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Haddad, Charles R.;Tripathi, Rishikesh	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Haddad, Charles R., Tripathi, Rishikesh (2025): A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Zootaxa 5583 (1): 39-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2
03C868625177F75195E1F9F2FB91FF4D.text	03C868625177F75195E1F9F2FB91FF4D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichothyse zuluensis (Lawrence 1938) Sankaran & Haddad & Tripathi 2025	<div><p>Trichothyse zuluensis (Lawrence, 1938) comb. nov.</p><p>Figs 4, 8, 13, 19, 64–75</p><p>Xerophaeus zuluensis Lawrence, 1938: 479, fig. 14; Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2021: 63, figs 1–4</p><p>(holotype ♀: SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.083334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.083334/lat -28.616667)">Nkandhla</a> [28°37’S, 31°05’E], I.1937, leg. R.F. Lawrence, NMSA 1400 —examined from photographs)  .</p><p>Other material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve, Banzi Pan, 26°53’03’’S, 32°17’13’’E, 35 m a.s.l., 7.XII.2018, leg. C. Haddad, R. Booysen &amp; J. Neethling (canopy fogging,  Spirostachys africana), 1♂ (NCA 2019 /215); Same data but leg. C. Haddad &amp; R. Booysen (under bark of  Ficus sycomorus), 1♀ (NCA 2019 /175); Same locality, SW shore of Banzi Pan, 26°53’07’’S, 32°16’55’’E, 17.VI.2005, leg. C. Haddad ( Vachellia xanthophloea bark), 1♂ 1♀ (NCA 2014 /1255); Same data but 23.I.2006, 1♀ (NCA 2014 /1274); Same locality, Crocodile Farm, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.20667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.875" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.20667/lat -26.875)">Pongola 
River</a> Floodplain, 26°54’25’’S, 32°19’11’’E, 24.I.2006, leg. C. Haddad ( V. xanthophloea bark), 2♀ (NCA 2014 /1478); Same locality, S shore of Hotwe Pan, 26°52’43’’S, 32°18’27’’E, 10.VII.2004, leg. C. Haddad ( V. xanthophloea bark), 2♂ (NCA 2014 /1293); Same data but 7.II.2005, 4♀, together with 1♂  T. fontensis (NCA 2014 /1317); Same data but 22.VI.2005, 1♀ (NCA 2014 /1334); Same data but 27.I.2006, 5♀ (NCA 2014 /1306); Same locality, W shore of Nyamiti Pan, 26°53’46’’S, 32°16’33’’E, 10.VII.2004, leg. C. Haddad ( V. xanthophloea bark), 2♂ 2♀ (NCA 2014 /1149); Same data but 6.II.2005, 1♀ (NCA 2014 /1167); Same data but 19.VI.2005, 2♀ (NCA 2014 /1183); Same data but 4.XII.2015, 5♀ (NCA 2016 /2117); Same locality, Nyamiti Pan, 26°53’21’’S, 32°17’42’’E, 53 m a.s.l., 17.X.2020, leg. R. Booysen &amp; R. Steenkamp (hand collecting), 1♀ (NCA 2020 /857); Same locality, E shore of Shokwe Pan, 26°52’30’’S, 32°12’24’’E, 13.VII.2004, leg. C. Haddad ( V. xanthophloea bark), 1♂ (NCA 2014 /1350); Same data but 6.II.2005, 1♀ (NCA 2014 /1370).</p><p>Diagnosis. Males of  T. zuluensis comb. nov. closely resemble those of  T. karoo sp. nov. but can be distinguished by the different passage of the sperm duct, the sharper bend of the embolus (Figs 3–4), the longer basal section of the RTA (approximately the same length as the dorsal branch), and the shorter, stouter dorsal branch of the RTA in retrolateral view (Figs 7–8). Females of  T. zuluensis comb. nov. have almost parallel mesal margins of the primary spermathecae, as do  T. karoo sp. nov., but can be distinguished from it by the heart-shaped atrium being placed at posterior middle of the epigyne (cf. Figs 13, 19 and Figs 11, 17; also see Lawrence 1938: fig. 14).</p><p>Description. Male (Ndumo, NCA 2021/1255, Figs 64–69). Carapace and chelicerae dark brown, labium, endites, sternum, scutum and legs orange-brown (Figs 64, 67–69); legs with faint black mottling, femora darker and tarsi paler than patellae, tibiae and metatarsi. Abdomen dark grey, spinnerets dark brown; carapace with faintly darker striae radiating from fovea, densely covered with white appressed hairs, with stiff erect black setae in eye region, along midline and on posterior slope. Fovea narrow, longitudinal, straight, dark brown. Anterior surface of cheliceral paturon with long black setae, promargin with low undulating keel ending in blunt distal tooth (Fig. 67; arrow); retromargin without denticle. Abdomen oval, hirsute, with deep orange-brown oval dorsal scutum extending slightly more than ⅓ abdomen length (Fig. 64); three pairs of distinct sigilla, first and second pairs at ⅓ abdomen length, on posterior margin of scutum, third pair slightly beyond midpoint (Fig. 64). Metatarsi I–II and all tarsi with well-developed complete scopulae (Figs 68–69), scopulae on metatarsi III and IV restricted distally. Spinnerets hirsute. Body length 8.20. Carapace 3.75 long, 2.55 wide. Abdomen 4.60 long, 2.53 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.17, AME 0.21, PLE 0.17, PME 0.16; ALE–PLE 0.13, AME–AME 0.17, AME–PME 0.17, PME–PLE 0.10, PME–PME 0.15. AME and ALE nearly contiguous. