identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CA87F3F5050225FF2CF9DBFD539460.text	03CA87F3F5050225FF2CF9DBFD539460.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Centruroides Marx 1890	<div><p>Genus Centruroides Marx, 1890</p><p>(Figures 1–24; Tables 1–7)</p><p>Diagnosis according to Esposito et al. (2017; 2018) and Armas et al. (2012): Centruroides display a colouration ranging from uniform yellow to uniform black and may be patterned or mottled. Specimens measure between 35– 145 mm in total length. Pedipalp orthobothriotaxic A; chela digits of the pedipalp have seven to nine primary rows of granules closely flanked by accessory denticles prolaterally and retrolaterally. Leg I with a forked pedal spur; patella of the pedipalp with prodorsal and proventral carinae converging toward the mid-segment. Metasoma is linear with parallel sides; it does not increase in width posteriorly. The metasoma is elongated and narrow in males, longer than the prosoma and mesosoma combined.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F3F5050225FF2CF9DBFD539460	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Miranda, Roberto J.;De Armas, Luis F.;Cleghorn, John;Lezcano, Juan J.;Castillo, Lyska Y.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Murgas, Ingrid L.	Miranda, Roberto J., De Armas, Luis F., Cleghorn, John, Lezcano, Juan J., Castillo, Lyska Y., Cambra, Roberto A., Murgas, Ingrid L. (2026): The species of the genus Centruroides Marx, 1890 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Panama. Zootaxa 5752 (3): 301-347, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5752.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5752.3.1
03CA87F3F5060222FF2CFF5EFAB2968C.text	03CA87F3F5060222FF2CFF5EFAB2968C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Centruroides bicolor (Pocock 1898)	<div><p>Centruroides bicolor (Pocock, 1898)</p><p>Figures: 1; 7 A, B; 10 A, C; 11 A; 14 A; 16 A, B; 19 A, B.</p><p>Tables: 1, 6, 7.</p><p>References subsequent to Fet &amp; Lowe (2000: 101): Borges et al., 2012; Quintero &amp; Esposito 2014; Miranda et al., 2014; Miranda et al., 2015; Salazar et al., 2018; Armas &amp; Miranda, 2019: 53, figs. 6–7; Escudero-Sanjur et al., 2022; Lezcano et al., 2022; Morán-González et al., 2025; Youngs-Mitre et al., 2025, Samudio et al., 2025.</p><p>Type material: Female holotype: Costa Rica, Pozo Azul de Piris, (NHMUK), lost or destroyed. A male from Panama, without precise locality, was designated as the neotype by Francke &amp; Stockwell (1987: 8), but there is no collector’s name or date (NHMUK) .</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>BOCAS DEL TORO: Changuinola: Manila, intradomiciliary, 1 male, 20 June 2019, coll. B. Jaén (CoZEMICGES) ; Deborah, under stone, 1 female, 16 May 2012, coll. L. Nuñez (MIUP) . CHIRIQUÍ: Alanje: Alanje, on the banks of the river, 2 males, 3 females, 1 juv., 20 September 2019, coll. R. Serrano (CoZEM-ICGES) ; 2 juv., 22 September 2019, coll. J. Lezcano (CoZEM-ICGES); on a log, 1 female, 26 June 2014, coll. S. Chavez (MIUP) . Barú: Baco, San Valentín, 1 male, 11 February 2019, coll. F. Acosta (CoZEM-ICGES) . Boquerón: Boquerón, 1 female, 8 October 2010, coll. R. Miranda, S. Bermúdez; Ojo de Agua, 2 males, 1 female, 28 January 2009, coll. R. Miranda, S. Bermúdez (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Santa Rita, 1 male, 15 July 2007, coll. F. Guerra. Boquete: Boquete, 1 female, 20 February 2007, coll. D. Correa (MIUP) ; Boquete, under wood, 1 female (with 50 juv.), 5 November 2010, coll. R. Gabriel (MIUP) ; Boquete, inside a house, 1 male, 1 female, 3 juv., 2 May 2015, coll. D. Atencio (MIUP) ; Alto Boquete, El Francés, inside a house and a warehouse. 2 males, 19 July 2012, coll. M. Guarnizo (MIUP) ; Caldera, 1 ind., 5 July 2014, coll. G. García (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Caldera, 1 male, 15 March 2021, coll. C. Pittí (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Palmira Abajo, 1 female, 19 November 1995, coll. I. Sanjur (MIUP) . Bugaba: Bugaba, under bed, 1 male, 28 August 2012, coll. M. Herrera (MIUP) ; Río Mula, near Bugaba cemetery, 1 juv., 2 November 1985, coll. D. Quintero, R. Cambra (MIUP) ; Bugaba, 2 males, 2 females, 5 juv., 2 November 1985, coll. D. Quintero, R. Cambra (MIUP) ; Bugaba, inside a dry macano trunk, 3 males, 2 females, 1 juv., 13 May 1984, coll. M. Ríos (MIUP) ; Bugaba, 2 males, 2 juv., 1 April 2004, coll. R. Miranda (MIUP) ; Bugabita, 2 males, 22 August 2010, coll. A. Estribí; Bugabita, on the porch of a house, 1 male, 19 July 2014, coll. C. Pinto (MIUP) . El Bongo, inside a dry macano trunk, 1 male, 6 July 2014, coll. A. Santamaría (MIUP) ; La Concepción, 1 male, 1 female, 1 juv., 2 November 1978, coll. M. Guerra (MIUP) ; La Concepción, 1 male, 20 June 2007, coll. S. Bermúdez (MIUP) ; La Estrella, 1 male, 21 July 2012, coll. J. Espinosa (MIUP) ; San Andrés, 1 male, 28 March 2008, coll. R. Cambra (MIUP) ; San Andrés, among the shoes inside the house, 1 male, July 2012, coll. M. Estribí (MIUP) . David: Chirigagua, 1 male, 18 March 2019, coll. A. Rodríguez (CoZEM-ICGES) . David, 2 females, 1 juv., October 1975, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) . Las Lomas: 1 female, 29 March 2004, coll. R. Miranda (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Las Lomas, 1 female (with 9 juv.), 1 April 2004, coll. R. Miranda (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Las Lomas, 1 juv., 23 January 2009, coll. R. Miranda (CoZEM-ICGES) . Puerto Pedregal, 1 male, 1 female, 9 December 1979, coll. D. Vinda (MIUP) ; San Pablo, on wall, 1 male, 1 female, 9 January 2014, coll. A. Miranda (MIUP) ; Terronal, in rotten tree, 19 November 2012, coll. C. González (MIUP) . Dolega: Balita: 1 male, 2 females, 11 January 2010, coll. A. Araúz (MIUP) ; Balita, 1 male, 3 juv. 29 May 2010, coll. A. Araúz (MIUP) ; Balita, 1 male, 2 females, May 2010, coll. A. Araúz (MIUP) ; Balita, 1 female, 31 December 2011, coll. A. Araúz (MIUP) ; Balita, 1 male, 21 January 2012, coll. A. Araúz (MIUP) ; Balita, 1 female, 12 November 2012, coll. A. Araúz (MIUP) . Balita, Tinajas, 1 female, 22 April 2012, coll. A. Araúz (MIUP) . Balita: on the wall of an abandoned bathroom, next to a sugarcane mill, 1 male, 17 March 2012, coll. A. Araúz (MIUP) ; Balita, on the bathroom wall and adjacent to the bedroom, 2 males, 18 March 2012, coll. A. Araúz (MIUP) ; on the external wall of the house, 2 males, 24 March 2012, coll. A. Araúz (MIUP); Balita, under dry tree bark, 1.5 m from the ground, near to Quebrada Sábalo, 1 male, 31 March 2012, coll. A. Araúz (MIUP) ; Balita, under dry tree bark, 1 male, 1 female, 8 April 2012, coll. A. Araúz (MIUP) ; Balita, in a warehouse, 2 males, 1 juv., 8 April 2012, coll. A. Araúz (MIUP) ; Balita, on the internal wall of the house, 1 female, 18 November 2012, coll. A. Araúz (MIUP) ; Potrerillos Abajo, 1 female, 14 April 2012, coll. A. Araúz (MIUP) ; Potrerillos Abajo, 1 juv. 22 April 2012, coll. A. Araúz (MIUP) ; Potrerillos Abajo, under saddle, 1 male, 24 November 2012, coll. A. Araúz (MIUP) ; Potrerillos Abajo, at the base of a dry trunk, 1 male, 1 female. 15 March 2015, coll. A. Araúz (MIUP) ; Potrerillos Arriba, in an abandoned beehive, 1 female, 24 February 1986, coll. M. Tem (MIUP) ; Potrerillos Arriba, Alto Candanedo, 1 male, 28 March 2011, coll. P. Candanedo (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Potrerillos Arriba, 1 individual, 24 July 2012, coll. S. Arizala. Gualaca: Gualaca, in trunk, 1 male, 1 female, 25 August 2012, coll. A. Miranda, M. Alvarado (MIUP) ; Gualaca, inside a traditional stove, 1 male, 1 female, 25 August 2012, coll. J. Valdés, M. Quirós (MIUP) ; Hornito, Valle de Las Minas, 1 female, 14 January 2013, coll. R. Gabriel (MIUP) . Puerto Armuelles: Monteverde, 1 male, 5 August 1996, coll. A. Rodríguez (MIUP ; Puerto Armuelles, 1 male, 1 juv., 29 July 2012, coll. M. Caballero (MIUP) . Remedios: Sur de Remedios, 1 male, 2 females, 15 August 1982, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) . Renacimiento: Caizán, 1 female, 31 August 2012, coll. B. Lezcano (MIUP) ; Caizán, in logs, May 2014, coll. J. Araúz (MIUP) ; Caizán, behind drawers, 1 female, 22 June 2014, coll. C. Navarro (MIUP) ; Caizán, 1 female, 25 July 2014, coll. D. Ortega (MIUP) ; Caizán, La Primavera, 1 juv., 4 July 2016, coll. M. Amador (MIUP) . Los Planos, 1 individual, October 2017, coll. D. Araúz (CoZEM-ICGES) . Río Sereno, 1 female, 30 June 2018, no collector name (MIUP) . San Félix: San Félix, on a stick in a pasture, 1 male. 1 female, 15 August 1982, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) ; San Félix, 2 males, 25 June 2007, coll. E. Adames (MIUP) ; Hospital de San Félix, 2 males, 4 July 2017, coll. A. Concepción (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM2017-0020) . San Juan: San Juan, 1 female, 22 July 2017, no collector name (MIUP) . San Lorenzo: El Jobo, 1 male, 19 October 1984, coll. T. De Gracia (MIUP) . Tierras Altas: Cerro Punta, in a warehouse, 1 female, 28 June 2014, coll. E. González (MIUP) . Paso Ancho, inside a house, 1 male, 15 June 2012, coll. J. Araúz (MIUP) ; Volcán, 2 males, 1 juv., 3 May 2010, coll. M. Valdez (MIUP) ; El Valle, 1 male, 27 June 2012, coll. I. Zapata (MIUP) ; El Valle, 1 male, 1 female, 14 July 2012, coll. J. Beitía (MIUP) ; Brisas del Norte, in the living room of a house, 1 female, 14 October 2013, coll. K. Wing (MIUP) ; Brisas del Norte, in the yard, 1 female, 5 July 2014, coll. D. Samudio (MIUP) . Tolé: Tolé, 1 male, November 1979, coll. E. Adames (MIUP) ; Las Meregildas, in a shirt inside the house, 1 male, 14 August 2012, coll. A. Miranda (MIUP) . COCLÉ: Aguadulce: in a dry, rotten trunk, 1 female, November 1982, coll. D. Ramos (MIUP) . COLÓN: Colón: Sabanitas, Barriada Champion, 1 male, 17 January 1988, coll. M. Mitre (MIUP) . COMARCA NGÄBE-BUGLÉ: Besikó: Boca de Remedio, on wooden wall (house), 1 female, 30 June 2014, coll. D. Zurdo (MIUP) ; Nämnoní, Altos de Piedra, on wall of house, 1 female, 16 August 2012, coll. I. Montezuma (MIUP) ; Soloy, on trunk, 1 female, 1 July 2014, coll. A. Palacios (MIUP) . HERRERA: Los Pozos: La Arena de los Pozos, piece of tree trunk, 13 June 2008, coll. M. Ávila (Control de vectores) (CoZEMICGES) . Ocú: El Tijeras, under leaf litter, 1 male, 9 September 2020, coll. M. Ávila (Control de vectores) (CoZEMICGES) ; Limón de Tijeras, under leaf litter, 1 male, 9 September 2020, coll. J. B. Navarro (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Ocú, under wood, 1 juv., 8 September 2020, coll. J. B. Navarro (CoZEM-ICGES) . PANAMA: Panamá: San Martín, Carriazo, inside the bathroom, dead due to fumigation, 1 male, 19 December 2017, coll. A. Castro (CoZEM-ICGES) . La Exposición, ICGES, Infrastructure department staff, 1 male, 15 March 2016, coll. Sr. David (CoZEM-ICGES) . Ancón, Clayton, inside a house, 1 juv., 27 August 2007, coll. Prof. Murillo (MIUP) . Chilibre: Calzada larga, Barriada Las Albinas, 1 female, 1 male, 20 April 2002, coll. N. Rosas (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Juan Díaz, Costa del Este, stung a young person, 1 female, 21 June 2010, coll. Dr. Sosa (CoZEM-ICGES) . VERAGUAS: La Mesa: La Mesa, 1 juv., 23 February 2009, coll. R. Fuentes (CoZEM-ICGES) . Atalaya: Atalaya, in living room, crushed, 1 male, 03 April 2018, coll. L. Abrego (CoZEM-ICGES) ; La Carrillo, 1 male, 12 January 2017, coll. M. Rodríguez. Cañazas: San Juan, 1 female, 22 August 1987, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP); Río Rita, road to Los Panamaes, 1 male, 18 July 1982, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) ; Palo Verde, 7 km from the Inter-American Highway towards Cañazas, under a rotten trunk, 1 male, 1 female, 4 to 6 August 1982, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) . Las Palmas: under the bark of trunks, pasture fences and rotten trees, 7 females, 2 males, 2 juv., 2–5 August 1982, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) . Mariato: Parque Nacional Cerro Hoya, 1 individual, 13 April 2011 (CoZEM-ICGES) . Montijo: El Bongo, under logs in a pasture, 2 juv., 20 June 1982, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) ; Coiba Island, 1 female, 3 December 1998, coll. R. Cambra (MIUP) ; Isla Coiba, 1 male, April 1995, coll. I. De La Riva (MIUP) ; Coiba Island, in the root of a mango tree, 1 male, 1 female, 23 January 1994, coll. J. L. Nieves (MIUP) ; Coiba National Park, Coiba Island, Campamento central, 1 male, 27 November 2010, coll. R. Miranda (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Coiba National Park, Coiba Island, 1 female, 27 February 2011, coll. R. Miranda (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Coiba National Park, Coiba Island, 29 November 2010, coll. R. Miranda (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Coiba National Park, Coiba Island, 1 female, 16 April 2012, coll. R. Miranda (CoZEMICGES) ; Coiba National Park, Coiba Island, 1 female, 16 April 2012, coll. R. Miranda (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Coiba National Park, Coiba Island, 1 male, 16 April 2012, coll. R. Miranda, J. Cleghorn (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Coiba National Park, Coiba Island, 1 female, 21 February 2011, coll. R. Miranda (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Coiba National Park, Coiba Island, 1 juv., 27 November 2010, coll. R. Miranda (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Coiba National Park, Coiba Island, Ministerio de Ambiente Station, 3 females, April 2012, coll. R. Miranda (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Coiba National Park, Coiba Island . 