identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CA5059FFA2FF9BFF0A8EE9A7B06E25.text	03CA5059FFA2FF9BFF0A8EE9A7B06E25.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brachyopa testacea (Fallen 1817)	<div><p>Results</p><p>Reared material (emergence data) Ex. larva: 1♂, 29.iv.2022; 1♂, 1♀, 05.v.2022; 1♂, 11.v.2022; 3 specimens of larvae: 29.iv.2022.</p><p>Description of third-instar larva</p><p>General characteristics. Larval coloration ranges from dark brown on the dorsal surface and lighter on the ventral. Length 4–6 mm, width 2.1–2.7 mm, height: 1.6 mm (n = 2). Larval body flattened dorsoventrally, rounded anteriorly and elongated posteriorly due to a well-sclerotized breathing tube. Entire surface covered with regular rows and areas of setae and spicules. Lateral surface of mesothorax (Ms), metathorax (Mt) each bear two sensilla and abdominal segments (A1–A7) with three sensilla; all of these which gradually increase in size from mesothorax to anal segment. Prolegs are not developed on the ventral part, but there are well-developed locomotory organs on segments A1–A5 (Fig. 2B).</p><p>Cephalopharyngeal skeleton. The cephalopharyngeal skeleton well-developed and heavily sclerotized, length 1.04 mm, height 0.51 mm. Dorsal cornu with highly sclerotized dorsal bridge (Fig. 3A). Epipharyngeal plate translucent, connected to the labium through sclerotized labial rods. Mandibles highly developed and strongly sclerotized, prominently protruding, each bearing a tooth-like outgrowth on the ventral surface (Fig. 3A, B). Mandibular lobes attached to the mandibles; their inner surface covered with transverse ridges (Fig. 3A). Labrum and labium highly sclerotized (Fig. 3A, B). Ventral cornu slightly sclerotized and largely translucent, with pharyngeal ridges clearly visible (Fig. 3A); the posterior end of the ventral cornu bears a deep notch at an angle of approximately 90°, length 0.12 mm, 0.07 mm. Tentorium with a highly sclerotized tentorial arm, paired tentorial bars, and a connecting strip joining the tentorial bars.</p><p>Pseudocephalon and thorax. The ventral surface of the prothorax, side to the lateral lip, contains four rows that form three fleshy ridges. The surface of the lateral lip and ventral ridges is covered with fine setae. The lateral lips are rounded and have a groove that extends from the mouth opening to the center of the lip. The oral hooks and mandibular lobes are internal. The ventral lip is in the form of a well-developed black sclerotized trapezoid whose wider edge is turned toward the mouth, contrasts with the colour of other coverings. The fleshy lateral lip ridges hide the dorsal lip. Antenno-maxillary organs well developed, located between mouth and dorsal surface of prothorax. The anterior fold of prothorax with massive, black, hook-shaped spines, the largest of which are flat-topped and cylindrical in shape (Fig. 5). The cuticle area around these spicules is black pigmented. (Fig. 5B). The dorsal surface of the prothorax is divided by three grooves into two fleshy ridges. Prothorax dorsally with four observable sensilla, laterally with one pair and ventrally with two pairs. Sensilla PV₆ is located on the folds touching the lateral lips and sensilla PV₇ directly on the lateral lips. All prothoracic sensilla bear 3–4 setae, which slightly exceed the length of the surrounding setae, barely visible under direct examination but clearly visible under lateral examination or on SEM images. The setae of these sensilla are twice the length of the surrounding setae. Dorsal surface of prothorax covered by hook-shaped black spicules. Prothorax with anterior respiratory process located nearly at the level of the third pair of sensilla of mesothorax. Anterior respiratory process are cylindrical structures about two times longer than wide. The anterior spiracles are cylindrical structures, 65.3 micrometres long from base to apex, oval in crosssection with a width of 41×30 micrometres, with a smooth outer surface.