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.14, at ALEs 0.16. Chelicerae 1.32 long. Length of palp and legs: palp 3.37 [1.18, 0.52, 0.45, 1.22], I 8.45 [2.55, 1.39, 1.90, 1.73, 0.88], II 8.43 [2.32, 1.62, 1.87, 1.70, 0.92], III 8.06 [2.20, 1.30, 1.70, 1.88, 0.98], IV 9.84 [2.33, 1.52, 2.23, 2.76, 1.00]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of palp: femur pl 2 do 2, patella and tibia spineless, tarsus plv 1 rlv 2; legs: femur I pl 1 do 3, II pl 2 do 3, III pl 2 do 3 rl 2, IV pl 1 do 3 rl 2; patella I, II and IV spineless, III pl 1 rl 1; tibia I–II plv 1 vt 1, III pl 4 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 1 vt 2, IV pl 3 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 1 vt 1; metatarsus I–II plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 4 rl 2 plv 1 rlv 1 vt 4, IV pl 4 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 2 vt 3.</p><p>Palp (Figs 4, 8): segments brown, cymbium darker (Fig. 4). RTA with stout base, with straight finger-like ventral branch directed almost vertically and markedly shorter, sharply pointed triangular dorsal branch (Figs 4, 8). Cymbial flange indistinct, approximately half the length of cymbium, smooth along most of its length. Tegulum oval, sac-like (Fig. 4). Conductor membranous, passing behind embolus, with proximal section parallel to embolus, bending at right angle, apex smoothly rounded and directed at 3-o’clock (Figs 4, 8). Embolus arising apically, base parallel-sided and initially directed at 10-o’clock, with sharp bend to spike-like tip, directed at 1-o’clock (Figs 4, 8).</p><p>Female (Ndumo, NCA 2020/857, Figs 70–75). Similar to male except the following: carapace and chelicerae brown, labium, endites, sternum and legs yellow-brown (Figs 70, 73–75); legs covered in faint black mottling, all metatarsi and tarsi I and II slightly darker than other segments; palps similar but tarsi darker. Abdomen mottled grey, spinnerets yellow-brown. Cheliceral promargin with low keel ending in distal tooth, with small denticle beyond it (Fig. 73; arrow); retromargin without denticle. Abdomen oval, hirsute (Fig. 70), with three pairs of distinct oval sigilla, two pairs at ⅓ abdomen length and third pair just beyond midpoint (Fig. 70). Body length 8.10. Carapace 2.84 long, 1.99 wide. Abdomen 5.20 long, 2.83 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.16, AME 0.19, PLE 0.14, PME 0.12; ALE–PLE 0.10, AME–AME 0.05, AME–PME 0.13, PME–PLE 0.10, PME–PME 0.14. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.10, at ALEs 0.09. Chelicerae 1.25 long. Length of palp and legs: palp 2.11 [0.65, 0.37, 0.36, 0.73], I 6.00 [1.88, 1.08, 1.23, 1.13, 0.68], II 5.97 [1.80, 1.05, 1.24, 1.17, 0.71], III 5.71 [1.67, 0.90, 1.12, 1.30, 0.72], IV 7.59 [2.15, 1.13, 1.59, 1.94, 0.78]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of palp: femur pl 1 do 2, patella pl 1 do 1, tibia pl 2 rl 2 plv 1, tarsus pl 1 rl 1 plv 2 rlv 2 vt 2; legs: femur I pl 1 do 3, II pl 2 do 3, III pl 2 do 3 rl 2, IV pl 1 do 3 rl 1; patella I, II and IV spineless, III pl 1 rl 1; tibia I–II plv 1 vt 1, III pl 4 rl 2 vt 2, IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 1 vt 2; metatarsus I plv 1, II plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 2 rl 2 plv 1 rlv 1 vt 3, IV pl 5 rl 4 plv 2 rlv 2 vt 3.</p><p>Genitalia (Figs 13, 19): epigyne hirsute, with paired comma-shaped ridges posteriorly, forming small heart-shaped atrium (Fig. 13; arrow). Copulatory openings indistinct, hidden in lateral edge of atrium. Copulatory ducts short, hidden behind primary spermathecae (Fig. 19). Paired secondary spermathecae globose, partly obscured by primary spermathecae (Fig. 19). Primary spermathecae parallel-sided, close together, with angular anteromesal ends (Fig. 19). Fertilization ducts narrow, curved, diverging (Fig. 19).</p><p>Variation. Male (n = 7): body length 7.50–9.70, mean 8.33. Female (n = 27): body length 5.70–10.20, mean 7.95.</p><p>Justification of transfer. The type and fresh material of  X. zuluensis is consistent in somatic and genitalic morphology with the other species of  Trichothyse (re)described in this paper, and shows considerable differences to  Xerophaeus Purcell, 1907, an entirely African genus with large gnaphosids generally&gt; 8 mm in length (see Tucker 1923 and Murphy 2007). Most  Xerophaeus have shorter, stouter legs, are grey in colour, have a simple RTA, a long slender conductor and embolus, and an epigyne with a pronounced anterior hood or tongue-like scape (see Tucker 1923 and Dippenaar-Schoeman et al. 2021), traits inconsistent with the species examined here. We thus propose its transfer from  Xerophaeus to  Trichothyse .</p><p>Distribution. Known only from northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (Fig. 120).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C868625177F75195E1F9F2FB91FF4D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Haddad, Charles R.;Tripathi, Rishikesh	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Haddad, Charles R., Tripathi, Rishikesh (2025): A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Zootaxa 5583 (1): 39-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2