1 female, May 2012, coll. R. Miranda (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Coiba National Park, Coiba Island, Los Monos trail, 1 female, 12 February 2019, coll. J. Lezcano, S. Muñoz, S. Bermúdez (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Coiba National Park, Ranchería Island, 2 males, 2 juv., 11 February 2019, coll. J. Lezcano, S. Muñoz, S. Bermúdez (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Coiba National Park, Ranchería Island, 1 male, 12 February 2019, coll. J. Lezcano, S. Muñoz, S. Bermúdez (CoZEMICGES) ; Coiba National Park, Ranchería Island, 1 juv. 12 February 2019, coll. J. Lezcano, S. Muñoz, S. Bermúdez (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Coiba National Park, Ranchería Island, among the rocks, 1 juv., 11 February 2019, coll. J. Lezcano, S. Muñoz, S. Bermúdez (CoZEM-ICGES) ; 1 juv., 12 February 2019, coll. J. Lezcano, S. Muñoz, S. Bermúdez (CoZEM-ICGES); Coiba National Park, Ranchería Island, 1 juv., 12 February 2019, coll. J. Lezcano, S. Muñoz, S. Bermúdez (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Coiba National Park, Ranchería Island, 1 female, November 2019, coll. L. Domínguez, S. Bermúdez (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Coiba National Park, Jicarón Island: beach edge, 1 male, 29 March 2017, coll. C. Monteza (MIUP) ; Puerto Mutis, at the sawmill, northwest of Puerto Mutis, under planks near the mangroves, 1 juv., 28 June 1982, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) . Ponuga: Cirbulaco, in pastures, under fallen logs, 1 male, 6 females, 2 juv., 8–13 November 1982, coll. J. Palavicini (MIUP) ; El Suay, Carretera Ponuga-El Suay, under a trunk and stones, 1 female, 2 juv., 01 August 1982, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) . Río de Jesús: Río de Jesús, 1 female, 11 April 2018, coll. M. Jordan (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Río de Jesús, under a rotten palm tree trunk on the ground, 1 male, 7 June 1982, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) ; Las Huacas, 1 male, 7 September 2018, coll. A. Pineda (CoZEM-ICGES) . San Francisco: Carabalí, Carretera Santiago- Santa Fe, 1 juv., 24 March 2005, coll. R. Miranda (MIUP) . Santa Fe: Santa Fe, 1 female, 10 December 1982, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) ; Santa Fe, on sticks in pastures, under the bark of rotten trunks and inside houses, 7 females, 2 juv., 14–17 July 1982, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) ; Santa Fe, 7 females, 10 December 1982, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) ; Santa Fe, 2 females, 1 male, 2 juv., 1–3 December 1982, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) : Santa Fe, on the walls of a house, 2 individuals, 22 February 2006, coll. F. Ríos (control de vectores) (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Santa Fe, was used for DNA extraction, December 2014, coll. R. González (CoZEMICGES) ; Santa Fe, on the way to Cerro Tute, under tree bark, 1 male, 1 female, 26 March 1999, coll. A. Aizprúa (MIUP) ; Santa Fe, on the way to Cerro Tute, under tree bark, 1 female, 26 March 1999, coll. A. Aizprúa (MIUP) ; Santa Fe, El Pantano, El Palmar, intradomiciliary, 1 female, 10 May 2017, coll. D. Archibold (CoZEM-ICGES) ; in palm, 2 individuals, 3 September 2008, coll. R. Torres (CoZEM-ICGES); Santa Fe, El Pantano, 1 male, 6 May 2017, coll. D. Archibold (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Santa Fe, peridomiciliar, 1 female, 22 May 2017, coll. D. Archibold (CoZEMICGES) ; Santa Fe, Altos de los Pinedas, 1 September 2006, coll. R. Torres (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Carretera El Alto, 1 male, 21 June 2017, coll. R. Miranda, J. Lezcano, S. Bermúdez (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Carretera El Alto, 1 female, 24 June 2017, coll. R. Miranda, J. Lezcano, S. Bermúdez (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Carretera El Alto, on tree, 1 male, 24 June 2017, coll. R. Miranda, J. Lezcano, S. Bermúdez (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Carretera El Alto, on a tree 1 meter above the ground, 1 female, 24 June 2017, coll. R. Miranda, J. Lezcano, S. Bermúdez (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Carretera El Alto, on a tree 1.70 meters above the ground., 1 female, 24 June 2017, coll. R. Miranda, J. Lezcano, S. Bermúdez (CoZEMICGES); Carretera El Alto, on a tree 1 m above the ground., 1 female, 24 June 2017, coll. R. Miranda, J. Lezcano, S. Bermúdez (CoZEM-ICGES); in palm, 1 juv., 3 September 2008, coll. R. Torres (CoZEM-ICGES); inside a house, 22 February 2008, coll. F. Pineda (control de vectores) (CoZEM-ICGES); Alto de Piedra, Parque Nacional Santa Fe, 1 female, 2 June 1014, coll. D. Correa (MIUP) ; Estación Alto de Piedra, 1 male, 2 June 2014, coll. D. Correa (MIUP) ; Estación Alto de Piedra, 1 juv., 13 November 1999, coll. A. Santos (MIUP) ; Las Lajas, 1 female, 7 September 2018, coll. A. Pineda (CoZEM-ICGES) . Santiago: La Huaca, Santa María, 1 juv., 15 November 2015, coll. T. Sosa (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Urracá, Tierra Hueca, in palm, 1 male, 17 February 2017, coll. F. Pineda (Control de vectores) (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Santiago, 1 male, 17 February 2017, coll. F. Pineda (Control de vectores) (CoZEMICGES) . Soná: walls and patio of three ranches, 5 males, 3 females, 4 juv., 2 to 4 May 1984, coll. R. Abrego (MIUP) ; La Soledad, 1 male, 23 April 2008, coll. V. Martínez (MIUP) ; La Soledad, 1 male, 23 to 24 April 2008, coll. V. Martínez (MIUP) ; La Soledad, 1 juv., 23 to 24 April 2008, coll. V. Martínez (MIUP) ; 1 male, 23 to 24 April 2008, (MIUP); Bahía Honda, Lerén, in epiphyte, 1 juv., 12 December 2001, coll. R. Miranda, R. Cambra, A. Santos (MIUP) ; Bahía Honda, Isla Canales de Tierra, 2 juv., 14 December 2001, coll. R. Miranda, R. Cambra, A. Santos (MIUP) ; Bahía Honda, Isla Canales de Tierra, 1 male, 2 females, 14 December 2001, coll. R. Cambra, A. Santos (MIUP) ; Bahía Honda, 1 male, 1–4 March 2002, coll. A. Santos, P. González (MIUP) ; Bahía Honda, Playa Limón, 1 juv., 7 August 2001, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) ; Bahía Honda, Playa del Sol, 1 male, 6–18 December 2001, coll. R. Miranda, R. Cambra, A. Santos (MIUP) ; Bahía Honda, 2 males, 3 juv., 28 May–2 June 2002, coll. R. Miranda, R. Cambra, A. Santos (MIUP) ; Bahía Honda, 3 males, 2 females, 3 juv., 8 August 2001, coll. A. Santos (MIUP) ; Bahía Honda, in epiphyte, 2.5 m from the ground, 1 juv., 9 December 2001, coll R. Cambra, A. Santos (MIUP) ; Bahía Honda, 3 males, 2 juv., 28 May–2 June 2002, coll. R. Miranda, R. Cambra, A. Santos (MIUP) ; Bahía Honda, Salmonete, 1 male, 1 female, 13 August 2001, coll. A. Santos, F. Cedeño (MIUP) ; Santa Catalina, 1 male, 1 female, August 1982, coll. K. Myers (MIUP) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Follows Francke &amp; Stockwell (1987), Quintero &amp; Esposito (2014) and own data.</p><p>Large scorpions, total body length between 92 and 160 mm. Colouration: Colour pale yellow in the legs, femur and patella of pedipalp and segments I-IV of metasoma, other parts black: carapace, tergites I-VI, segment V of the metasoma and telson, granules of the metasomal carinae, apex of the pedipalp patella, and chela of the pedipalp. Carapace: moderately granular.Anterior margin with coarse, blunt granules; small, pointed granules on the posterior margin. Lateral ocular tubercles with three macro-ocelli each. ocular tubercle with granular superciliary carinae (costate granular in female); lateral ocular carinae present and moderate granular; posteromedian carinae present and crenate; anterior median furrow wide and moderately deep, posterior median furrow narrow and posteriorly deep; posterior marginal furrow shallow and wide. Pectines: pectinal tooth count 23–29 (mode= 26) in females and 25–28 (mode= 27) in males; basal plate rectangular. Mesosoma: tergites moderately granular, posterior margin with small conical granules; median carina crenate, present on all tergites; tergite VII pentacarinate, with crenate carinae. Pedipalp: orthobothriotaxic, type A, sparsely hirsute. Femur and patella with carinae granulate, internal faces tuberculate. The chela is 4.5 to 5 times longer than it is wide and 1.1 to 1.2 times wider than the patella, in both females and males. Chela with six distinct carinae: dorsal marginal carina moderately granular; dorsal secondary carina densely granular and smooth; digital carina vestigial to obsolete; dorsal internal carina vestigial with scattered very small granules; ventroexternal carina weakly, smooth or granular; ventrointernal vestigial, granular. Fixed and movable digits of the pedipalp chela with nine primary rows of denticles; fixed finger with shallow notch; mobile finger with moderately developed basal lobe. Metasoma: metasomal segments exhibit 10-8-8-8-5 well-developed carinae, moderately granulose; segment V between 2.3 to 2.6 times longer than wide in females, and between 3 to 3.5 times in males; segments II-IV with two pairs of ventrolateral macrosetae. Intercarinal spaces coriaceous and fine granular denser in the IV segment. Telson with vesicle ovate in females and oblong in males, with the aculear tubercle moderate and spiniform, directed toward the apex of the aculeus.</p><p>Distribution: Costa Rica (Puntarenas) and Panama. In Panama, C. bicolor is widely distributed in the provinces of Chiriquí and Veraguas, with populations confirmed on some islands of the Gulf of Chiriquí (Coiba, Jicarón and Ranchería) and some peripheral populations in the provinces of Herrera and Coclé. Isolated records from the provinces of Bocas del Toro and Colón on the Caribbean coast of the country, as well as from the scattered data from Panama Province are likely due to accidental human transport from sites where they are abundant and do not represent established populations.</p><p>Variation: Quintero and Esposito (2014) mention that males of this species can measure up to 160 mm. Quintero &amp; Esposito (2014) and Armas &amp; Miranda (2019) report the discovery of some darker specimens in populations near the Volcán Barú and on Coiba Island (Pacific).</p><p>Remarks: This species was described from Pozo Azul de Piris, Santo Domingo de Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica (Pocock, 1898). Lourenço &amp; Méndez (1984) did not review the type material of this species, but instead reviewed two specimens from Panama deposited at the NHMUK, and stated the probability that it was a race of C. gracilis . The neotype designated by Francke &amp; Stockwell (1987) was not examined for this study.</p><p>Natural history: This species is primarily associated with the bark and holes of large fallen logs (Miranda, 2011). They have also been found inside and around houses (Quintero, 2005; Quintero &amp; Esposito, 2014). It is sympatric with Centruroides panamensis (Quintero &amp; Esposito, 2014) . They have been observed feeding on insects and reptiles (Miranda et al., 2015). Among their predators are reptiles ( Squamata) such as Stenorrhina degenhardtii (Berthold, 1846) (Solórzano, 2018) and Thecadactylus rapicauda (Houttuyn, 1782) (Cubas-Rodríguez &amp; Armas, 2024) .</p><p>Reproductive biology: Births have been registered in March, July–August, and October in conditions of laboratory. Average litter size of 25 ± 12 offspring by parturitions in Panama (Lezcano et al., 2022) and 40 ± 5 offspring by parturitions in Costa Rica (Triana &amp; Bonilla, 2023). However, in field observations, there may be up to 50 offspring (Quintero &amp; Esposito, 2014).</p><p>Venom and scorpionism: Salazar et al. (2018) analysed the venom of several Buthidae scorpions from Panama using HPLC technique, including that of C. bicolor . These researchers found that several components of C. bicolor venom exhibited moderate to lethal effects when tested on mice and insects. Samudio et al. (2025) characterized C. bicolor venom through transcriptomic (venom gland) and proteomic (crude venom) analyses, discovering that many venom components were detected with both methods, including neurotoxins that target Na+ and K+ channels, hyaluronidase, CRISP proteins, and metalloproteinases; however, some components were identified only through the transcriptomic approach for the first time and had not been previously detected in the proteome, such as nucleobindin and angiotensin-converting enzymes. Morán-González et al. (2025) evaluated the effect of venom from Panamanian scorpions of the genera Centruroides and Tityus . These researchers injected five scorpion venoms intravenously into mice (CD-1 strain; 18–20 g) individually, at doses ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 LD50 for each venom. They found that, among the venoms tested, C. bicolor venom caused the greatest increase in glucose and amylase levels, suggesting potential damage to the pancreas. Among the material reviewed, there was one record of C. bicolor involved in a case of scorpionism, which occurred in Panama City without serious consequences.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F3F5060222FF2CFF5EFAB2968C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Miranda, Roberto J.;De Armas, Luis F.;Cleghorn, John;Lezcano, Juan J.;Castillo, Lyska Y.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Murgas, Ingrid L.	Miranda, Roberto J., De Armas, Luis F., Cleghorn, John, Lezcano, Juan J., Castillo, Lyska Y., Cambra, Roberto A., Murgas, Ingrid L. (2026): The species of the genus Centruroides Marx, 1890 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Panama. Zootaxa 5752 (3): 301-347, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5752.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5752.3.1