</p><p>The prothorax and mesothorax dorsally have a broad central plate covered with brown blotches, free of spicules or sensilla (Fig. 2A). The blotches are located close to each other on the prothorax, colouring it completely brown. On the mesothorax, they are more distinct, allowing the light cream base to be visible.</p><p>The mesothorax is divided by rows and ridges similar to those of the prothorax. The ventral region of the mesothorax, beneath the ventral lip, forms a plate free of spicules with three rows of black spots and a pair of sensilla. The mesothorax has three pairs of dorsal sensilla, which are arranged in a transverse row on both sides of the central plate and in such a way that the 3 rd sensillum is located at the level of the anterior spiracle of the prothorax. The mesothorax bears dorsally three pairs of sensilla, each bearing one seta 1.5 times longer than the remaining setae of the same sensillum. The mesothorax laterally has two sensilla, each bearing two setae. The mesothorax ventrally has three pairs of sensilla with 4–7 setae of equal length. The ventral sensilla are barely visible among the surrounding spicules (Fig. 5). The second pair of sensilla (MsV 7) is located on the marginal ridge of the mesothorax. The third pair of sensilla (MsV 8) is located on the ventral plate beneath the ventral lip. The other surface apically and laterally from the sensilla is covered with hook-shaped spicules that do not form regular rows.</p><p>The metathorax bears dorsally three pairs of sensilla (Fig. 4): MtD₁ and MtD₂ are similar in structure to the dorsal sensilla of the mesothorax, while MtD₃ is located on a fleshy papilla and bears 5–6 setae, two of which (those at the apex) exceed the length of the others by 2 times. The metathorax bears laterally two pairs of sensilla (Fig. 4), both located on a fleshy papilla, each bearing four setae, with the two apical ones exceeding those at the base by 1.5–2 times. The metathorax bears ventrally three pairs of small sensilla (Figs 4, 5), each bearing two setae, homologous in structure and position to the corresponding sensilla of the mesothorax.</p><p>Abdomen. Dorsally, the abdominal segments (A1–A6) bear three pairs of observable sensilla, which slightly increase in size from the 1 st to the 6 th segment (Fig. 4). The larval discs—area of differentiated cuticle forming the window in puparium through which the pupal spiracles will be thrust—are located on the 1st abdominal segment between sensilla A1D 2 and A1D 3. Each segment is dorsally divided by a furrow into two transverse ridges. The anterior ridge bears one row of thick dark brown spicules, mostly looking to the posterior, the posterior ridge bears three pairs of sensilla, and the cuticle of the ridge is covered with blotches. Abdominal segments 1–6 laterally bear three pairs of sensilla each (Fig. 4). Sensilla A1–6D 3 are on fleshy lobes. The lateral surface of the abdominal segments forms two pairs of fleshy lobes: the upper ones bear one pair of sensilla, the lower ones two pairs of sensilla. Sensilla A1–6L 4 are located at the level of dorsal sensilla A1–6D 3, dark brown in colour on a short fleshy papilla, bearing 4–5 setae, three of which are 1.5–2 times longer than the others. Sensilla A1–6L 5 and A1–6L 6 are located on fleshy lobes, where A1–6L 5 is placed on a small papilla, and A1–6L 6 on a large papilla. Each of the lateral sensilla bears 3–5 setae, where two are 3–4 times longer than the others.</p><p>The ventral surface of segments A1–A6 is formed by one pair of marginal fleshy lobes, between which are located locomotory organs: one transverse ridge and one depression (Fig. 4). The fleshy lobe bears sensillum A1– 6V 7, which is located on a short papilla and has two setae. The surface of the transverse ridge is covered with short, thick, massive spicules, which have a V-shaped notch in the middle. Segment A6 has a sensilla arrangement pattern similar to the previous segments. However, sensilla A6D 4, A6L 5, and A6L 6 are located on a fleshy papilla with lateral setae.