03C868625168F75395E1F9B4FE43FD78.text	03C868625168F75395E1F9B4FE43FD78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichothyse africana (Tucker 1923)	<div><p>‘  Trichothyse ’ africana (Tucker, 1923)</p><p>Figs 14, 20, 76–89</p><p>Latonigena africana Tucker, 1923: 383, plate XI, fig. 83 (holotype ♀: SOUTH AFRICA: Western Cape:  Ceres [33°24’S, 19°17’E], I.1917, leg. R.W. Tucker, SAMC B3448—not examined).</p><p>‘  Latonigena ’ africanus Murphy, 2007: 52, figs 358–359.</p><p>Trichothyse africana Ott et al., 2012: 238; Lissner &amp; Chatzaki, 2016: 17, figs 2D, 4F; Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2021: 27, figs 1–4.</p><p>Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Free State: Fouriesburg district, Wyndford Guest Farm, 28°41’17’’S, 28°13’44’’E, 1826 m a.s.l., 7.VI.2014, leg. P. Webb (hand collecting), 1♂ (NCA 2016 /1194); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.22889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.688055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.22889/lat -28.688055)">Wepener district</a>, Farm Dereham, 29°52’45’’S, 27°04’47’’E, 1515 m a.s.l., 2.I.2021, leg. C. Haddad (in grass tussocks, grazed grassland), 1♀ (NCA 2021 /1602). Northern Cape: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.303888&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.677776" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.303888/lat -28.677776)">Rooipoort Nature Reserve</a>, 28°40’40’’S, 24°18’14’’E, 18–23.III.2013, leg. R. Lyle, P. Lyle, P. Webb &amp; M. Stiller (night collecting), 1♀ (NCA 2016 /1210).</p><p>Remarks. A widespread species recorded from seven of the nine South African provinces, as well as Mozambique (Dippenaar-Schoeman et al. 2021),  T. africana was originally described from the Matroosberg Mountains near Ceres in the Western Cape (Tucker 1923). The relationships of the species remain obscure as the male has not yet been described, although we provide images of it (Figs 76–83). Even though the species shares a variety of characters with other members of  Trichothyse, including a male dorsal abdominal scutum (Fig. 76), the scopulated anterior parts of metatarsi and tarsi (Figs 80, 88), and females with a keel on the cheliceral promargin (Fig. 87), males differ in several respects: 1) cheliceral promargin with distinct teeth and not a keel (Fig. 79); 2) absence of a curved distal membranous conductor (Figs 82–83); 3) palp with a simple RTA without an additional protuberance on its dorsal surface (Figs 82–83); 4) clearly different embolus shape, with sharp and angular sclerotisations terminating apically (Figs 82–83); 5) presence of a distinct hooked median apophysis, positioned close to the embolus (Figs 82–83); 6) lack of a tooth on the cheliceral retromargin in females (Fig. 87), although present in males (Fig. 79); 7) narrow sperm duct in the male palp (Figs 82–83); and 8) habitus of yellow-brown colouration (Figs 76, 84).</p><p>Considering the groupings proposed by Murphy (2007),  T. africana clearly belongs to the “  Echemus group” of genera, but its affinities and possible placement remain unclear. If it represents a new genus, such a description would wait pending further taxonomic investigation, including related undescribed species, and stronger support, including molecular data.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C868625168F75395E1F9B4FE43FD78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Haddad, Charles R.;Tripathi, Rishikesh	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Haddad, Charles R., Tripathi, Rishikesh (2025): A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Zootaxa 5583 (1): 39-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2
03C86862516DF75495E1FF1EFF24FCBF.text	03C86862516DF75495E1FF1EFF24FCBF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichothyse furcata (Simon 1914) Sankaran & Haddad & Tripathi 2025	<div><p>Trichothyse furcata (Simon, 1914) comb. nov.</p><p>Poecilochroa furcata Simon, 1914: 184, 221, figs 393–394; Di Franco, 2001: 203, figs 3–4 (holotype ♂: FRANCE: Provence [44°00’N, 06°12’E], date and collector unknown, MNHN—not examined.</p><p>Description. Male. For redescription of the male, see Di Franco (2001).</p><p>Female. Unknown.</p><p>Justification of transfer. The illustrations of the palp provided in Simon (1914: fig. 393) and Di Franco (2001: figs 3–4) are diagnostic and were used for comparison. Even though we did not examine the holotype of  P. furcata, the original illustrations of the palp of this species are consistent with the diagnostic features of male  Trichothyse species, in contrast to  Poecilochroa sensu stricto and  Macarophaeus: distomedially originating broad conductor with prolateral fold, apically originating claw-like embolus with broad embolic base, medially contiguous sperm duct with single loop and robust RTA with apical bifurcation (cf. Di Franco 2001: figs 3–4 and Figs 1–8, 54–55, 109–112, 116–117). We therefore propose the transfer of  P. furcata to  Trichothyse .</p><p>Distribution. Recorded from three countries in Mediterranean Europe, i.e. France, Greece, and Italy (Fig. 121).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C86862516DF75495E1FF1EFF24FCBF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Haddad, Charles R.;Tripathi, Rishikesh	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Haddad, Charles R., Tripathi, Rishikesh (2025): A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Zootaxa 5583 (1): 39-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2