03CA87F3F5030234FF2CFB1EFBA9904C.text	03CA87F3F5030234FF2CFB1EFBA9904C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Centruroides granosus (Thorell 1876)	<div><p>Centruroides granosus (Thorell, 1876)</p><p>Figures: 2; 6 B; 8 A, B; 12 A; 15 A; 17 A, B; 21 A, B.</p><p>Tables: 2, 6, 7.</p><p>For a complete bibliographic review, see Armas et al., 2011a: 2.</p><p>References subsequent to Armas et al., 2011a: Borges et al., 2012; Miranda et al., 2014; Miranda et al., 2015; Borges, 2015; Salazar et al., 2018; Escudero-Sanjur et al., 2022; Lezcano et al., 2022; Youngs-Mitre et al., 2025.</p><p>Type material: Panama. Subadult male lectotype (designated by Armas et al., 2011a: 2), Ins[ula]. S[aint]. Joseph, [Panama], Kimberg . NHRS: Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet Stockholm, Sweden .</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>BOCAS DEL TORO: Almirante: Almirante, 1 female, 1 juv., undated and without collector name (CoZEMICGES). CHIRIQUÍ: David: Pedregal, inside a house, 1 male, 2 females, 3 juv., 12 June 2007, coll. Control de Vectores staff (CoZEM-ICGES) . Dolega: Potrerillos Arriba, 1 juv., 24 July 2012, without collector name (CoZEMICGES) . 1 female, 7 May 2010, without collector name (CoZEM-ICGES) . COCLÉ: Aguadulce: Aguadulce, 1 male, 1 female, 1 juv., 29 March 1981, coll. E. Ramírez (MIUP) ; Aguadulce, 2 males, 1 juv., 29 March 1981, coll. E. Ramírez (MIUP) ; Aguadulce, under leaf litter, 1 female, May 1982, coll. M. García (MIUP) ; Aguadulce, in the bark of fence sticks and in fallen palm, 4 females, 1 male, 20 April 1984, coll. I. Quezada (MIUP) ; Aguadulce, 1 female, 21 June 2017, without collector name (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Barrios Unidos, 1 male, 3 November 2007, coll. HRE (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Cristo, under the bark of fence posts, 1 male, 1 female, 1 juv., 2 November 1982, coll. D. Ramos (MIUP) ; El Roble, under the bark of fence posts, 1 female, November 1982, coll. D. Ramos (MIUP) ; El Roble, 1 female, 16 August 1997, without collector name (MIUP) ; El Roble, El Jagüito, 1 male, 31 January 2011, coll. R. Miranda (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Roble, El Jagüito, 1 female, 2 June 2011, coll. J. Cleghorn (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Pocrí, 1 female, June 2007, coll. HRE (MIUP) . Antón: Caballero, 3 males, 8 May 2008, coll. M. Quintero (MIUP) ; Caballero, at night, 2 females, 9 May 2008, coll. M. Quintero (MIUP) ; El Chirú, 1 female, 1 male, 4 June 2008, coll. L. Coronado (MIUP) ; El Harino, 1 juv., 5 September 1988, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) ; El Valle, 1 juv., 20 October 1987, coll. R. Fernández (MIUP) ; El Valle, 1 juv., 4 March 2012, coll. A. Aguilar (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Guabas Arriba, 3 males, 2 juv., 3 October 2008, coll. R. Muñoz (MIUP) ; Río Hato (Las Guías, Los Pollos and Platanal), 6 males, 17 females, October to December 1984, coll. First cycle of Río Hato students (MIUP) ; Río Hato (Las Guías, Farallón), 2 males, 3 females, 1 juv., September–October 1983, coll. A. Parra (MIUP) ; Río Hato (Llano Bonito, Farallón, El Platanal, Las Guías, El Rincón, Los Pollos), 10 males, 8 females, 17 juv., 10 June–24 July 1985, coll. A. Parra and students (MIUP) ; Santa Rita, Bella Florida, 1 juv., 5 June 2012, coll. G. De La Guardia (MIUP) ; Santa Rita, Pueblo Nuevo, 1 male, no collection date, coll. R. Bethancourt (MIUP) . La Pintada: El Harino, 1 juv., 7 November 1987, coll. M. Araúz (MIUP) ; Llano Grande, 1 female, 17 April 2018, coll. J. Aguilar (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Toro Bravo, in condemned house, 1 male, 1 female, 2 juv., 2 May 1984, coll. M. Vega (MIUP) . Natá: Sugarcane plantation, La Estrella, 1 male, January 2015, coll. R. Atencio (CoZEM-ICGES) . Olá: El Copé, Loma Bonita, under stones, 1 male, 1 female, 1 July 1992, coll. F. Arrocha (MIUP) ; El Copé, 1 female, without collection date or collector name (CoZEM-ICGES, 33-08 HAG 153) . Penonomé: Hector Conte Bermudez Street, 1 female, 1 February 2008, no collector name (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Cañaveral, Cerro Gordo, on dry log, 1 female, 24 April 2013, coll. A. Araúz (MIUP) ; Congo, inside a house, 2 males, 1 female, 6 juv., March-April 2015, coll. N. Buitrago (MIUP); El Coco, 2 males, 1 female, 2 November 1979, coll. R. Carranza (MIUP) ; El Coco, 2 males, 4 females, 2 juv., 28 November 1979, coll. R. Carranza (MIUP) ; El Rosario, 1 male, 3 females, 1 juv., 13 October 1979, coll. R. Carranza (MIUP) ; La Angostura, 1 female, 2 October 1979, coll. R. Carranza (MIUP) ; Las Mendozas, 3 females, 19 October 1979, coll. R. Carranza (MIUP) ; Pueblo Nuevo, 2 females, 28 September 1979, coll. R. Carranza (MIUP) ; Penonomé, under dry stems, 2 males, 2 females, 4 juv., 28 December 1982, coll. C. Escobar (MIUP) ; Penonomé, 1 female, 21 May 2010, coll. M. Torres (MIUP) ; Puerto El Gago, inside a house, 1 female, 10 January 2015, coll. N. Buitrago (MIUP) : Sabana Larga, 1 male, 1 female, 1 juv., 5 March 2011, coll. M. Clark (MIUP) ; Tambo, Río Atré, under stones, 1 female, 25 July 2015, coll. M. Clark (MIUP) ; Tambo, Toabré, Finca Mario Him, under wood, 1 male, 1 female, 28 February 2012, coll. M. Clark (MIUP) ; Tulú, Buena Vista, 2 females, 4 juv., 3 July 2019, coll. Control de Vectores staff (CoZEM-ICGES) . COLÓN: Colón: Barriada San Judas Tadeo, outdoor bathroom (wooden), 1 female, 14 February 1988, coll. D. Anderson (MIUP) ; Colón, 1 juv., 25 November 2018, coll. N. Mena (CoZEMICGES) ; Gamboa, 1 juv., 8 March 1986, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) ; Salamanca, Nuevo Paraíso, 1 juv., 7 December 2013, coll. J. Jaen (CoZEM-ICGES) ; San Juan, 1 female, 18 June 2004, coll. L. Rojas (MIUP); San Juan, Reserva Forestal Madden, on fallen leaves of Attalea butyracea, 1 female, 13 September 2017, coll. A. Santos (MIUP) . COMARCA NGÄBE-BUGLÉ: Kusapín: Bahía Azul, inside house (along with a Tityus jaimei female in the same vial), 2006, coll. R. Torres (CoZEM-ICGES) . DARIÉN: Pinogana: Metetí, under stones, 1 female, 1 male, 23 June 2007, coll. Control de Vectores staff (CoZEM-ICGES) . HERRERA: Chitré: Chitré, 1 female, 1 January 1980, coll. M. Villalaz (MIUP) ; Chitré, 3 males, 2 females, 2 juv., 10 March 2006, coll. M. Ávila ( Control de Vectores) (CoZEMICGES) ; Chitré, inside houses, 2 females, 1 juv., 30 June 2007, coll. M. Ávila ( Control de Vectores) (CoZEMICGES) ; Chitré, 1 male, 23 November 2012, coll. M. Ávila ( Control de Vectores) (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Chitré Cabecera, 2 females, 25 January 2007, coll. M. Ávila ( Control de Vectores) (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Chitré Cabecera, in wall cracks, 1 female, 30 June 2014, coll. M. Ávila (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Chitré Cabecera, around the residence, 1 female, 16 July 2014, coll. M. Ávila ( Control de Vectores) (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Chitré Cabecera, 2 females, 2 May 2016, coll. M. Ávila (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Chitré Cabecera, warehouse of project, 2 males, 7 September 2016, coll. M. Ávila (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Chitré Cabecera, under a box, 1 male, 9 December 2016, coll. M. Ávila (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Chitré Cabecera, equipment depot, 1 female, 23 December 2016, coll. M. Ávila (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Chitré Cabecera, in a towel, 1 male, 6 February 2017, coll. Dra. R. Rodríguez (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM2017-025) ; Chitré Cabecera, inside a home, on a floor, 1 female, 11 March 2017, coll. M. Ávila (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Chitré Cabecera, 2 males, 10 May 2017, coll. M. Ávila (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Chitré Cabecera, 1 female, 10 May 2018, coll. M. Ávila ( Control de Vectores) (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM2018-0118) ; Chitré Cabecera, 1 female, 2 August 2018, coll. J. Caballero (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Chitré Cabecera, in the backyard, under boards, 1 juv., 27 September 2018, coll. J. Navarro (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Chitré Cabecera, in home kitchen, 1 juv., 10 November 2020, coll. M. Ávila ; Chitré Cabecera, in bedroom, 1 male, 13 December 2020, coll. M. Ávila ( Control de Vectores) (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Llano Bonito, Las Playitas, in a wood-burning stove, outside the home, 1 female, 14 March 2017, coll. J. Arjona (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Llano Bonito, Barriada El Rosario, in the yard, under wood, 1 female, 12 April 2018, coll. Control de Vectores staff (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Monagrillo, in the house vestibule, 2 females, 17 July 2008, coll. M. Ávila (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Monagrillo, in the bathroom, January 2017, coll. Y. de Batista (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Monagrillo, 1 female, 17 January 2017, coll. Y. de Batista (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Monagrillo, in a clothes rack, 1 male, 20 January 2017, coll. O. Cedeño (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Monagrillo, kitchen, 1 female, 25 March 2018, coll. J. De León (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Monagrillo, 1 female, 30 April 2018, coll. U. Robles (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Monagrillo, in bed inside the house, 1 female, 7 May 2019, coll. O. Cedeño (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Rayo de Luz, in the hollow of a fallen trunk, 1 female, 8 May 2008, coll. M. Ávila (Control de Vectores) (CoZEM-ICGES) ; San Juan Bautista, in waiting chair, 1 male, 31 May 2019, coll. Control de Vectores staff (CoZEM-ICGES) . Las Minas: Alto de Las Minas, 1 female, 25 May 2017, coll. C. Rigg (CoZEM-ICGES) . Ocú: Ocú, under rotting palm trunk, 1 female, 10 May 2003, coll. M. Mitre (MIUP) ; Llano Hato, 1 juv., 22 June 2019, coll. Control de Vectores staff (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Limón de Tijeras, in the Health Center lounge, 1 juv., 11 September 2011, coll. Control de Vectores staff (CoZEM-ICGES) . Parita: Cabuya, El Pedernal, in latrine, 1 female, 14 May 2017, coll. L. De Gracia (CoZEM-ICGES) ; París, Cerro Tigre, 1 male, 20 January 1980, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) ; Sarigua, Sarigua National Park, 2 males, 4 females, 7 juv., 5-6 July 1985, coll. J. Jara, R. Cambra, D. Quintero (MIUP) ; Sarigua, National Park, 1 male, 24 July 1985, coll. D. Quirós (MIUP) ; Parita, 1 male, 31 May 2013, coll. R. Miranda (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Parita, 1 female, 1 June 2013, coll. R. Miranda (CoZEM-ICGES) . Pesé: El Barrero, 1 male, 1 female, October 1983, coll. G. García (MIUP) ; Pesé, in the courtyard of the house, under wood, 4 males, 7 females, 2 juv., 21–30 December 1984, coll. I. Quezada (MIUP) . LOS SANTOS: Guararé: El Hato, 1 female, 16 September 2006, coll. C. Moscoso (MIUP) ; Guararé, under roof tiles within a courtyard setting, 1 male, 2 females, 2 juv., 3 November 1984, coll. M. Vergara García (MIUP) ; Guararé, under dry wood and rocks, 1 male, 8 females, 5 juv., 3 November 1984, coll. I. Quezada (MIUP) ; Guararé, 1 specimen, 6 July, 2014, coll. C. Nieto (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Guararé Arriba, 1 female, 6 February 2003, coll. V. Martínez (MIUP) . Las Tablas: El Cocal, Barriada Miraflores, 1 female, 9 October 2003, coll. P. González (MIUP) ; El Cocal, 1 male, 28 July 2012, coll. D. González (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Cocal, 1 male, 6 July 2014, coll. P. González (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Cocal, on fallen tree branches on the ground, 1 male, 2 females, 4 juv., 21 July 2014, coll. P. González (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Cocal, 3 males, 7 females, 1 juv., 23 October 2020, coll. S. Bermúdez, L. Domínguez, D. González (CoZEMICGES) ; El Cocal, into the house, 1 female, 24 February 2023, coll. D. González (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Muñoz, 2 females, 13 November 2002, coll. P. González (MIUP) ; El Pedregoso, in a bath towel, 1 juv., 2 January 2012, coll. Y. González (CoZEM-ICGES) . Los Santos: El Ejido, Norte de la Espigadilla, 2 males, 8 December 1984, coll. T. Gutiérrez (MIUP) ; La Villa de Los Santos, Nestlé buildings, 1 female, 10 May 1983, coll. D. Emmen (MIUP) ; La Villa de Los Santos, under stone, 2 juv., 10 March 2006, coll. M. Ávila (CoZEM-ICGES) ; La Villa de Los Santos, 2 females, 10 March 2007, coll. Control de Vectores workers (CoZEM-ICGES) ; La Villa de Los Santos, 1 female, 22 January 2019, coll. A. Botello (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM2019-0003) ; La Villa de Los Santos, 1 juv., 1 September 2019, coll. L. Castillo (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM2019-0039) ; La Villa de Los Santos, Residencial Aguamarina, laundry area outside the house, 1 male, 31 July 2021, coll. H. Rivera (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2021-44) ; La Villa de Los Santos, Residencial Aguamarina, inside the house, 1 male, 18 February 2022, coll. H. Rivera (CoZEMICGES, DIEM-2022-08) ; La Villa de Los Santos, Residencial Aguamarina, inside the house, 1 juv., 1 May 2022, coll. H. Rivera (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2022-14) ; La Villa de Los Santos, Residencial Aguamarina, 1 juv., 15 June 2022, coll. H. Rivera (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2022-20) . Macaracas: Los Leales, 1 male, 15 May 1983, coll. I. Solís (MIUP) ; Macaracas, in a piece of tree trunk, 1 female, 1 juv., 22 June 2008, coll. M. Ávila (CoZEM-ICGES) . Tonosí: Agua Buena ( Cañas Gordas), on tree trunk, 1 female, 11 February 2011, coll. M. Ávila (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Buenos Aires, Quebrada Sanjonosa, Reserva Forestal La Tronosa, 1 male, 24 April 2004, coll. V. Martínez (MIUP) ; Buenos Aires, Quebrada Sanjonosa, Reserva Forestal La Tronosa, 1 female, 17 October 2009, coll. V. Martínez, M. Mack (MIUP) ; Cañas, Cigua, under rock, 1 female, 18 May 2012, coll. M. Ávila (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Cacao, in the house entrance area, 1 male, 12 February 2012, coll. M. Ávila (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Isla Cañas, 1 female. 16 December 2016, coll. M. Ávila ( Control de Vectores) (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM2017-0004) ; La Tronosa, Reserva Forestal La Tronosa, 1 male, 14–17 August 2007, coll. R. Miranda (MIUP) ; Los Planes Serrano, Reserva Forestal La Tronosa, 1 male, 30 April 2006, coll. R. Miranda (MIUP) ; Los Planes Serrano, 1 juvenil, 25 August 2006, coll. A. Sosa (MIUP) ; Tonosí, in the courtyard of the house, 1 male, 1 August 2003, coll. D. Quintero, R. Miranda; Tonosí, no date or collector name, 4 males, 6 females, 6 August 2003, coll. M. Sepulveda de Trejos (MIUP) ; Tonosí, 1 female, 12 August 2003, coll. R. Miranda, A. Santos (MIUP) ; Tonosí, 2 males, 22 January 2009, coll. R. Fuentes (CoZEMICGES) ; Tonosí, 1 female, no date or collector name (CoZEM-ICGES) . PANAMA: Balboa: Isla Contadora, 2 males, 20 March 2011, coll. H. Paz (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Isla San Miguel, 1 male, 1–5 April 1985, coll. R. Cambra (MIUP) ; Isla San Miguel, San Miguel, in yards and vacant lots, beneath abandoned objects near residential areas, 3 males, 6 females, 1 juv., 18–22 May 1992, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) ; Saboga, Isla Chapera, 1 juv., 22 July 1982, coll. B. Gill (MIUP) . Chepo: Bayano, 1 male, 12 May 1979, coll. C. de Castro (MIUP) ; Cañita de Chepo, under stones, 2 individuals, 25 January 2007, coll. Control de Vectores staff of Chepo (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Cañita de Chepo, Lago las Flores, 1 female, 26 January 2018, coll. S. Mosquera (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM2018- 0073) ; Cañita de Chepo, on the ground among debris, 1 female, 27 June 2018, coll. C. Cianca (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2018-105) ; Chepo, inside plastic tube, 1 male, 1 female, 3 January 2020, coll. J. De León (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2020-18) ; Chepo, La Higuera, in the backyard of the house, 1 male, 18 June 2007, coll. V. Rodríguez (MIUP) ; Chepo, La Higuera, in the courtyard of the house, 1 male, 25 June 2007, coll. L. López (MIUP) ; Chepo, Control de Vectores, MINSA de Chepo, 5 males, 3 females, 9 juv., 16 March 2016, coll. Control de Vectores staff (Juan) (CoZEMICGES) ; El Llano, 2 juv., 23 March 