</p><p>Segments (A7–A8) are modified, dorsally flattened, and form a plate. Segment A7 dorsally bears four pairs of sensilla: A7D 1, A7D 2 are simple, short with two setae, A7D 3 and A7D 4 are located on one fleshy projection and are formed by two papillae with lateral setae. Segment A7 laterally bears two pairs of sensilla on a fleshy papilla with lateral setae. Segment A7 ventrally bears one pair of simple sensilla analogous to A1—6V 7.</p><p>Segment A8 is dorsally divided into two subsegments, without visible sensilla on the surface. The anterior subsegment laterally of A8 bears two pairs of lappets (A8L 1,2) with a sensillum at the apex; the subapical setae exceed the lateral ones by 1.5–2 times. The posterior subsegment laterally bears one pair of lappets (A8L 3) analogous in structure to A8V 1 and A8V 2. Ventrally, A8 bears two pairs of anal sensilla without papillae; the sensilla are simple in structure and contain two setae.</p><p>Posterior respiratory process short, 0.38 mm long dorsally; width at base 0.25 mm, width at centre 0.22 mm; spiracular plate 0.16 mm in width. The basal third of the posterior respiratory process has a transversely undulating surface, the apical 2/3 has a smooth surface with punctate depressions (Fig. 6A). A spiracular plate sits on the apex of the breathing tube, with distinct morphological structures (Fig. 6B, C), including spiracular plate with a pair of ecdysial scar in the center, four pairs of long feather inter-spiracular setae, three pairs of spiracular opening.</p><p>Description of puparium</p><p>Overall description. Puparium elongated-ovate, flattened dorsoventrally, expanded anteriorly and narrowed posteriorly. Cuticle dull, light brown, covered with dried dark coloured setae. Posterior breathing tube sclerotized, lustrous and brown coloured partly translucent (Fig. 7A). Length including prp: 6.1 ± 0.3 mm; width: 2.9 ± 1.5 mm; height: 2.1 ± 0.1 mm (n = 5).</p><p>Pupal spiracles. Horn-shaped (0.62 ± 0.02 mm long, 0.19 ± 0.03 mm wide, n = 8), narrowed toward the apex and slightly curved to the side. Cuticle yellow-brown, densely covered with tubercles of two sizes. Small tubercles 6.1–9.3 μm in diameter, arranged in concentric rows around the large tubercles (Fig. 7B). Large tubercles arranged irregularly, 18–23 pieces on each pupal spiracle (22–28 μm in diameter). Spiracular openings slit-like, 3–5 grouped radially (sometimes chaotically) on the apex of large tubercles (Fig. 7B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA5059FFA2FF9BFF0A8EE9A7B06E25	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shparyk, Viktor Y.;Carstensen, Leif Bloss;Boiko, Tetiana A.;Popov, Grigory V.;Zamoroka, Andrew M.	Shparyk, Viktor Y., Carstensen, Leif Bloss, Boiko, Tetiana A., Popov, Grigory V., Zamoroka, Andrew M. (2026): First description of the third-stage larva and puparium of Brachyopa testacea (Fallén, 1817) (Diptera, Syrphidae), with a revised identification key for larvae of the European Brachyopa Meigen, 1822. Zootaxa 5828 (3): 502-518, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5828.3.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5828.3.5
03CA5059FFACFF9BFF0A8901A1EA6B73.text	03CA5059FFACFF9BFF0A8901A1EA6B73.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brachyopa Meigen 1822	<div><p>Key to the known larvae of the European species of Brachyopa</p><p>Considering the discovery of additional data on larvae in this study and redescription of the third instar larva of B. panzeri (Shparyk &amp; Zamoroka 2021), we have updated the previously published keys (van Steenis et al. 2020). Identification keys have been developed for larvae of known and studied Brachyopa species of Europe, with the exception of B. bimaculosa, B. cinerea, B. grunewaldensis, B. maculipennis, B. obscura, B. plena, B. quadrimaculosa, B. silviae, B. tristis, B. vernalis and B. zhelochovtsevi . An updated key to the larvae of Brachyopa is given below.</p><p>1 Body with dense spinae; posterior end of abdomen oval, usually darker than rest of the body...................... 2</p><p>- Body at most with scattered spinae; posterior end of abdomen conical, same colour as rest of the abdomen........... 