03C86862516DF75495E1FC9DFB89FAEB.text	03C86862516DF75495E1FC9DFB89FAEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichothyse golan (Levy 1999) Sankaran & Haddad & Tripathi 2025	<div><p>Trichothyse golan (Levy, 1999) comb. nov.</p><p>Poecilochroa golan Levy, 1999: 435, figs 15–16 (holotype ♀: ISRAEL:  Golan Heights: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.75/lat 33.0)">Boqa’ata Forest</a> [33°00’N, 35°45’E], 1.VII.1973, leg. G. Levy, HUJ 14733—not examined.</p><p>Macarophaeus golan (Levy): Wunderlich, 2011: 46.</p><p>Description. Female. For description of the female, see Levy (1999).</p><p>Male. Unknown.</p><p>Justification of transfer. The illustrations of the female genitalia provided in Levy (1999: figs 15–16) are diagnostic and were used for comparison. Although we could not examine the holotype of  P. golan, the illustrations of the female genitalia of this species are diagnostic and present all typical features of the female  Trichothyse species: epigyne with median extension and vulva with short copulatory ducts, large, bean-shaped primary and small secondary spermathecae (cf. Levy 1999: figs 15–16 and Figs 9–20, 56–57, 119). Based on the similarity in genitalic structure of this species to  Trichothyse, we propose the transfer of  P. golan .</p><p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Israel in western Asia (Fig. 121).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C86862516DF75495E1FC9DFB89FAEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Haddad, Charles R.;Tripathi, Rishikesh	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Haddad, Charles R., Tripathi, Rishikesh (2025): A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Zootaxa 5583 (1): 39-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2
03C86862516DF75595E1FA71FB7DFEA9.text	03C86862516DF75595E1FA71FB7DFEA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichothyse hamipalpis (Kroneberg 1875) Sankaran & Haddad & Tripathi 2025	<div><p>Trichothyse hamipalpis (Kroneberg, 1875) comb. nov.</p><p>Melanophora hamipalpis Kroneberg, 1875: 24, plate II, fig. 3.</p><p>Leptodrassus hamipalpis (Kroneberg): Simon, 1893: 363.</p><p>Echemus hamipalpis (Kroneberg): Dalmas, 1919: 250.</p><p>Poecilochroa hamipalpis (Kroneberg): Fomichev &amp; Marusik, 2021: 448, figs 22–29.</p><p>Remarks. The repository of the type (s) is unknown. They are not in the Zoological Museum of the Moscow State University (Mikhailov 2018), in whose journal the species was described (Kroneberg 1875), nor were they mentioned in subsequent taxonomic papers published since its description (Simon 1893; Dalmas 1919; Fomichev &amp; Marusik 2021). The illustrations of the palp provided in Fomichev &amp; Marusik (2021: figs 22–27) are diagnostic and were used for comparison.</p><p>Description. Male. For description of the male, see Fomichev &amp; Marusik (2021).</p><p>Female. Unknown.</p><p>Justification of transfer. Although we could not examine the holotype of  P. hamipalpis, the illustrations of the palp provided for this species are diagnostic and present all typical features of the male  Trichothyse species: distomedially originating broad conductor with prolateral fold, apically originating claw-like embolus with broad embolic base, medially contiguous sperm duct with single loop, and robust RTA with apical bifurcation (cf. Fomichev &amp; Marusik 2021: figs 22–27 and Figs 1–8, 54–55, 109–112, 116–117). Based on the similarity in genitalic structure and somatic morphology of this species to  Trichothyse, we propose the transfer of  P. hamipalpis .</p><p>Distribution. Known only from Tajikistan and Uzbekistan in western Asia (Fig. 121).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C86862516DF75595E1FA71FB7DFEA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Haddad, Charles R.;Tripathi, Rishikesh	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Haddad, Charles R., Tripathi, Rishikesh (2025): A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Zootaxa 5583 (1): 39-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2
03C86862516CF75595E1FEABFB66FCD9.text	03C86862516CF75595E1FEABFB66FCD9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichothyse ilkerakkusi (Cosar, Danisman & Marusik 2024) Sankaran & Haddad & Tripathi 2025	<div><p>Trichothyse ilkerakkusi (Coşar, Danişman &amp; Marusik, 2024) comb. nov.</p><p>Poecilochroa ilkerakkusi Coşar, Danişman &amp; Marusik, 2024: 120, figs 5C–F, 7A–E, 8A–D (holotype ♂: TURKEY: Kahramanmaraş Province: Andirin Dist.: Emirler Vill.: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=36.44625&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.61758" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 36.44625/lat 37.61758)">Kanliböget</a> promenade [37°37’03.3’’N, 36°26’46.5’’E; 951 m a.s.l.], 29.VI.2020, leg. Danişman &amp; I. Coşar, KUAM (no registration number specified)—not examined.</p><p>Description. Male. For description of the male, see Coşar et al. (2024).</p><p>Female. Unknown.