2007, coll. Control de Vectores staff (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Llano, 1 female, 7 June 2007, coll. Control de Vectores staff (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Llano, 1 juv., 18 July 2007, coll. Dr. M. Reverte Coma (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Llano, 1 juv., 20 July 2007, coll. Escuela del Llano students (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Llano, under wood, 5 males, 2 females, 3 juv., 7 September 2007, coll. Dr. M. Reverte Coma, Escuela del Llano students (CoZEM-ICGES) : El Llano, 2 females, 10 February 2020, coll. J. Cleghorn (CIIMET) ; Las Margaritas, 1 female, 10 May 2007, coll. Dr. M. Reverte Coma (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Las Margaritas, Quebrada Aguacate, Finca El Tecal del Machetazo, 1 juv., 20 July 2008, coll. E. Pérez ( Control de Vectores) (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Madroño, 1 male, 7 females, 1 juv., 10 February 2020, coll. J. Cleghorn (CIIMET) ; Oficina Regional de Salud de Chepo, 1 male, 9 July 2019, coll. J. De León (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Poblado Manuel Santos, UV light, at night, 2 males, 9 females, 5 juv., 29–30 May 2010, coll. B. Walker, R. Muñoz (MIUP) ; Poblado Manuel Santos, night collection under UV, 2 male, 8 females, 1 juv., 29–30 May 2010, coll. B. Walker, R. Muñoz (MIUP) ; Tortí, unnamed hill, 1 juv., 16 July 1987, coll. D. Quintero A. (MIUP) ; Unión de Azuero, 1 female, 17 June 2007, coll. J. Mitre (MIUP) . Panama: 24 de December, Altos de Villa Marta, inside the house, 1 male, 1 female, 1 juv., 13 January 2007, coll. R. Gómez (MIUP) ; 24 de December, Altos de Villa Marta, in the bathroom at home, 1 juv., 8 October 2007, coll. R. Gómez (MIUP) ; 24 de December, Nuevo Tocumen, 1 female, 30 July 2019, coll. W. Patiño (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2019-30) ; 24 de December, 30 January 2023, No collector name (CoZEM-ICGES) ; 24 de December, Trebol # 1, 4 males, 4 females, 1 March 2011, coll. E. Franco (CoZEM-ICGES) ; 24 de December, inside tires, 1 female, 21 July 2021, coll. D. Martínez (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2021-42) ; Alcalde Díaz, Altos de Valle Verde, 1 male, 10 July 2016, coll. M. Santos (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2016-0177) ; Altos de Pedregal, 1 female, November 1973, coll. H. Torres (CoZEMICGES) ; Altos de Villa Lucre, calle 31, 1 male, 5 January 2020, coll. M. Domínguez (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2020- 03 A) ; Ancón, Cocolí, 1 female, 3 April 2017, coll. R. Chan (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2017-17) ; Bella Vista, El Cangrejo, calle 39, 1 juv., 5 February 1982, coll. A. Solís (MIUP) ; Bella Vista, Universidad de Panamá, within the School of Biology, 1 female, 17 November 1986, coll. cleaning lady (MIUP) ; Bella Vista, Universidad de Panamá, campus, 1 female, 11 August 2011, coll. J. Cleghorn (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Brisas del Golf, 1 female, 23 February 2010, no collector name (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Caimitillo, Praderas de San Lorenzo, inside the house, 1 female, 15 April 2020, coll. M. Santos (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2020-020) ; Caimitillo, Nuevo Caimitillo, within a leaf litter accumulation, 1 female, March 2022, coll. O. Ibarra (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM2022-012) ; Caimitillo, Praderas de San Lorenzo, inside the house, 1 female, 3 December 2022, coll. O. Ortíz (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2022-36 A) ; Campo Limberg, inside an inhabited house, 1 male, 1 female, 1 May 1996, coll. F. Solís (MIUP) ; Cerro Azul, La Zumbadora, 1 female, 1 juv., February 1964, coll. R. Rojas (CoZEM-ICGES, GML 000052) ; Cero Azul, 1 female, January 1979, coll. N. Sáenz (MIUP) ; Cerro Patacón, Torre 494. 1 juv., 10 September 2003, coll. A. Jiménez (MIUP) ; Chilibre, Calzada Larga, inside the house, 2 females, 3 juv., 25 July 2001, coll. community staff (CoZEMICGES) ; Chilibre, Calzada Larga, Barriada Las Albinas, 2 females, 1 juv., 20 April 2002, coll. N. Rosas (CoZEMICGES) ; Chilibre, Calzada Larga, 1 juv., 3 June 2019, coll. A. Cañizales (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2019-0023) ; Chilibre, Juan Mina, 1 juv., November 1965, coll. H. van Horn (CoZEM-ICGES, GML-000075) ; Chilibre, Villa Internacional, 1 male, 8 January 2020, coll. V. Sánchez (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2020-0002) ; Condado del Rey, Altamira Garden, ground floor, 1 juv., no collected date, coll. J. Suárez (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Don Bosco, sector 1, 5 males, 4 females, 26 January 2018, coll. Control de Vectores staff (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2018-74) ; Don Bosco, Bello Horizonte, inside a box with clean clothes, 1 juv., 18 February 1981, coll. R. Ayala (MIUP) : Don Bosco, Bello Horizonte, inside clothes, 1 male, 7 December 1981, coll. O. Lenn (MIUP) ; El Dorado, in a house patio, near flagstones, 1 juv., 15 May 1985, coll. E. de Fuentes (MIUP) ; El Valle de Cerro Azul, 1 male, 3 July 2014, coll. D. Díaz (MIUP) ; Juan Díaz, inside the house, 1 juv., 10 April 2013, coll. A. Masters (MIUP) ; Juan Díaz, Wastewater Treatment Plant, 5 males, 3 females, 3 juv., 15 January 2018, coll. H. Quintero (CIIMET) ; La Mesa de San Martín, 2 males, 1 female, 2 juv., 15 June 2006, coll. Y. González (MIUP) ; Las Cumbres, 1 juv., 20 November 1965, coll. G. B. Fairchild (CoZEM-ICGES, GML) ; Las Cumbres, Gonzalillo, inside the house, 1 male, 23 November 2003, no collector name (MIUP) ; Las Cumbres, Las Quintas del Lago, 2 females, 1 male, 17 July 2017, coll. P. Méndez (MIUP) ; Las Cumbres, Villa Grecia, in house, 1 male, 3 December 2022, coll. O. Ortíz (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM2022- 036) ; Nuevo Tocumen, Los Cantaros, 1 juv., 10 September 2002, no collector name (MIUP) ; Nuevo Tocumen, Cantaros #1, 1 female, 26 September 2017, coll. W. Patiño (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2017-55) ; Nuevo Tocumen, Los Cantaros #1, 1 female, 17 March 2020, coll. W. Patiño (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2020-17) ; Nuevo Tocumen, Los Cantaros #1, 1 juv., 5 September 2020, coll. W. Patiño (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2020-033) ; Nuevo Tocumen, Los Cantaros #1, 1 male, 5 September 2020, coll. W. Patiño (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2020-035) ; Pacora, 1 juv., 2012, coll. G. García (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Pacora, 1 female, 5 September 2017, coll. G. García (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2017-54) ; Pacora, 1 juv., 11 March 2019, coll. G. García (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2019-08) ; Pacora, 1 male, 29 August 2019, coll. G. García (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2019-33) ; Pacora Centro, 1 female, November 2007, coll. E. Pittí (MIUP) ; Pacora, Paso Blanco, inside the bathroom of the house, 1 male, 25 May 2011, coll. M. Bustamante (MIUP) ; Pacora, Urbanización San Juan, 1 female, 4 May 2019, coll. V. De Gracia (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM2019- 0017) ; Pacora, Los Jardines, inside the house, 1 male, no collected date, coll. H. Zuñiga (MIUP) ; Parque Municipal Summit, in environmental clinic, 1 female, 3 February 2017, coll. D. Smith (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2017-10) ; Parque Municipal Summit, 1 male, 9 July 2018, coll. E.Araúz (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2018-107) ; Parque Municipal Summit, 1 female, 28 January 2019, coll. D. Smith (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2019-01) ; Parque Municipal Summit, 2 males, 16 December 2020, coll. D. Smith (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2020-0049) : Parque Municipal Summit, 1 female, 22 January 2021, coll. D. Smith (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2021-07) ; Parque Municipal Summit, inside the waste warehouse, 1 female, 20 May 2021, coll. D. Smith (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Parque Municipal Summit, 1 female, 17 August 2021, coll. D. Smith (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2021-0049) ; Parque Municipal Summit, on the soil and leaf litter, 2 males, 1 female, 6 December 2021, coll. R. Miranda, I. Murgas, J. Lezcano (CoZEM-ICGES, # 6, 10, 12) ; Pedregal, San José, 3 females, 6 July 1986, coll. J. Cajar (MIUP) ; Pedregal, La Bandera, leaf litter on the ground, 1 juv., 25 October 2007, coll. J. Hernández (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Pedregal, San Joaquín, soccer field, 1 juv., 15 June 2007, coll. G. Castillo (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Pedregal, Villas del Bosque, inside the house, 1 female, 14 January 2020, 1 female, coll. A. Ortega (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2020-05) ; Río Abajo, calle 15, PH Edma N ° 1, inside apartment, 1 male, 1 February 2021, coll. R. Arias (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2021-09) ; San Felipe, Catedral, among wood and abandoned objects in the yard, 1 male, 2 females, 23 September–18 October 1982, coll. E. Escobar (MIUP) ; San Felipe, Catedral ( Casa Vieja), 1 female, 7 November 1985, coll. I. de Recuero (MIUP) ; San Francisco de la Caleta, 1 juv., 17 April 1983, coll. R. Cambra (MIUP) ; San Francisco, inside the house, 1 male, 2 January 2013, coll. B. D’Anello (MIUP) ; San Martín, Carriazo, 1 juv., 28 April 2012, coll. A. Castro (CoZEM-ICGES) ; San Martín, Carriazo, 1 female, 28 October 2012, coll. A. Castro (CoZEM-ICGES) ; San Martín, Carriazo, 2 juv., 6 April 2014, coll. A. Castro (CoZEM-ICGES) ; San Martín, Carriazo, 1 juv., 18 April 2014, coll. A. Castro (CoZEMICGES) ; San Martín, Carriazo, 1 juv., 18 May 2014, coll. A. Castro (CoZEM-ICGES) ; San Martín, Carriazo, in the courtyard of the house, 1 juv., 6 July 2014, coll. A. Castro (CoZEM-ICGES) ; San Martín, Carriazo, inside bedroom, 1 juv., 3 August 2014, coll. A. Castro (CoZEM-ICGES) ; San Martín, Carriazo, 1 male, 7 August 2017, coll. A. Castro (CoZEM-ICGES) ; San Martín, Carriazo, 1 male, 1 January 2020, coll. A. Castro (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM2020-0001) ; Tocumen, inside the house, 1 male, 17 July 1986, coll. B. Gray (MIUP) ; Tocumen, Estación Agro, 1 male, 25 June 1988, coll. MIUP staff (MIUP) ; Tocumen, 1 male, May 2017, coll. B. Moreno (CoZEMICGES) ; Tumba Muerto, Carretera Negra, 1 male, 10 November 1983, coll. M. García (MIUP) . San Miguelito: Barriada San Antonio, in rotten tree, 1 female, 25 November 1980, coll. J. Jaén (MIUP) ; Barriada Los Andes, 1 male, 29 July 2008, coll. A. Espinosa (MIUP) ; Belisario Porras, Providencia, Don Bosco, 2 males, 7 March 2020, coll. C. Ruíz (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM2020-0019) ; Brisas del Golf Occidente, inside the house, 1 male, 1 female, 2 juv., 1 February 2011, coll. M. Watts (MIUP) ; El Bosque, inside the house, in the living room, 1 female, 5 March 2008, coll. M. Summer (CoZEM-ICGES) ; José Domingo Espinar, Villa Lucre, inside the house (bathroom), 1 female, 16 March 2017, coll. M. Domínguez (CoZEM-ICGES) ; José Domingo Espinar, Villa Lucre, 3 males, 2 females, 26 January 2018, coll. C. De León (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2018-78) ; San Isidro, Buenos Aires, 1 male, 12 August 1980, coll. D. Quirós (MIUP) ; Taboga: Isla Otoque, on a stone on the beach, 1 juv., 24 February 2018, coll. R. Ortega (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Isla Taboga, under a rotten log on the ground, 1 juv., 18 April 1982, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) ; Isla Taboga, 1 female, 27 December 1986, coll. J. Tovar (MIUP) ; Isla Taboga, way to Jovo beach, 1 male, 28 December 1986, coll. J Tovar (MIUP) ; Isla Taboga, at the base of the Taboga Cross, 1 juv., 9 January 1992, coll. Rosemery (MIUP) ; Isla Taboga, in leaf litter on a dirt road 200 m from the rocky shore, 1 juv., 20 November 2010, coll. F. Solís (MIUP) ; Isla Taboga, in “bunker area”, among roots and in the backyard, 4 juv., 27 October 2022, coll. I. Murgas, J, Lezcano, L. Castillo (CoZEM-ICGES) . PANAMA OESTE: Arraiján: Altos de Nuevo Arraiján, 2 females, 15 February 2003, coll. D. Castillo (MIUP) ; Canal zone, Howard way to Farfán, 1 female, 8 February 2009, coll. J. Ortega (MIUP) ; Arraiján, on dry trunk, 3 females, 25 October 1982, coll. C. Escobar (MIUP) ; Arraiján, 1 female, 31 August 1996, coll. A. Rodríguez (MIUP) : Arraiján, 1 male, 4 March 2012, coll. Y. de Young (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Arraiján, inside the house, 1 male, 10 June 2013, coll. R. Masters (MIUP) ; Arraiján, inside the house, 1 female, October 2013, coll. H. de Sosa (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Brisas del Golf Arraiján, 1 male, 15 February 2018, coll. G. Aparicio (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2018-81) ; Burunga, in the house fence, 1 female, 27 July 2021, coll. F. Castillo (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2021-43 A) ; Cerro Tigre, inside the house, 1 female, 8 September 2016, coll. D. Meléndez (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Cerro Tigre, 1 male, 2 April 2017, coll. D. Meléndez (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2017-50) ; Cerro Tigre, 1 juv., 30 March 2018, coll. D. Meléndez (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Cerro Tigre, 1 juv., 21 August 2018, coll. D. Meléndez (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2018-113) ; Ciudad del Futuro, inside the house, 1 female, 19 September 2006, coll. J. Rodríguez (MIUP) ; Ciudad Vacamonte, Altamira, outside the house, 1 female, 8 March 1998, coll. V. Acosta (MIUP) ; Cocolí, 1 female, 24 March 2008, coll. D. Correa (MIUP) ; Cocolí, 1 female, October 2008, coll. D. Correa (MIUP) ; Juan Demóstenes Arosemena, Las Palmeras, 1 juv., 8 December 2018, coll. I. Marín (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM2018-124) ; Las Villas de Arraiján, 1 female, 8 February 2018, coll. D. Mojica (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2018-80) ; Nuevo Chorrillo, Colinas del Sol, inside the bathroom, 1 juv., 22 August 2021, coll. M. Santos (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM2021-048) ; Nuevo Chorrillo, Colinas del Oeste, 1 female, 22 July 2022, coll. M. Santos (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2022-22) ; Puente Centenario, under the bridge, in dead leaves, 1 female, 27 November 2007, coll. M. Clark (MIUP) ; Vacamonte, near the entrance to the Vacamonte port, inside the gatehouse, 1 male, 2 females, 