5</p><p>2 The length of the posterior breathing tube dorsally does not exceed its width of the spiracular plate by more than 2 times. The anterior fold of the prothorax on the ventral surface, above the antenna-maxillary complex, with large, well-sclerotized black spines with a black base, at least 5 times larger than the setae of the prothorax sensilla.............. B. testacea</p><p>- The length of the posterior breathing tube dorsally is at least 3.5 times longer than its width of the spiracular plate. Anterior fold of prothorax on ventral surface, above antenna-maxillary complex, without large, well-sclerotized black spicules with black base, setae only slightly larger than spicules of surrounding cuticle..................................... 3</p><p>3 Lateral papillae on posterior segments small, tuberculate; posterior segments with several tubercles, without rows of spinae................................................................................... B. vittata</p><p>- At least three or four lateral papillae on posterior segments well developed, large; posterior segments with several tubercles, with clear rows of spinae............................................................................ 4</p><p>4 Abdominal segment 8 contains three lappets with short setae, not exceeding 1/3 of the length of the lappet. Abdominal segment 8 divided into two distinct subsegments, visible only in properly prepared specimens (Shparyk &amp; Zamoroka 2021; fig. 1)................................................................................... B. panzeri</p><p>- Abdominal segment 8 contains three lappetes with long curved setae, some longer than the lappets. Abdominal segment 8 not divided into two distinct subsegments (Krivosheina 2005; Fig. 4)................................ B. dorsata</p><p>5 Abdomen without transverse rows of setae, some isolated stump-like setae may be present; body coated in dark-coloured blotches of various sizes............................................................................ 6</p><p>- Abdomen with rows of setae; body with blotches inconspicuous and pale, or entirely absent...................... 7</p><p>6 A large tubercle present between the first pair of sensilla on abdominal segment 7; setae of last three pairs of anal lappets directed apically.......................................................................... B. minima</p><p>- Area between the first pair of sensilla flat; setae of last three pairs of anal lappets directed laterally and apically............................................................................................... B. insensilis</p><p>7 Rows of setae on abdomen strictly aligned; dorsal sensilla 1 and 2 on abdominal segments 1–6 each bearing exactly two large and two small setae........................................................................... 8</p><p>- Rows of setae on abdomen not aligned; dorsal sensilla 1 and 2 usually with more than two large setae.............. 9</p><p>8 Spiracular opening on prp long and obliquely placed.............................................. B. bicolor</p><p>- Spiracular openings on prp short and medial pairs almost horizontally placed.......................... B. atlantea</p><p>9 PRP&gt; 1 mm long, as long as or longer than width of body; ventral surface of prp apically smooth, without puncture............................................................................................. B. pilosa</p><p>- PRP &lt;1 mm long, shorter than width of body; ventral surface of prp apically with pits................. B. scutellaris</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA5059FFACFF9BFF0A8901A1EA6B73	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shparyk, Viktor Y.;Carstensen, Leif Bloss;Boiko, Tetiana A.;Popov, Grigory V.;Zamoroka, Andrew M.	Shparyk, Viktor Y., Carstensen, Leif Bloss, Boiko, Tetiana A., Popov, Grigory V., Zamoroka, Andrew M. (2026): First description of the third-stage larva and puparium of Brachyopa testacea (Fallén, 1817) (Diptera, Syrphidae), with a revised identification key for larvae of the European Brachyopa Meigen, 1822. Zootaxa 5828 (3): 502-518, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5828.3.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5828.3.5