</p><p>Justification of transfer. Although we could not examine the holotype of  P. ilkerakkusi, the illustrations of the palp of this species are diagnostic, and present all typical features of the male  Trichothyse species: distomedially originating broad conductor with prolateral fold, apically originating claw-like embolus with broad embolic base, medially contiguous sperm duct with single loop, and robust RTA with apical bifurcation (cf. Coşar et al. 2024: figs 5C–F, 8A–D and Figs 1–8, 54–55, 109–112, 116–117). Based on the similarity in genitalic structure and somatic morphology of this species to  Trichothyse, we propose the transfer of  P. ilkerakkusi .</p><p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Turkey in western Asia (Fig. 121).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C86862516CF75595E1FEABFB66FCD9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Haddad, Charles R.;Tripathi, Rishikesh	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Haddad, Charles R., Tripathi, Rishikesh (2025): A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Zootaxa 5583 (1): 39-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2
03C86862516CF75A95E1FC7BFB65FC7D.text	03C86862516CF75A95E1FC7BFB65FC7D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichothyse jodhpurensis (Gajbe 1993) Sankaran & Haddad & Tripathi 2025	<div><p>Trichothyse jodhpurensis (Gajbe, 1993) comb. nov.</p><p>Figs 90–119</p><p>Megamyrmecion jodhpurensis Gajbe, 1993: 231, figs 1–5 (lapsus) (holotype ♀ and 2♀ paratypes: INDIA: Rajasthan: Jodhpur: Sangariya/Sangriya [26°11’N, 73°01’E], 3.VIII.1962, leg. Motilal, NZC-ZSI (no register number specified), examined (holotype and paratype images are provided in Sankaran &amp; Caleb (2021)—not re-examined).</p><p>Poecilochroa jodhpurense (Gajbe): Sankaran &amp; Caleb, 2021: 548, figs 44–46, 49–51.</p><p>Material examined. INDIA: Rajasthan: Jaisalmer, Thar Desert, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=71.42777&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.7525" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 71.42777/lat 26.7525)">Desert National Park
Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=71.42777&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.7525" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 71.42777/lat 26.7525)">Gajaimata area</a> (26°40’28’’N, 70°34’17’’E, 205 m a.s.l.), 30.IV.2018, leg. R. Tripathi &amp; A.K. Jangid (from ground, by hand), 1♂ (ZSI /WGRC/IR.-INV.27841); Same data as previous except <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=71.42777&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.7525" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 71.42777/lat 26.7525)">Sudasari area</a> (26°40’07’’N, 70°36’31’’E, 219 m a.s.l.), 8.V.2018, 2♂ 2♀ (ZSI /WGRC/IR.-INV.27842, 27843, 27844 and 27845 respectively); Same data as previous except <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=71.42777&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.7525" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 71.42777/lat 26.7525)">Rasla area</a> (26°45’09’’N, 71°25’40’’E, 269 m a.s.l.), 15.V.2018, 1♀ (ZSI /WGRC/IR.-INV.27846).</p><p>Diagnosis. Males of  T. jodhpurensis comb. nov. are similar to those of  T. furcata comb. nov. in the general aspects of its palp, but can be distinguished from the latter by the short, stout prolateral and globular retrolateral branches of the RTA in retrolateral view (vs. long, narrow prolateral and thumb-like retrolateral branches in  T. furcata comb. nov.) (cf. Figs 109–112, 116–117 and Di Franco 2001: figs 3–4). Females are similar to those of  T. pugnax comb. nov., as both have an epigynal posterior border line with a median notch and bean-shaped primary spermathecae, but can be distinguished from the latter by angular anterior part of the median extension (vs. widely oval in  T. pugnax comb. nov.), and the secondary spermathecae with oval heads (vs. globular in  T. pugnax comb. nov.) (cf. Figs 113–115, 118–119 and Levy 1999: figs 13–14).</p><p>Description. Male (Gajaimata area, ZSI/WGRC/IR.-INV.27841, Figs 90–99). Carapace, clypeus, chelicerae, labium, endites, sternum, scutum and legs brown, eye field slightly darker than carapace, abdomen ash-grey with indistinct median longitudinal black stripe, spinnerets olive brown; carapace with faintly darker striae radiating from fovea, densely covered with white appressed hairs, cephalic part provided with few stiff black setae medially (Fig. 94). Fovea narrow, longitudinal, straight, red-brown (Fig. 90). Cheliceral promargin with long black setae, with low keel and denticle (Fig. 95; arrow); retromargin without long setae, keel or denticle (Fig. 96). Abdomen oval, hirsute (Fig. 90); dorsal abdomen anteriorly with short, inverted triangular-shaped scutum, with four distinct sigilla, two circular and remaining two rice grain-shaped (Fig. 90). Metatarsi I–II and all tarsi with well-developed scopulae, scopulae on tarsi complete, those on metatarsi restricted distally (Figs 98–99). Spinnerets hirsute (Fig. 97). Body length 3.72. Carapace 1.55 long, 1.11 wide. Abdomen 2.14 long, 1.23 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.07, AME 0.12, PLE 0.08, PME 0.08; ALE–PLE 0.05, AME–AME 0.05, AME–PME 0.10, PME–PLE 0.03, PME–PME 0.06. AME and ALE nearly contiguous. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.09, at ALEs 0.08. Chelicerae 0.44 long. Length of palp and legs: palp 1.28 [0.51, 0.18, 0.16, 0.43], I 3.18 [0.99, 0.48, 0.74, 0.54, 0.43], II 2.92 [0.92, 0.39, 0.68, 0.54, 0.39], III 3.03 [0.91, 0.40, 0.60, 0.66, 0.46], IV 3.94 [1.10, 0.50, 0.85, 1.01, 0.48]. Leg formula: 4132. Spination of palp: femur pld 1 do 2, patella pld 1, tibia rld 1, tarsus/cymbium pl 1 rl 2; legs: femur I–II pl 1 do 2, III–IV pld 2 do 3 rld 2; patella I–II spineless, III–IV pld 1 rld 1; tibia I–II plv 2 rlv 1, III pl 2 rl 3 plv 2 rlv 2, IV pl 1 rl 2 pld 1 rld 2 plv 3 rlv 3; metatarsus I–II plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 2 rl 1 pld 3 rld 2 plv 2 rlv 2, IV pl 1 rl 2 pld 3 rld 3 plv 3 rlv 3; tarsus I–IV spineless.</p><p>Palp (Figs 109–112, 116–117): segments brown. RTA rod-shaped, nearly half the length of cymbium, with small, stout prolateral and roughly globular retrolateral branches (Figs 109–112, 116–117). Cymbial flange nearly half of length of cymbium, anteriorly with serration-like modification (Figs 109, 116). Tegulum elongate-oval, sac-like (Figs 109, 116). Conductor membranous, with slight median curvature, flat distal part wrapping embolus, proximal part lying parallel to embolus, and smoothly rounded apex directed at 2-o’ clock ventrally (Figs 109–110, 116–117). Embolus arising apically, narrow, claw-like, lying adjacent to conductor, slightly curved retrolaterally, with tip directed at 1-o’ clock ventrally, with broad embolic base (Figs 109–110, 116–117).</p><p>Female (Sudasari area, ZSI/WGRC/IR.-INV.27844, Figs 100–108). General aspects essentially as in male except the following: habitus colour lighter than male. Carapace with randomly arranged black stiff setae. Dorsal abdomen without scutum, with six sigilla (Fig. 100). Body length 4.69. Carapace 2.09 long, 1.51 wide. Abdomen 2.57 long, 1.73 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.08, AME 0.13, PLE 0.09, PME 0.09; ALE–PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.06, AME–PME 0.13, PME–PLE 0.06, PME–PME 0.09. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.10, at ALEs 0.09. Length of chelicerae 0.68. Length of palp and legs: palp 1.51 [0.50, 0.23, 0.30, 0.48], I 4.01 [1.28, 0.68, 0.87, 0.70, 0.48], II 3.88 [1.21, 0.55, 0.86, 0.74, 0.52], III 3.92 [1.21, 0.53, 0.78, 0.80, 0.60], IV 5.17 [1.50, 0.61, 1.13, 1.32, 0.61]. Leg formula: 4132. Spination of palp: femur do 2, tibia do 2 rld 1, tarsus pl 1 do 2 rlv 1; legs: femur I pl 1 do 3, II pl 2 do 3, III do 1 plv 2 rlv 2, IV do 3 pld 1 rld 1; patella III rld 1; tibia I plv 1 rlv 1, II plv 2, III pl 1 rl 2 pld 1 rld 2 plv 2 rlv 3, IV pl 1 rl 3 pld 1 rld 1 plv 3 rlv 3; metatarsus I–II plv 1, III pl 1 rl 2 pld 3 rld 2 plv 3 rlv 3, IV pl 2 rl 2 pld 2 rld 3 plv 3 rlv 3.</p><p>Genitalia (Figs 113–115, 118–119): epigyne hirsute, less sclerotised, with weakly notched posterior border line, with median extension having broad angular posterior and narrow anterior parts, with large, median atrium (Figs 113–114, 118). Copulatory openings lie at lateral rims of atrium. Copulatory ducts slightly wavy (Fig. 119). Primary spermathecae bean-shaped, lying parallel to each other (Figs 115, 119). Paired secondary spermathecae short, parallel to each other, with oval heads, which were erroneously interpreted in Sankaran &amp; Caleb (2021) as copulatory ducts (Figs 115, 119). Fertilization ducts narrow, diverging (Fig. 119).</p><p>Variation. Male (n = 3): body length 3.32–3.72. Female (n = 3): body length 4.69–5.30.</p><p>Justification of transfer. An examination of the types of  M. jodhpurensis in a recent paper (Sankaran &amp; Caleb 2021) showed that it has all the diagnostic features of female  Trichothyse species, although at the time the association with this genus was unclear due to its geographical range. Recently collected male and female specimens of this species confirmed its similarity with  Trichothyse species: distomedially originating broad conductor with prolateral fold, apically originating claw-like embolus with broad embolic base, medially contiguous sperm duct with single loop, robust RTA with apical bifurcation, epigyne with median extension, and vulva with short copulatory ducts, large, bean-shaped primary and small secondary spermathecae (cf. Figs 1–20, 54–57, Figs 109–119 and Sankaran &amp; Caleb 2021: figs 49–51). Based on these observations, we propose transferring  P. jodhpurensis to  Trichothyse .</p><p>Distribution. Known from the Jaisalmer and Jodhpur districts of Rajasthan (Fig. 121).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C86862516CF75A95E1FC7BFB65FC7D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Haddad, Charles R.;Tripathi, Rishikesh	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Haddad, Charles R., Tripathi, Rishikesh (2025): A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Zootaxa 5583 (1): 39-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2