6 June 1984, coll. D. Quirós (MIUP) ; Vacamonte, El Tecal, 8 July 2012, coll. R. Miranda (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Vacamonte, El Tecal, 1 male, 17 April 2017, coll. C. Cádiz (MIUP) ; Veracruz, Playa Venado, in a rotten trunk buried between the shore and the sandy beach, 1 female, 30 May 1984, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) ; Veracruz, Residencial Howard, residential plant nursery, 1 female, coll. A. Gabster (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Veracruz, Panamá Pacífico 3M, in rubber tank, 1 male, 5 January 2023, coll. G. Hernández, D. García (CoZEM- ICES, DIEM-2023-02) ; Villa Dorada, 1 female, 8 November 2019, coll. A. Bryan (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2019- 50) . Capira: Aguacate, 1 male, 13 March 2018, coll. R. Miranda, I. Murgas, G. García, J. Lezcano (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Aguacate, 1 male, 18 August 2018, coll. R. Miranda, L. Domínguez, J. Lezcano (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Aguacate, 1 male, 24 August 2018, coll. R. Miranda, L. Domínguez, J. Lezcano (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Aguacate, 1 juv., 25 August 2018, coll. R. Miranda, L. Domínguez, J. Lezcano (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Capira, 1 female, 4 May 2011, coll. R. Miranda (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Capira, 1 female, 14 May 2011, coll. R. Miranda (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Capira, 1 female, 18 August 2011, coll. R. Miranda (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Cermeño, inside a house, 1 male, 5 August 2007, coll. L. Douglas (MIUP) ; Cermeño, inside a house, within the closet, 27 March 2011, coll. C. de Douglas (MIUP) ; Cerro Campana, 1 female, February 1995, No collector name (MIUP) ; El Cacao, Trinidad de Las Minas, 2 females, 1 juv., 25 August 2018, coll. R. Miranda, L. Domínguez, J. Lezcano (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Cacao, Trinidad de Las Minas, 1 male, 20 August 2019, coll. R. Miranda, J. Lezcano (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Cacao, Trinidad de Las Minas, 1 female, 23 November 2017, coll. R. Miranda, I. Murgas, G. García, G. González (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Cacao, Trinidad de Las Minas, 1 female, 4 March 2018, coll. R. Miranda, I. Murgas, G. García, J. Lezcano (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Cacao, Trinidad de Las Minas, 1 female, 16 March 2018, coll. R. Miranda, I. Murgas, G. García, J. Lezcano (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Cacao, Trinidad de Las Minas, 3 females, 1 juv., 19 March 2018, coll. R. Miranda, I. Murgas, G. García, J. Lezcano (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Cacao, Trinidad de Las Minas, 5 males, 11 females, 21–22 March 2018, coll. R. Miranda, I. Murgas, G. García, J. Lezcano (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Cacao, Trinidad de Las Minas, within a farm and roadside area, 12 males, 12 females, 23–27 August 2018, coll. R. Miranda, L. Domínguez, J. Lezcano (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Cacao, Trinidad de Las Minas, Farm of Mr. Chano, 8 males, 2 females, 1 juv., 27 March–4 April 2019, coll. R. Miranda, J. Lezcano (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Cacao, Trinidad de Las Minas, Farm of Mr. Chano, 2 males, 5 females, 1 juv., 19–27 August 2019, coll. R. Miranda, J. Lezcano (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Polanco, in the domestic patio and agricultural land of Mr. M. Centeno, 25 females, 3 males, 4 juv., 20–23 November 2017, coll. R. Miranda, I. Murgas, G. García, G. González (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Polanco, within soil crevices, 3 females, 2 males, 1 juv., 22 March 2018, coll. R. Miranda, I. Murgas, G. García, J. Lezcano (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Polanco, 13 April 2019, coll. M. Centeno (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Polanco, agricultural land of Mr. M. Centeno, 4 females, 2 juv., 14 August 2019, coll. R. Miranda, I. Murgas (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Lídice, wooden post on a ranch, 1 juv., 18 June 1981, coll. A. Araúz (MIUP) ; Lídice, 1 juv., 11 January 1992, coll. E. Durán (MIUP) : Lídice, Majara, 3 females, 16 January 2017, coll. L. González (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM2017-0001) ; Lídice, Majara, 1 female, 2 October 2017, coll. L. González (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2017-57) ; Lídice, Majara, 2 males, 4 females, 1 juv., 22 November 2017, coll. R. Miranda, I. Murgas, G. García, G. González (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Poblado Caimito, 1 female, 25 July 2013, coll. V. Martínez (MIUP) . Chame: Bejuco, 1 male, 1 juv., 23 August 1963, coll. J. Barret (CoZEM-ICGES, GML-000093) ; Bejuco, Los Cerritos, 2 males, 3 females, 5 juv., 15 June 1977, coll. C. Campuñag (MIUP) ; Bejuco, 1 male, 1 female, 4 juv., 29 March 1981, coll. L. Ferrer (MIUP) ; Cabuya, inside a residential bathroom, 1 female, 17 August 2007, coll. M. Jirón (MIUP) ; Cabuya, in an ant nest, 1 female, 26 February 2022, coll. L. Castillo (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2022- 10 B) ; Chicá, 4 males, 1 female, 1 juv., 8 October 2011, coll. I. Herrera (MIUP) ; Nanzal y Sorá, 4 males, 10 females. 4 juv., 30 May–5 June 2010, coll. M. Torres (MIUP) ; Playa Coronado, 1 female, January 1984, coll. I. Vizuete (MIUP) ; Playa Coronado, 1 male, 1 juv., 2 January 1994, coll. E. Wang (MIUP) ; Punta Barco, 1 juv., 3 February 2018, coll. L. Abrego (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2018-82) ; Punta Chame, near the beach, 1 female, 31 July 2017, coll. A. Santos (MIUP) ; Sorá, Altos del María, located on a cement box containing a water meter, 1 female, February 2008, coll. R. Carranza (MIUP) ; Sorá, Altos del María, 2 males, 1 female, 20 September 2009, coll. A. De Gracia (MIUP) ; Sorá, Altos del María, inside the house, 1 female, 24 July 2010, coll. R. Carranza (MIUP) ; Sorá, Altos del María, inside the house, 1 male, 29 August 2010, coll. R. Carranza (MIUP) ; Sorá, Altos del María, inside the house, 1 female, 4 November 2014, coll. D. Quirós (MIUP) ; Sorá, 1 juv., 21 July 2007, coll. R. Carranza (MIUP) . La Chorrera: Amador, Los Panas, 1 juv., 16 July 2023, coll. C. González (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Barrio Colón, Altos de Valle Dorado, found indoors, on the floor of the house, 1 male, 16 January 2021, coll. O. Frago (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Cerro Cama, 1 male, 11 June 1983, coll. E. Sierra (MIUP) ; Cerro Cama, El Zaíno, 3 males, 2 females, 28 July 2007, coll. A. Sosa (MIUP) ; Costa Verde, inside the house, on the living room floor, 1 male, 2 March 2016, coll. V. Pinzón (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Espino, underneath a rock, 1 female, 21 June 2007; collector unknown (MIUP) ; El Espino, 1 juv., 6 June 2017, coll. J. Suárez (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Espino, 1 female, 20 October 2017, coll. J. Suárez (CoZEMICGES, DIEM-2017-60) ; Herrera, 3 females, June 2016, coll. A. Domínguez (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2016-20) ; Herrera, La Mendoza, 1 male, 29 January 2022, coll. A. Bustamante (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2022-05) ; Herrera, La Mendoza, Pueblo Nuevo, inside the house, 1 male, 29 April 2017, coll. Control de Vectores staff (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Hurtado, Llanito Verde, 1 male, 15 June 2015, coll. S. Vásquez (CoZEM-ICGES) ; La Chorrera, 1 male, 23 December 2013, coll. D. Araúz (MIUP) ; La Chorrera, inside the house, 1 juv., January 2014, coll. D. Centeno (CoZEMICGES) ; La Chorrera, 1 male, 27 July 2016, coll. M. Castillo (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2016-17) ; La Valdeza, within a sedimentation basin, 1 male, 23 December 2014, coll. D. Araúz (MIUP) ; La Valdeza, 1 juv., 13 December 2016, coll. D. Araúz (MIUP) ; La Valdeza, inside the house, 1 male, 16 January 2017, coll. A. Reyna (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2017-02) ; Las Arboledas, 1 female, 4 nymphs (born in the laboratory), 11 January 2020, coll. Jennifer (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM2020-04) ; Las Arboledas, 1 female, inside the house, 4 January 2022, coll. M. Hernández (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2022-02 A) ; Las Arboledas, inside the house, 20 January 2022, coll. M. Hernández (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM2022-02 B) ; Las Arboledas, inside the house, 1 male, 25 January 2022, coll. A. Bruno (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2022-04) ; Las Pavas, San Miguel Arcangel farm, 1 female, 8 February 2014, coll. D. Smith (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Playa Leona, Río Perequeté, 1 female, 17 January 1992, coll. A. Mena (MIUP) ; Playa Leona, Llano Largo, inside the house, 1 juv., 17 January 2020, coll. P. De León (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2020-06) ; Puerto Caimito, 1 male, 11 February 2023, coll. J. Gálvez (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2023-07) . San Carlos: Las Uvas-El Valle de Antón Road, inside the house, 1 female, October 2009, coll. L. Ureña (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Las Uvas-El Valle de Antón Road, inside the house, 2 females, 12 March 2016, coll. S. Bermúdez (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Las Uvas-El Valle de Antón Road, inside the house Ureña-Castillero, 1 female, 8 August 2008 coll. Z. de Bermúdez (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Higo, 1 female, 23 June 1963, coll. E. Bernal (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Higo, Llano Redondo, 1 female, 2 juv., 23 June 1963, coll. E. Bernal (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Higo, Palo Diferente, 1 female, 1 juv., 28 August 1963, coll. M. Montecer (CoZEM-ICGES) ; San Carlos, beneath a log in the house patio, 2 males, 3 females, 3 juv., 5 December 1980, coll. N. Grant (MIUP) ; San Carlos, 1 female, 29 March 2003, coll. P. González (MIUP) , San Carlos, 3 males, 1 female, September 2016, coll. B. Henríquez (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM2016-0041) . VERAGUAS: Atalaya: San Antonio, inside the new surgical room of Hospital, 1 female, 5 January 2017, coll. H. Rivera (CoZEMICGES) ; Calobre: Calobre, inside the house, 1 female, August 2007, coll. R. Torres (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Calobre, within tree bark, 1 juv., 07 August 2007, coll. R. Torres (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Calobre, within tree bark, 1 female, 07 August 2007, coll. R. Torres (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Calobre, within tree bark, 1 male, 07 August 2007, coll. R. Torres (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Calobre, found sheltering beneath fallen logs, stones and wooden posts in grazing areas, 6 females, 6 males, 8–15 August 1982, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) ; on pasture fence posts, fallen logs, and stones in house patios, 9 females, 9 males, 8-15 August 1982, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP); Calobre, on pasture fence posts, fallen logs, and stones in house backyards, 13 juv., 8–15 August 1982, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) ; Calobre, on pasture fence posts, fallen logs, and stones in house backyards, 4 females, 14 juv., 15 August 1982, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) ; Calobre, within tree bark, 1 female, 03 January 2022, coll. R. Torres (CoZEM-ICGES) ; La Yeguada, 2 females, 1 male, 7 juv., 14 August 1982, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) ; Cafetales de Pito, 1 female, 10 August 1984, coll. D. Quintero, R, Cambra, J. Jara (MIUP) ; under the bark of rotten tree trunks, 1 female, 2 juv., 11 August 1984, coll. D. Quintero, R, Cambra, J. Jara (MIUP); El Guásimo, 1 juv., 24 February 2020, coll. J. Lezcano (CoZEMICGES) ; 1 juv., 24 February 2020, coll. J. Lezcano (CoZEM-ICGES); 1 female, 24 February 2020, coll. J. Lezcano (CoZEM-ICGES); El Guayabalito, 1 female, 22 September 2020, coll. R. Torres (CoZEM-ICGES) . Cañazas: Cañazas, 1 male, 23 June 2007, coll. V. Martínez (MIUP) ; Palo Verde, decayed wooden sticks, fencing structures, and under stones, 5 females, 3 males, 5 juv., 4–6 August 1982, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) ; Río Corita, Road to Los Panamaes, 1 male, 18 July 1982, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) ; San Juan, 2 females, 1 male, 21–22 August 1987, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) . La Mesa: 1 female, 29 March 2009, coll. R. Fuentes (CoZEM-ICGES) ; La Mesa, fencing structures, 1 female, 25-31 July 1982, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) ; La Mesa, beneath stones, on pasture fence posts, 16 females, 5 males, 2 juv., 33 larvae, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) ; La Mesa, 1 female, 23 February 2009, coll. R. Fuentes (CoZEM-ICGES) . Las Palmas: Las Palmas, found in grazing fields and residential areas of the village, on rotten trees and under rocks, 12 females, 5 males, 1 juv., 2–5 August 1982, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) ; Los Ruices, 4 females, 1 male, coll. R. Carranza (MIUP) . Mariato: Cerro Hoya National Park, 10 females, 1 male, 1 juv., May 2009, coll. R. Miranda, R. Fuentes (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Cerro Hoya National Park, 1 male, 27 October 2009, coll. R. Miranda, R. Fuentes (CoZEM-ICGES) . Montijo: Puerto Mutis, under rocks close to a grazing field, 1 male, 1 female, 1 juv., 28 June 1982, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) . Ponuga: Cirbulaco, on fence posts in pasture, beneath logs, 8 juv., 8–13 November 1982, coll. J. Palavicini (MIUP) ; Río de Jesús: Río de Jesús, under leather panels outside the bohío, 1 male, 1 female, 7 June 1982, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) ; Las Díaz, 1 female, 3 July 2019, coll. Control de Vectores staff (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM2018-104) ; Quebrada las Marías, in pasture, beneath stones, 1 female, 6 juv., 4 July 1982, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) . San Francisco: Carabalí, carried in a sack containing yams to Arraiján, 1 female, 16 February 2022, coll. S. Miranda (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2022-09) ; Cerro Paja Colorada and Los Hoyos, beneath tires and in the backyard, and in pasture, 3 females, 7–8 August 1987, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) ; San Francisco, 2 males, 1 female, 13 October 1986, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) ; San Francisco, outdoors, in a tub, 1 male, 8 December 2001, coll. T. de González (MIUP) . Santa Fe: El Alto, along the road, on the ground or on wood, 3 females, 1 male, 24 June 2017, coll. R. Miranda, S. Bermúdez, J. Lezcano (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Paja Colorada, in a tub, 1 female, 11 December 2018, coll. D. Archibold (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM2019-0009) ; Santa Fe, on pasture fence posts and inside houses, 1 male, 4 females, 4–17 July 1982, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) ; Santa Fe, within the Santa Fe medical facility, 1 female, 15 May 2017, coll. D. Archibold (CoZEM-ICGES) . Santiago: road to the quarry at Los Duendes, beneath metal drums on moist soil, 2 females, 1 juv., 2–3 May 1982, coll. D. Quintero (MIUP) ; Altos de Miramar, 1 juv., 12 April 2013, coll. D. Alfano (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Santiago, 1 female, January 2014, coll. C. González (MIUP) ; Santiago, La Raya de Santamaría, Pedregal-Barrio Oscuro, in the environmental education clinic, 1 juv., 12 January 2017, coll. N. Ellis (CoZEM-ICGES, DIEM-2017-11) . Soná: Guarumal, El Jagua, inside a Sherman trap, 1 female, 31 August 2007, coll. J. González (MIUP) ; Guarumal, inside the Guarumal health center, 1 male, 1 female, 31 August–2 September 2007, coll. P. González (MIUP) ; La Soledad, Quebrada Honda, 3 males, 2 females, 10 March 2006, coll. Control de Vectores staff (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Soná, 1 male, 6 April 2008, coll. D. Correa (MIUP) ; Soná, on a fallen log near a dwelling, 1 male, date not specified, coll. M. Ávila (CoZEM-ICGES) .</p><p>Diagnosis. See Armas et al. (2011a). Total body length between 60–95 mm. Colouration: body dark yellowishbrown, with paler legs, as well as the trochanter and femur of the pedipalp. Pedipalp carinae and metasoma are infuscate. Chelicerae with brown reticulation. Carapace: very strongly granulose. Lateral ocular tubercles with three macro-ocelli each. Superciliary and posterior median carinae strong, granulose; anterior median furrow wide, moderately deep; posterior median furrow narrow, deep; posterior marginal furrow wide, deep. Pectines: pectinal tooth count ranges from 24 to 29 in males (mode = 25) and 24 to 26 in females (mode = 24); basal plate rectangular in shape, without central pit or depression. Mesosoma: tergites strongly granulose, tergites I-VI with median carinae present. Tergite VII pentacarinate granulate and serrate. Pedipalp: orthobothriotaxic, type A, only sparsely hirsute. Femur with surfaces very finely granulose; dorsal carinae crenulated, with moderate granules; ventral external carina subserrate, with larger granules. Patella with surfaces very finely granulose; dorsal carinae crenulated, with moderate granules; ventral external carina strong, rim-like. The chela is 3.5 to 3.7 times longer than wide in females, and 3.8 to 3.9 times in males. Chela with manus ovate, 1.2-1.3 times wider than patella. Chela with dorsal, external and ventral surfaces coriaceous; internal surface very finely granulose. Chela with five distinct carinae: dorsal marginal moderate and subgranulose; digital carina moderate; dorsal secondary carina strong and mostly smooth, with vestigial granules in their basal portion; dorsal internal carina obsolete; ventroexternal strong and smooth; others carinae indistinct. Both digits of the chela have eight principal rows of granules. The mobile digit has a well-developed basal lobe, and the fixed digit has a prominent basal notch. Metasoma: segments exhibit 10-8-8-8-5 well-developed crenate or serrate carinae, smooth in the segment V; intercarinal spaces coriaceous, with scarce fine granules, mainly in dorsal surface; segments II–IV with two pairs of ventrolateral macrosetae; Segment V is 2.1 to 2.2 times longer than wide in females and 2.3 to 2.7 times in males. Globose vesicle in both sexes, slightly more elongated in the male; subaculear tubercle is moderate and spiniform, directed toward the middle of the aculeus.</p><p>Distribution: Centruroides granosus is an endemic species of Panama. Although it is widely distributed across all provinces, it is most common in the country’s central region, with a marked preference for areas impacted by anthropogenic activities, including grasslands and urbanized zones.</p><p>Remarks: This species was described by Thorell (1876),based on specimens from San José Island in Archipiélago de las Perlas, Panama. For many years, it was considered a junior synonym of Centruroides margaritatus, according to the opinion of Pocock (1902), which was maintained by subsequent authors (Lourenço &amp; Méndez, 1984; Armas &amp; Maes, 2000; Fet &amp; Lowe, 2000; Quintero, 2005). Armas &amp; Trujillo (2010) revalidated Centruroides granosus . Meanwhile, Armas et al. (2011a) redescribed C. granosus in detail and added new distribution records. Escudero-Sanjur et al. (2022) in their study of the phylogeny of the Centruroides of Panama from sequences of the mitochondrial genes Cytochrome oxidase I and 16S, found that C. granosus is closer to Centruroides ochraceus (Pocock, 1898) (from Mexico) and Centruroides tapachulaensis Hoffmann, 1932 (from Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras) (Armas &amp; Cubas-Rodríguez, 2025), than to other species present in Panama.</p><p>Reproductive biology: Lezcano et al. (2022) reported a litter size average of 39 ± 22 offspring per birth for C. granosus (n= 9, Range = 25–84), with the maternal care period being approximately 21 days for this species under captive conditions. They also inform about the occurrence of abortions (n = 10) and maternal cannibalism (n = 2).</p><p>Natural history: Synanthropic species. In Panama City, it lives in sympatry with C. margaritatus . Due to its wide distribution in Panama, it can be found living in sympatry with other scorpion species, generally in ecotone zones between forests and areas impacted by human activity (map). The list of prey of C. granosus includes the orders Araneae, Chilopoda, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera Mantodea, Orthoptera and other scorpions (Miranda et al., 2015; Miranda, 2022).</p><p>Venom and scorpionism: Salazar et al. (2018) analysed the protein composition of C. granosus venom and evaluated the effects of some neurotoxins on mice and insects. These toxins were able to cause death when administered intracranially to mice, but not when administered intraperitoneally. In crickets, these same toxins caused paralysis. From an epidemiological perspective, Borges et al. (2012) report that C. granosus causes the majority of scorpionism cases in Panama, although it generally causes mild symptoms. In this country, severe envenomations and fatalities are primarily associated with various species of the genus Tityus . In the material reviewed in this paper, the majority of specimens involved in stings were C. granosus from the provinces of Coclé, Veraguas, Panama, and Panama Oeste. Although most of the material reviewed did not indicate the sting site, others indicated that contact occurs mostly on the upper and lower extremities (Table 7).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F3F5030234FF2CFB1EFBA9904C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Miranda, Roberto J.;De Armas, Luis F.;Cleghorn, John;Lezcano, Juan J.;Castillo, Lyska Y.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Murgas, Ingrid L.	Miranda, Roberto J., De Armas, Luis F., Cleghorn, John, Lezcano, Juan J., Castillo, Lyska Y., Cambra, Roberto A., Murgas, Ingrid L. (2026): The species of the genus Centruroides Marx, 1890 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Panama. Zootaxa 5752 (3): 301-347, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5752.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5752.3.1
03CA87F3F5150237FF2CFDB2FCC8953C.text	03CA87F3F5150237FF2CFDB2FCC8953C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Centruroides limbatus (Pocock 1898) Quintero & Esposito 2014	<div><p>Centruroides limbatus (Pocock, 1898)</p><p>Figures: 3; 6 A; 7 C, D; 10 B, D; 11 B; 14 B; 16 C, D; 20 A, B.</p><p>Tables: 3, 6.</p><p>Centrurus limbatus Pocock, 1898: 387 .</p><p>References subsequent to Fet &amp; Lowe (2000: 111): Centruroides limbatus (Pocock, 1898) .</p><p>Montoya &amp; Armas, 2002: 157 (first report from Panama); Teruel &amp; Cozijn, 2011; Miranda, 2011; Borges et al., 2012; Miranda et al., 2014; Miranda et al., 2015; Salazar et al., 2018; Davidson et al., 2020; Escudero-Sanjur et al., 2022; Lezcano et al., 2022; Armas &amp; Cubas-Rodríguez, 2023: 3–11, figures 1–11; Díaz et al., 2025.</p><p>Type material: Male holotype: Costa Rica, Talamanca, Sirirea (NHMUK). Francke &amp; Stockwell (1987: 11), recognized Centruroides rubricauda (Pocock, 1898) as a junior synonym of C. limbatus .</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>BOCAS DEL TORO: Almirante: Almirante, 1 female, 20 August 1963, coll. R. Hinds (CoZEM-ICGES, LCG-044) ; Almirante, 1 female, 1 April 1964, coll. R. Hinds (CoZEM-ICGES, LCG-057) ; Loma Azul: 1 male, 9 August 2011, coll. R. Miranda, I. Murgas (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Loma Azul, 2 females, 8 males, 4 juv., 9 May 2018, coll. R. Miranda, I. Murgas, J. Lezcano (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Los Higuerones, Centro de Salud, 6 males, 9 May 2018, coll. Los Higuerones Health Center staff (CoZEM-ICGES); Milla 3, 1 juv., 15 June 2021, coll. W. Patiño (CoZEMICGES) ; Quebrada Pita, 1 juv., 31 May 2019, coll. E. Jaén (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Río Hondo, 3 females, 1 male, 2 juv., 30 November 1984, coll. R. Barraza (MIUP) ; Valle de Riscó, 2 juv., 24 October 2013, coll. R. Miranda (CoZEMICGES) ; Valle Riscó, 2 females, 1 male, 2 juv., 24 November 2013, coll. R. Miranda (CoZEM-ICGES) ; 1 juv., 26 November 2013, coll. R. Miranda, A. Valderama, N. Jaén (CoZEM-ICGES); Quebrada Riscó, 1 juv., 31 May 2019, coll. E. Jaén (CoZEM-ICGES) . Bocas del Toro: Isla Bocas del Toro, 1 female, 10 July 1984, coll. R. Barraza (MIUP) ; Bocas del Toro Island, 5 females, 3 males, 17 November 1984, coll. R. Barraza (MIUP) ; Boca del Drago, 1 male, 14 December 1984, coll. R. Barraza (MIUP) . Changuinola: El Empalme, 1 female, 26 May 1984, coll. R. Barraza (MIUP) ; El Empalme, 1 juv., 10 June 2018, coll. Alvares, Stonesstreet (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Finca 4, 7 females, 5 males, 2 juv., 10 September 1984, coll. R. Barraza (MIUP) ; Teribe mountainous region, 1 female, 24 May 1984, coll. R. Barraza (MIUP) ; San San Drury, 1 juv., 29 February 2012, coll. A. Santos (MIUP) ; Changuinola, IRHE field camp, 1 female, 17 January 1980, coll. A. Herrera (MIUP) ; Changuinola, 12 females, 11 males, 9 December 1984, coll. R. Barraza (MIUP) ; Playa Changuinola, 1 female, 1 July 2003, coll. J. Rodríguez (MIUP) ; Finca 41, 1 male, 1 juv., 26 June 1986, coll. R. Barraza (MIUP) ; Finca 30, 2 males, 1 juv., 18 June 1984, coll. R. Barraza (MIUP) ; Guabito, 1 male, 5 May 1984, coll. R. Barraza (MIUP) ; Guabito, 6 females, 2 males, 1 juv., 19 September 1980, coll. D. Quintero, R. Carranza ; California, 1 female, 4 juv., 22 July 1984, coll. R. Barraza (MIUP) ; La Gloria, 6 females, 4 males, 2 November 2008, coll. R. Cambra (MIUP) ; La Gloria, 2 females, 5 males, 31 October 2008, coll. R. Cambra (MIUP) ; Junco, 10 females, 2 males, 11 November 1984, coll. R. Barraza (MIUP) ; Río Teribe, 2 females, 1 male, 24 November 1984, coll. R. Barraza (MIUP) . Chiriquí Grande: Cañazas, 3 females, 5 males, 1 juv., 8 May 2018, coll. R. Miranda, I. Murgas, J. Lezcano (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Rambala. 1 female, 1 male, 2 juv., 8 May 2018, coll. R. Miranda, I. Murgas, J. Lezcano (CoZEM-ICGES) ; Peninsula Valiente, 1 female, 3 males, 6 juv., 12 January 1985, coll. R. Barraza (MIUP) . Isla Colón District: Colón Island, 2 juv., 2 December 1982, coll. A. Araúz (MIUP) . NGÄBE-BUGLÉ COMARCA: Kusapín: Kankintú, 4 females, 2 males, 30 August 2007, coll. A. Santos (MIUP) ; Kankintú: 10 females, 3 juv., 40 projuv., 12 January 1985, coll. R. Barraza (MIUP) . VERAGUAS: Santa Fe: El Pantano, 2 juv, 5 April 2017, coll. D. Archibold (CoZEM-ICGES) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Follows Francke &amp; Stockwell (1987) and own data. Total body length ranges from 85 to 105 mm. Colouration: this is a highly polymorphic species. Its colouration varies, with morphs generally appearing in light yellow, reddish, dark brown, or even blackish; the ocular tubercle, the marginal carinae of the carapace, the carinae of the metasoma, telson, segment V of the metasoma, and the digits of the pedipalps are blackish. Carapace: granulation is sparse and fine. Lateral ocular tubercles with three macro-ocelli each. Ocular tubercle with a pair of smooth granular superciliary carinae projecting above the median ocelli. Lateral ocular carinae weak, finely granular. Posterior median carinae are present and weakly granular. Anteromedian furrow is moderately deep; posteromedian furrow is narrow and deep posteriorly; posterolateral furrows are moderately deep and slightly curved; posteromarginal furrow is shallow and wide. Pectines: pectinal tooth count in females varies between 18 to 29 teeth, while males have between 19 and 31; basal plate square. Mesosoma: finely and sparsely granular. Median carinae present in all tergites, weak in tergites I and II, moderate in III-V and fine granular in VI and VII. Tergite VII pentacarinate. Pedipalp: orthobothriotaxic, type A, only sparsely hirsute. All carinae of femur and patella weak to extremely weak granular; internal faces of femur and patella weakly tuberculate. The chela is thin, 4.5 to 5.0 times longer than wide; The chela is almost as wide as the patella, it can be up to 1.3 times wider than the patella. Chela with five carinae: dorsal secondary, dorsal marginal, and ventroexternal carinae weak, feebly granulose; dorsal internal vestigial, granular; digital carina vestigial to obsolete, present as a few basal granules; all other carinae obsolete. Nine main rows of granules in fixed and movable fingers. Fingers of the chela with basal lobe/notch combination moderate. Metasoma: segments of the metasoma with 10-8-8-8-5 carinae consisting of very fine and widely spaced granules. Intercarinal surfaces smooth. segments II–IV with two pairs of ventrolateral macrosetae. The segment V of the metasoma is 2.4 to 2.6 times longer than wide in females and 3 to 3.5 times in males. Telson with vesicle ovate in females, and oval elongate in male. Subaculear tubercle moderate spiniform directed toward the apex of the aculeus.