03C868625162F75B95E1FB02FBE3F95E.text	03C868625162F75B95E1FB02FBE3F95E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichothyse loricata (Kritscher 1996) Sankaran & Haddad & Tripathi 2025	<div><p>Trichothyse loricata (Kritscher, 1996) comb. nov.</p><p>Poecilochroa loricata Kritscher, 1996: 143, fig. 7 (holotype and paratypes ♂: FRANCE: Malta: east of Marsaxlokk [35°50’N, 14°32’E, 1 m a.s.l.], 08.VI.1990, leg. Erich Kritscher &amp; Karl Bilek, NHMW—not examined); Bauer 2022: 97, figs 1a–e, 2a–c.</p><p>Description. Male. For description of the male, see Bauer (2022).</p><p>Female. Unknown.</p><p>Justification of transfer. Holotype images are provided in Bauer (2022: fig. 1) and were used for comparison. These figures are consistent with the palps of male  Trichothyse species: distomedially originating broad conductor with prolateral fold, apically originating claw-like embolus (but lacks a broad base as per the illustrations referred to here), medially contiguous sperm duct with single loop, and robust RTA with apical bifurcation (cf. Bauer 2022: figs 1c–e, 2a–c and Simon 1914: fig. 398, Fage 1929: fig. 1, Di Franco 2001: figs 3–4, Levy 1999: fig. 10, 2009: fig. 45, Fomichev &amp; Marusik 2021: fig. 23 and Figs 109–110, 112, 116–117 herein). We therefore propose the transfer of  P. loricata to  Trichothyse .</p><p>Distribution. Known only from Malta in Mediterranean Europe (Fig. 121).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C868625162F75B95E1FB02FBE3F95E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Haddad, Charles R.;Tripathi, Rishikesh	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Haddad, Charles R., Tripathi, Rishikesh (2025): A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Zootaxa 5583 (1): 39-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2
03C868625162F75C95E1F8F2FBD6FE65.text	03C868625162F75C95E1F8F2FBD6FE65.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichothyse perversa (Simon 1914) Sankaran & Haddad & Tripathi 2025	<div><p>Trichothyse perversa (Simon, 1914) comb. nov.</p><p>Poecilochroa perversa Simon, 1914: 184, 221, figs 395–396 (syntype ♂: FRANCE: date and collector unknown, repository unknown, probably MNHN—not examined).</p><p>Description. Male. For description of the male, see Simon (1914).</p><p>Female. Unknown.</p><p>Justification of transfer. The illustration of the palp provided in Simon (1914: fig. 395) is diagnostic and was used for comparison. Even though we did not examine the type of  P. perversa, the original illustration of the RTA of the male palp of this species shows that it has a robust RTA with an apical bifurcation, as seen in all known male  Trichothyse species, in contrast to  Poecilochroa sensu stricto and  Macarophaeus (cf. Simon 1914: fig. 395 and Simon 1914: fig. 398, Fage 1929: fig. 1, Di Franco 2001: figs 3–4, Levy 1999: fig. 10, 2009: fig. 45, Fomichev &amp; Marusik 2021: fig. 23, and Figs 109–110, 112, 116–117 herein). We therefore propose the transfer of  P. perversa to  Trichothyse .</p><p>Distribution. Known only from France in Mediterranean Europe (Fig. 121).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C868625162F75C95E1F8F2FBD6FE65	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Haddad, Charles R.;Tripathi, Rishikesh	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Haddad, Charles R., Tripathi, Rishikesh (2025): A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Zootaxa 5583 (1): 39-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2
03C868625165F75C95E1FDE3FB8FFAFD.text	03C868625165F75C95E1FDE3FB8FFAFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichothyse poonaensis (Tikader 1982) Sankaran & Haddad & Tripathi 2025	<div><p>Trichothyse poonaensis (Tikader, 1982) comb. nov.</p><p>Phaeocedus poonaensis Tikader, 1982: 362, figs 158–163 (holotype ♀: INDIA: Maharashtra: Pune: Sakal Nagar near  Pune University [18°32’49.83’’N, 73°49’12.79’’E, 582 m a.s.l.], 22.III.1975, leg. U.A. Gajbe, NZC-ZSI (4493/18), examined (holotype images are provided in Sankaran et al. (2020) —not re-examined).</p><p>Poecilochroa taborensis Levy, 1999: 436, figs 17–18, 2009: 20, figs 44–46; Lissner &amp; Chatzaki, 2016: 17, figs 1, 2A–C, 3A–D, 4A–E, 5A–C, 6A–D; Sankaran et al., 2020: 1329, fig. 3a–c.</p><p>Macarophaeus sabulum Wunderlich, 2011: 49, fig. 68h–i, 2012: 187, figs 8–11.</p><p>Macarophaeus taborensis Wunderlich, 2017: 315 .</p><p>Poecilochroa poonaensis (Tikader): Sankaran et al., 2021: 3003; Domènech et al., 2023: 160, fig. 1A–D; Bosmans &amp; Gavalas, 2023: 50, fig. 25A–C.</p><p>Description. Male and female. For description of the male and female, see Levy (1999, 2009) and Sankaran et al. (2020).</p><p>Justification of transfer. An examination of the holotype of  P. poonaensis in a recent paper (Sankaran et al. 2020), as well as good illustrations of male and female genitalia available in Levy (1999: figs 17–18, 2009: figs 44–45), Domènech et al. (2023: fig. 1A–B) and Bosmans &amp; Gavalas (2023: fig. 25B–C), showed that it has all of the diagnostic features of  Trichothyse species, although at the time the association with this genus was unclear due to its distribution range. The male palp is typical of male  Trichothyse species, as described for  T. antineae comb. nov. above, and the epigyne has a small median atrium, as well as a vulva with features as described for  T. jodhpurensis comb. nov. above (cf. Figs 1–20, 54–57, 109–119 and Levy 1999: figs 17–18, 2009: 44–45). Based on the similarity in genitalic structure and somatic morphology of this species to  Trichothyse, we propose the transfer of  P. poonaensis to  Trichothyse .</p><p>Distribution. Known from Cyprus, Greece, India, Israel, Portugal, Spain (Fig. 121).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C868625165F75C95E1FDE3FB8FFAFD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Haddad, Charles R.;Tripathi, Rishikesh	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Haddad, Charles R., Tripathi, Rishikesh (2025): A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Zootaxa 5583 (1): 39-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2