</p><p>Variation: This species exhibits considerable variability in colouration, total body length, and pectinal tooth count. Reported total body lengths range from 55 to 110 mm (Francke &amp; Stockwell, 1987; Blasco-Aróstegui et al., 2020; Armas &amp; Cubas-Rodríguez, 2023). The male holotype measures 100 mm in total length (Pocock, 1898). In the present study, specimens ranged from 75 to 102 mm in total length. According to Pocock (1898), Francke &amp; Stockwell (1987), Montoya &amp; Armas (2002), and Armas &amp; Cubas-Rodríguez (2023), pectinal tooth counts vary from 18 to 29 in females and from 19 to 31 in males. In the material examined for this study, pectinal tooth counts ranged from 24 to 26 in females and from 25 to 27 in males.</p><p>Distribution: Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama. This includes the island territories of Panama (Bocas del Toro Archipelago) and Honduras (Utila Island), both in the Caribbean Sea (Montoya &amp; Armas, 2002; Armas &amp; Cubas-Rodríguez, 2023). Centruroides limbatus has been reported mostly in secondary forests and areas impacted by human activity throughout its distribution (Blasco-Aróstegui et al., 2020). It is frequently found in banana and oil palm plantations common in the region, in pasture fences, and even in the surroundings and inside human dwellings.</p><p>Remarks: Centruroides limbatus was compared to Centruroides gracilis since its description (Pocock, 1898). In Panama, Lourenço &amp; Méndez (1984) identified some specimens of C. limbatus from Bocas del Toro as C. gracilis, which we corroborated through a partial review of this material deposited in the CoZEM-ICGES. Montoya &amp; Armas (2002) were the first to report the presence of C. limbatus in Panama, specifically in the Bocas del Toro Archipelago. For their part, Escudero-Sanjur et al. (2022), through phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial genes (COI and 16S), obtained that C. limbatus grouped closely with Centruroides gracilis and with C. panamensis .</p><p>Reproductive biology: Davidson et al. (2020) reported a female of C. limbatus with more than 30 second-stage juveniles from Utila Island in April 2020. In addition, Lezcano et al. (2022) reported that in captivity, C. limbatus produces litters of 34 ± 5 hatchlings (n =7 births) in May and December.</p><p>Natural history: Prey records for C. limbatus are diverse, and includes: insects (Orthoptera, Blattodea), centipedes (Geophilomorpha, Scolopendromorpha), spiders ( Lycosidae, Araneidae, and Theraphosidae).Interactions with other scorpions include reports of intraguild predation on two Tityus species (Miranda et al., 2015; Blasco-Aróstegui et al., 2020) and cannibalism (Blasco-Aróstegui et al., 2020; Armas &amp; Cubas-Rodríguez, 2023). Brown &amp; Arrivillaga (2019) mention a case of cohabitation of a female C. limbatus with the gecko Phyllodactylus palmeus Dixon, 1968 on Utila Island, in the Caribbean of Honduras.</p><p>Venom and scorpionism: The most abundant fractions of C. limbatus venom display neurotoxic effects when injected intracranially into mice and cause paralysis in insects; however, they are not lethal to mice when administered intraperitoneally (Salazar et al., 2018). Díaz et al. (2025) reported that the venoms of C. limbatus and C. bicolor are very similar and share numerous protein components, including several putative ion channel-modulating toxins. However, they found differences in the efficacy of their venoms against various insect species. Furthermore, these researchers discovered that C. limbatus venom also shares biochemical similarities with that of C. gracilis . Despite its widespread distribution, little is known about envenomations caused by C. limbatus (Borges et al., 2012) . Bush (1999) describes a case of grade II envenomation (of a four-stage scale) that occurred in Orange County, California, which is quite far from the natural distribution of C. limbatus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F3F5150237FF2CFDB2FCC8953C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Miranda, Roberto J.;De Armas, Luis F.;Cleghorn, John;Lezcano, Juan J.;Castillo, Lyska Y.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Murgas, Ingrid L.	Miranda, Roberto J., De Armas, Luis F., Cleghorn, John, Lezcano, Juan J., Castillo, Lyska Y., Cambra, Roberto A., Murgas, Ingrid L. (2026): The species of the genus Centruroides Marx, 1890 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Panama. Zootaxa 5752 (3): 301-347, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5752.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5752.3.1
03CA87F3F5100232FF2CFA86FE4F9724.text	03CA87F3F5100232FF2CFA86FE4F9724.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Centruroides margaritatus (Gervais 1841)	<div><p>Centruroides margaritatus (Gervais, 1841)</p><p>Figures: 4; 8 C, D; 12 C; 13 B; 15 B; 17 E, F; 22 A, B.</p><p>Table: 4, 6.</p><p>For a complete bibliographic review, see Armas et al., 2011b: 2.</p><p>References subsequent to Armas et al., 2011b: Armas et al., 2012; Miranda et al., 2014; Esposito et al., 2017; Beltrán-Vidal et al., 2021.</p><p>Type material: Holotype: Ecuador. Isla de Puná, Golfo de Guayaquil (MNHN RS 1051).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>PANAMA: Panama: Bella Vista, University of Panama, School of Biology Building, 1 female, 18 October 1985 (MIUP) ; Bella Vista, Calle 48, on the staircase of the house, 1 juv., 12 March 1982, coll. X. Luna (MIUP) . Calidonia, observed walking on the pavement in front of a residence, near the MIVI offices in El Marañón, 1 female, 27 January 1985, coll. M. Ortega (MIUP) . El Chorrillo, inside a medical consultation room, 1 female, 1 February 2023, coll. A. Ying (CoZEM-ICGES) ; El Chorrillo, 1 male, 1 juv., 28 June 1980, coll. G. Palma (MIUP) . Parque Lefevre, 1 female, 20 June 1992, coll. C. Chena (MIUP) . Pedregal, Altos de Pedregal, 1 male, 1 female, November 1973, coll. H. Torres (CoZEM-ICGES) . San Miguel, Centro de Salud Emiliano Ponce, 1 female, 26 July 2007 (MIUP) . San Felipe: inside the Ministerio de Gobierno y Justicia building, 1 male, 21 January 1980, coll. B. Bárcenas (MIUP) ; Barrio Catedral, between pieces of dry wood, 2 females, 1 male, 2 October 1981, coll. C. Escobar (MIUP) ; Barrio Catedral, among wood and abandoned objects, 1 male, 18 October 1982, coll. C. Escobar (MIUP) ; in an old house 2 males, 17–18 October 1984, coll. Z. Buenaño (MIUP); in an old house, 1 female, 14 November 1984, coll. C. Roevero (MIUP); 1 female, 23 November 1984, coll. E. Morales (MIUP); 1 male, 19 December 1984, coll. Z. Buenaño (MIUP); 1 female, 2 January 1985, coll. Z. Buenaño (MIUP); in an old house, 1 female, 1 male, 9–14 March, 1985, coll. Z. Buenaño (MIUP); into old house, 1 female, 11 April 1985, coll. I. Recuero, Y. Sánchez (MIUP) into old house, 1 female, 31 August 1985, coll. E. Morales (MIUP); 67 juv. born in laboratory, 8 September 1985, J. Jara (MIUP); 1 male, 25 November 1990, coll. J. Pérez (MIUP); calle primera, in an old house, 1 male, 1 female, 24 and 27 February 2014, both coll. M. Grusis (CoZEM-ICGES); 1 female, March 2014, coll. R. Miranda (CoZEM-ICGES); inside the house, 1 female, 10 June 2014, coll. M. Madrid (CoZEM-ICGES) . Santa Ana: inside the houses, 1 female, 3 males, 1 juv., December 2013, coll. Control de Vectores Department staff, MINSA (CoZEMICGES) ; 1 female, 15 April 2014, coll. J. Young (CoZEM-ICGES) . PANAMA OESTE: Arraiján: Arraiján, 1 female, 7 December 1967, coll. E. Barría. San Carlos: El Higo, Palo Diferente, 4 males, 28 August 1968, coll. M. Montecer (CoZEM-ICGES) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Follows Armas et al. (2011b). Total length ranges from 60 to 105 mm. Colouration: carapace and tergites are dark yellow-brown, with an underlying fuscous pattern. Tergite VII is lighter than tergites I–VI and resembles the colour of the basal metasomal segments. The carinae and granulation are dark brown. The pedipalp femur and patella are yellow-brown, lighter than the body, while the chela is reddish brown. The sternites are yellow-brown with a dark brown shade. Metasomal segments I–IV are yellow-brown, becoming darker on IV, and segments V and the telson are dark reddish brown. All segments are ventrally darker than they are dorsally or laterally. Carapace: strongly granulose; granules spiniform. Superciliary carinae and posterior median strong, crenate. The anterior median furrow is wide and moderately deep, while the posterior median furrow is narrow and deeper posteriorly. Pectines: pectinal tooth count ranges from 25 to 27 in females and 27–30 in males, with a rectangular basal plate. Mesosoma: tergites I–VI are moderately granulose. Median carina present in all tergites, crenate. Tergite VII pentacarinate. Pedipalp: orthobothriotaxic, type A, only sparsely hirsute; its chela is ovate, 1.1–1.2 times wider than the patella. The chela is 3.5 to 3.6 times longer than wide in females and 3.8 to 3.9 times in males. Chela with seven carinae: dorsal marginal moderate nearly smooth, non-pilose; dorsal secondary strong, smooth; digital moderate smooth and granular near the base of manus (Fig. 12 C, 13 B); external secondary moderate, granular; ventral accessory strong, granular; ventroexternal moderate, nearly smooth; dorsal internal weak, granular. Fixed finger features eight main oblique rows of granules, while the movable finger has a well-developed basal lobe. Metasoma: metasomal segments exhibit 10-8-8-8-5 well-developed crenulate carinae; the ventral submedian carinae on segment I are moderate and finely crenulated, while the dorsal lateral carinae on segment V are moderate. Intercarinal spaces contain spread fine granules. Segment II-IV with four pairs of ventrolateral macrosetae. Segment V is 2.1 to 2.2 times longer than it is wide in females and 3 to 3.3 times in males. Telson is ovate in females and oblong in males, with a small to moderate spinoid subaculear tubercle directed toward the apical third of the aculeus.</p><p>Variation: The total length of C. margaritatus from Panama varies from 90 to 103 mm in males and 84 to 92 mm in females. The pectinal count varies between 27 and 29 in males and 25 to 27 in females.</p><p>Distribution: Peru, Ecuador, southwest Colombia (Valle del Cauca, Cauca, and Nariño). Introduced in Cuba, Jamaica, and Panama (Teruel, 2002). Miranda et al. (2014) indicate that this species is found in Panama City. In this review, we have added two localities in Panama Oeste (San Carlos and Arraiján) based on specimens deposited at CoZEM-ICGES and collected in the 1960s.</p><p>Natural history: This synanthropic species coexists with Centruroides granosus in Panama City. According to Armas et al. (2012), in Colombia, they can be found from the coast at sea level to altitudes of 1750 meters.</p><p>Venom and scorpionism: Although the venom of C. margaritatus has been considered to be of low toxicity, there have been reports of moderate and severe envenoming cases in Colombia, which have prompted studies on some of its toxins (Beltrán-Vidal et al., 2021). In Panama, there are no reports of scorpionism involving this species; however, due to its preference for synanthropic environments, these accidents likely occur, especially in Panama City (Miranda et al., 2014).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F3F5100232FF2CFA86FE4F9724	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Miranda, Roberto J.;De Armas, Luis F.;Cleghorn, John;Lezcano, Juan J.;Castillo, Lyska Y.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Murgas, Ingrid L.	Miranda, Roberto J., De Armas, Luis F., Cleghorn, John, Lezcano, Juan J., Castillo, Lyska Y., Cambra, Roberto A., Murgas, Ingrid L. (2026): The species of the genus Centruroides Marx, 1890 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Panama. Zootaxa 5752 (3): 301-347, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5752.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5752.3.1
03CA87F3F513023FFF2CFCA4FE1297F8.text	03CA87F3F513023FFF2CFCA4FE1297F8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Centruroides panamensis Quintero & Esposito 2014	<div><p>Centruroides panamensis Quintero &amp; Esposito, 2014</p><p>Figures: 5; 8 E, F; 12 D; 18 A, B; 23 A–C.</p><p>Table: 5, 6.</p><p>References: Miranda et al., 2015; Salazar et al., 2018; Escudero-Sanjur et al., 2022.</p><p>Type material: holotype: PANAMA, Chiriquí Province, foothills of Volcán Barú, male, 14 July 1984, Arsenio Araúz (LAV-MIUP) . Allotype female (gravid): Finca Lukarel, Volcancito, 2 January 1984, coll. Efrain &amp; Lorena Bruña. Paratypes: Chiriquí, several locations in the districts of Tierras Altas (formerly part of Bugaba) and Boquete, deposited in MIUP (see material revised) .</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>CHIRIQUÍ: Boquete: Boquete, 1 female, 13 February 1985, coll. L. Bruña (MIUP) . Jaramillo Centro: Finca Alto Cristo, 1 female, 2 males, 2 juv., December 2014, coll. T. Armitage (MIUP) ; inside the house, 2 females, 1 male, 5 March 2021, coll. C. Pittí. (CoZEM-ICGES) . Palmira, 1 juv., March 2010, coll. Dr. Zarate (CoZEMICGES). Volcancito: Finca Lukarel, 1 female (Allotype), 2 January 1984, coll. E Bruña, L. Bruña (MIUP) ; Finca Lukarel, 1 female, 1 juv., 9 December 1984, coll. L. Bruña (MIUP) ; Finca Lukarel, 1 female, 1 male (Paratypes), 13 February 1985, coll. L. Bruña (MIUP) ; in sticky traps, 4 males, 2 juv., 8 February 2021, coll. C. Pittí (CoZEMICGES) . Gualaca: Valle de Hornito, road to Bocas del Toro, 1 male, 2 juv., April 2009 (CoZEM-ICGES) ; 1 juv., 1 September 2013, coll. R. Miranda, J. Cleghorn (CoZEM-ICGES); 1 female, 25 February 2014, coll. R. Miranda, J. Cleghorn (CoZEM-ICGES); 1 juv., 31 July 2017, coll. J. Cleghorn (CoZEM-ICGES) . Renacimiento: Caizán: La Primavera, on tree bark, 1 female, 29 April 2012, coll. A. Araúz (MIUP) . Tierras Altas: Bambito: under a rock, 1 female, 6 July 2014, coll. M. Villarreal (MIUP) ; under a rock, 1 male, 6 July 2014, coll. J. Espinosa (MIUP) . Cuesta de Piedra, 1 female, 6 July 2012, coll. L. Espinosa (MIUP) . Paso Ancho: under a rock, 1 female (Paratype), 3 August 2012, coll. N. Santamaría (MIUP); on a log, 1 female, 1 September 2012, coll. A. Pitty (MIUP); in the bathroom, 1 female (Paratype), 5 December 2012, coll. A. Miranda (MIUP); 1 female, July 2014, coll. D. Caballero; 2 males, 2 July 2014, coll. I. Santos (MIUP); in a dress, 1 female, 10 November 2014, coll. L. Kuchlet (MIUP); 1 female, 1 male, 17 March 2015, coll. D. Justavino (MIUP) . Volcán: California, 1 female, 6 July 2014, coll. S. Caballero (MIUP) ; Las Perlas behind armchair, 1 female, 6 July 2014, D. Palacios (MIUP) ; Las Perlas, behind bed, 1 juv., 1 April 2015, coll. H. Villarreal (MIUP) ; Las Perlas. 