03C868625165F75D95E1FA5BFDE3FE41.text	03C868625165F75D95E1FA5BFDE3FE41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichothyse senilis (O. Pickard-Cambridge 1872) Sankaran & Haddad & Tripathi 2025	<div><p>Trichothyse senilis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) comb. nov.</p><p>Drassus senilis O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 236, plate XV, fig. 13 (syntype ♀♀: ISRAEL: Jordan [30°35’N, 36°14’E], collector unknown, date unknown, repository OUMNH (B. 243, t. 51) and from EGYPT: near Alexandria, collector unknown, date unknown, repository OUMNH (B. 241, t. 102)—neither examined).</p><p>Drassus campestratus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874: 392, plate LI, fig. 17.</p><p>Prosthesima rufipes Thorell, 1875a: 82, 1875b: 110.</p><p>Drassus dimidiatus Simon, 1878: 153 .</p><p>Drassus flavo-maculatus L. Koch, 1878: 40, plate I, fig. 2.</p><p>Prosthesima incompta Pavesi, 1880: 350 .</p><p>Scotophaeus senilis (O. Pickard-Cambridge): Simon, 1893: 371.</p><p>Poecilochroa campestrata Simon, 1893: 372 .</p><p>Poecilochroa subincompta Strand, 1908: 66 .</p><p>Poecilochroa dimidiata Simon, 1914: 185, 221, figs 347, 400.</p><p>Poecilochroa senilis (O. Pickard-Cambridge): Levy, 1999: 431, figs 6–9 (for complete bibliography, see World Spider Catalog 2024).</p><p>Description. Male and female. For description of the male and female, see Levy (1999).</p><p>Justification of transfer. The illustrations of the male and female genitalia in Levy(1999:figs 6–9) are diagnostic and were used for comparison. Even though we did not examine the types of  P. senilis, subsequent illustrations of its genitalia are diagnostic and share all of the diagnostic features of male and female  Trichothyse species, instead of  Poecilochroa sensu stricto and  Macarophaeus: distomedially originating broad conductor with prolateral fold, apically originating claw-like embolus with broad embolic base, medially contiguous sperm duct with single loop, robust RTA with apical bifurcation, epigyne with median extension and vulva with short copulatory ducts, large, bean-shaped primary, and small secondary spermathecae (cf. Figs 1–20, 54–57, 109–119 and Levy 1999: figs 6–9). Based on these observations, we propose transferring  P. senilis to  Trichothyse .</p><p>Distribution. Known from Asia, Africa and Europe (Fig. 121). This is the only Palaearctic species that has a distribution extending into Africa.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C868625165F75D95E1FA5BFDE3FE41	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Haddad, Charles R.;Tripathi, Rishikesh	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Haddad, Charles R., Tripathi, Rishikesh (2025): A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Zootaxa 5583 (1): 39-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2
03C868625164F75D95E1FD87FBD6FB91.text	03C868625164F75D95E1FD87FBD6FB91.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichothyse senilis subsp. auspex (Simon 1878) Sankaran & Haddad & Tripathi 2025	<div><p>Trichothyse senilis auspex (Simon, 1878) comb. nov.</p><p>Drassus auspex Simon, 1878: 154 (syntype ♂ ♀: FRANCE: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=2.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 2.4/lat 42.533333)">Pyrénées-Orientales</a>: Vernet /Vernet-Les-Bains [42°32’N, 02°24’E], date unknown, leg. M. Nou, repository unknown, probably MNHN—not examined).</p><p>Poecilochroa dimidiata auspex Simon, 1914: 185, 221, fig. 398.</p><p>Description. Male and female. For redescription of the male and female, see Simon (1914).</p><p>Justification of transfer. The illustration of the palp provided in Simon (1914: fig. 398) is diagnostic and was used for comparison. Even though we did not examine the types of  P. senilis auspex, the original illustration shows that this species has a robust RTA with an apical bifurcation, which is consistent with the RTA of male  Trichothyse species (cf. Simon 1914: fig. 398 and Simon 1914: fig. 395, Fage 1929: fig. 1, Di Franco 2001: figs 3–4, Levy 1999: fig. 10, 2009: fig. 45, Fomichev &amp; Marusik 2021: fig. 23, and Figs 109–110, 112, 116–117 herein). We therefore propose the transfer of  P. senilis auspex to  Trichothyse .</p><p>Distribution. Known only from France in Mediterranean Europe (Fig. 121).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C868625164F75D95E1FD87FBD6FB91	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Haddad, Charles R.;Tripathi, Rishikesh	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Haddad, Charles R., Tripathi, Rishikesh (2025): A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). Zootaxa 5583 (1): 39-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2