1 juv., 5 August 2017, coll. J. Cleghorn (CoZEM-ICGES) . Volcán Barú foothills: 1 male (Holotype), 14 July 1984, coll. A. Araúz (MIUP) ; road to Aguacate, 1 female (Paratype), 4 February 2012, coll. A. Araúz (MIUP) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Follows Quintero &amp; Esposito (2014) and own data. A total length 54 to 72 mm. Colouration: light yellow with darkened areas on the pedipalp fingers, carapace, mesosoma, and the underside of the metasoma. Carapace: densely covered with spiniform granules. Lateral ocular tubercles with three macro-ocelli each. Carinae moderate and coarsely granular; ocular tubercle with a pair of costate-granular superciliary carinae, protruding above median ocelli; lateral ocular carinae present, weakly granular; posterior median carinae present and costate-granular. Anteromedian furrow moderately deep, ovate; posteromedian furrow narrow and posteriorly deep; posterolateral furrows moderately deep and slightly curved; posterior marginal furrow shallow and wide. Pectines: pectinal tooth count 17–20 in females (mode= 18), and 21–24 (mode= 23) in males; basal plate rectangular. Mesosoma: tergites densely covered with spiniform granules; each tergite with a granular median carina; tergite VII pentacarinate with costate-granular carinae. Pedipalp: orthobothriotaxic, type A, moderately hirsute. intercarinal surfaces of the pedipalp smooth. Femur with five carinae, with serrate or spiniform granules. Patella with seven carinae. The chela is 3.9 to 4.1 times longer than it is wide; manus not incrassate, is about same width as the patella, only 1.1 to 1.2 times wider in both sexes. Chela with five distinct carinae: dorsal marginal, dorsal secondary and ventroexternal are continuous smooth keel, costate-granular in female; digital nearly obsolete, with a few small proximal granules; dorsal internal nearly obsolete. Fixed finger with eight main oblique rows of granules. Fingers of the chela with basal lobe/notch combination moderate. Metasoma: metasomal segments exhibit 10-8-8-8-5 well-developed carinae, serrate to costate-granular. Intercarinal surfaces smooth, minutely granular in female, mainly in segment V. Segments II–IV with two pairs of ventrolateral macrosetae. V segment is 2.1 to 2.3 times longer than wide in females, and 2.6 to 3.0 times in males. Telson with vesicle slightly elongated and non-lobate; subaculear tubercle well-developed, spinate, directed toward the apex of the aculeus.</p><p>Distribution: A scorpion endemic to the Cordillera Central in Chiriquí, Panama, it represents the Panamanian Centruroides species with the most restricted distribution (Quintero &amp; Esposito, 2014; Escudero-Sanjur et al., 2022).</p><p>Natural history: This species is primarily found inside dried logs, under rocks, and near the edges of roads. It is sympatric with Centruroides bicolor (Quintero &amp; Esposito, 2014) . They have been observed feeding on insects, including cockroaches and lepidopteran larvae (Miranda et al., 2015), although the natural predators are unknown.</p><p>Reproductive biology: Quintero &amp; Esposito (2014) reported two females collected in February 2012 in Boquete that carried their young on their backs, one with 22 immatures and the other with 20. Five females collected in February 2025 in Volcán by one of us (J. Cleghorn) provide additional data: litter size = 19 ± 6 offspring, range = 10–26. Additionally, 16 females under captive conditions (Temperature= 20°C, Relative humidity= 50–60%) gave birth between February and May, with an average litter size of 15 ± 9 offspring and a range of 2–29.</p><p>Remarks: The study of phylogeny using concatenated COI and 16S rDNA sequences (Escudero-Sanjur et al., 2022) separates the Panamanian Centruroides into four well-supported clades, with C. panamensis being more closely related to C. limbatus than to other Centruroides from Panama.</p><p>Venom and scorpionism: Salazar et al. (2018) analysed the effects of the most abundant fractions of C. panamensis venom, finding that they have a paralyzing effect on crickets. In contrast, in mice, they are neurotoxic when injected intracranially but not lethal when injected intraperitoneally. They suggest that these are likely toxins that act on voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav) of mammals and insects. To date, there is no data on accidents involving this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F3F513023FFF2CFCA4FE1297F8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Miranda, Roberto J.;De Armas, Luis F.;Cleghorn, John;Lezcano, Juan J.;Castillo, Lyska Y.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Murgas, Ingrid L.	Miranda, Roberto J., De Armas, Luis F., Cleghorn, John, Lezcano, Juan J., Castillo, Lyska Y., Cambra, Roberto A., Murgas, Ingrid L. (2026): The species of the genus Centruroides Marx, 1890 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Panama. Zootaxa 5752 (3): 301-347, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5752.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5752.3.1
03CA87F3F5190207FF2CFC96FE849497.text	03CA87F3F5190207FF2CFC96FE849497.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Centruroides edwardsii (Gervais 1843)	<div><p>Centruroides edwardsii (Gervais, 1843)</p><p>Figures: 4; 9 A, B; 12 B; 13 A; 17 C, D, 24</p><p>References subsequent to Armas et al., 2011b: Armas et al. (2012): 106–108; Esposito et al. (2017): 13; Miranda (2022).</p><p>Type material: Male neotype, designated by Armas et al. (2011b: 6–7): COLOMBIA, LA GUAJIRA, Riohacha City, adult male (supposedly in BIOECO, Ex-RTO: Sco-0395); Calle 6 esquina a Carrera 5, inside a box in house, 25 June 2008, coll. W. Ramos. This neotype was never deposited in BIOECO and actually is in the personal collection of R. Teruel (RTO) in La Habana, a conflictive situation according to the Art. 75.3.7 (ICZN, 1999) .</p><p>Material revised: PANAMA, Panamá: Tocumen, Tocumen International Airport (stowaway on a flight from Central America), 1 female, 27 May 2015, coll. M. Hinds (CoZEM-ICGES) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Follows Armas et al. (2011b). A moderate to large species between 60 to 110 mm. Colouration: pedipalp chelae, carapace, tergites I–VII, metasomal segment V and telson dark reddish brown, pedipalp femur and patella, legs and venter yellowish brown; pectines light yellow; carinae on metasoma and pedipalps are dark brown. Carapace: densely and coarsely granular, with large spiniform granules interspersed. Lateral ocular tubercles with three macro-ocelli each. Ocular tubercle with granular superciliary carinae; lateral ocular carinae present, weak; posterior median carinae strongly granular. The anterior median furrow is wide and moderately deep, while the posterior median furrow is narrow and posteriorly deep; posterior marginal furrow shallow and wide. Pectines: pectinal tooth count between 22–30 in females, and 26–34 in males; basal plate rectangular. Mesosoma: tergites densely and coarsely granular; median carina granulates, present on all tergites; tergite VII pentacarinate, with strong granular carinae. Pedipalp: orthobothriotaxic, type A, very densely hirsute. Femur and patella with carinae granulate, internal face of femur tuberculate; patella internomedian carina discontinuous with spiniform tubercles. The chela is 3.3 to 3.5 longer than wide in females and 3.6 to 3.8 in males; chela very robust 1.3 to 1.4 wider than the patella. Chela with six distinct carinae: dorsal marginal almost smooth, pilose; digital crenate and smooth, dorsal secondary strong and smooth; ventroexternal and ventrointernal moderately strong and subgranulose, dorsal internal obsolete and sparsely granulose. Fingers with eight principal rows of granules, flanked internally and externally by numerous supernumerary granules, basal lobe/notch combination strong. Metasoma: with all carinae strongly denticulate, formula 10-8-8-8-5.; segments II–IV with more than three (usually four) pairs of ventrolateral macrosetae. Segment V is 1.8 times longer than wide in females and 2.8 to 2.9 times in males. Intercarinal spaces coriaceous. Telson with vesicle oblong in males and oval in females, with a spiniform subaculear tubercle directed toward the basal portion of the aculeus.</p><p>Distribution: The bark scorpion Centruroides edwardsii has been documented across South America (Colombia [its type locality], Ecuador), Central America (Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica), Mexico, and the Caribbean (Cuba, Jamaica) (Armas et al., 2011b). The only recorded specimen of this species in Panama is a female collected on May 27, 2015, at the Tocumen International Airport from a commercial flight arriving from Central America (Miranda, 2022) (Fig. 24).</p><p>Remarks: Recently, Martinez et al. (2022) recorded three scorpion specimens from Chilibre (9º09´56´´N 79º36´57´´W), Panama Province, Panama, and identified them as females of C. edwardsii . The photographed specimen (Martinez et al., 2022: fig. 1b) is not a female but an adult male as denoted by its elongate metasoma and slender pedipalps. That it is not C. edwardsii is evidenced by its spiniform subaculear tubercle, clearly distant from the base of the aculeus (in the former this morphological structure is near to the base of the aculeus), pedipalps with scarce setation (on C. edwardsii the pedipalp femur, patella and chela are profusely setose), pedipalps having slender manus with dorsal marginal carinae not remarkably pilose [in C. edwardsii the pedipalp manus is stronger and the dorsal marginal carina is very pilose (Fig. 12 B, 13 A)], and telson with subglobose vesicle [it is elongate in C. edwardsii (Fig. 17 C, D)]. The male illustrated by Martínez et al. (2022: fig. 1b) greatly matches with C. granosus (Thorell, 1876), although ventrolateral macrochaetae on metasomal segments II–IV are not distinguishable.</p><p>In some aspects, the male photographed by Martínez et al. (2022) also resembles C. margaritatus (Gervais, 1841), a species recorded Lourenço &amp; Mendez (1984) from some Panamanian localities, including Chilibre; however, Miranda et al. (2014) showed that most of the specimens examined by those authors actually were C. granosus and also restricted the Panamanian distribution of C. margaritatus to the urban area of Panama City. Nevertheless, the female from Chilibre recorded by Lourenço &amp; Mendez (1984) was not examined by Miranda et al. (2014), although they revised some C. granosus specimens from Chilibre deposited in the Gorgas Institute. The male of C. margaritatus differs from that of C. granosus in having an elongate telson (Fig. 17 A, E). Unfortunately, efforts to examine the specimens recorded by Martinez et al. (2022) were fruitless, and their correct identity remains uncertain.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F3F5190207FF2CFC96FE849497	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Miranda, Roberto J.;De Armas, Luis F.;Cleghorn, John;Lezcano, Juan J.;Castillo, Lyska Y.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Murgas, Ingrid L.	Miranda, Roberto J., De Armas, Luis F., Cleghorn, John, Lezcano, Juan J., Castillo, Lyska Y., Cambra, Roberto A., Murgas, Ingrid L. (2026): The species of the genus Centruroides Marx, 1890 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Panama. Zootaxa 5752 (3): 301-347, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5752.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5752.3.1
03CA87F3F521020FFF2CF9A7FC5292C0.text	03CA87F3F521020FFF2CF9A7FC5292C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Centruroides gracilis (Latreille 1804)	<div><p>Centruroides gracilis (Latreille, 1804)</p><p>Figure: 11 C.</p><p>Diagnosis. Follows Pocock (1902), Hoffmann (1932), Sissom &amp; Lourenço (1987), Armas &amp; Martín-Frías (2008), Teruel (2008), Martín-Frías et al. (2009), Teruel &amp; Myers (2017). Total length ranges from 55 to 140 mm. Colouration: predominantly dark brown in colour, which can be almost black, with sometimes reddish manus. Carapace: with sparse, coarse, and blunt granulation, and with very fine granulation between the carinae. Lateral ocular tubercles with three macro-ocelli each; ocular tubercle with costate-granular superciliary carinae, posterior median carinae strong. Anterior median furrow wide and moderately deep; posterior median furrow narrow, posteriorly deep; posterior marginal furrow shallow and wide. Pectines: Pectinal tooth counts 24–32 in females and 24–36 in males. The basal plate is rectangular, wider than it is long, with an oval central depression that varies from shallow to very deep. Mesosoma: finely and closely granular. Median carinae vestigial to moderate granular in tergite II, moderate to strong granular in tergites III-VI. Tergite VII pentacarinate. Pedipalp: orthobothriotaxic, type A, basically glabrous. Femur and patella with carinae closely granular. Chela is 4.3 to 4.4 times longer than wide in females and 4.5 to 5 times in males; Chela is about same width as the patella, only 1.1 to 1.2 times wider in both sexes. Chela carination: dorsal marginal vestigial in the basal one-third but moderate and subgranulose on the distal portion, dorsal secondary and digital strong and subgranulose, ventroexternal moderate, almost smooth; ventrointernal and dorsal internal vestigial and mostly smooth. Fixed finger with nine oblique rows of granules, with shallow basal notch; movable finger with a well-developed basal lobe. Metasoma: segments I-V with 10- 8-8-8-5 carinae; uniform crenate carinae. Intercarinal spaces weakly granular. Segments II-IV with two pairs of ventrolateral macrosetae. Segment V is 2.4 to 2.5 longer than wide in females, and 2.9 to. 3.4 in males. Telson with globose vesicle in the female, while in the male, the vesicle is elongate, with a rounded expansion (shoulders) on each side near the base of the aculeus; spiniform subaculear tubercle, parallel to the sting and somewhat separated from its base.</p><p>Distribution: United States (Florida), Mexico, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Cuba, Jamaica, Colombia, Venezuela. Also introduced in the Canary Islands, Spain (Armas et al., 2012).</p><p>Remarks: Centruroides gracilis, was recorded Lourenco &amp; Mendez (1984) from the Panamanian provinces of Bocas del Toro and Panama (not Darien, as erroneously mentioned in Teruel &amp; Cozijn, 2011), but at least the records from Bocas del Toro were based on misidentifications (Montoya &amp; Armas, 2002; Teruel &amp; Cozijn, 2011). From urban areas of Panama Province, only C. granosus and C. margaritatus populations have been detected (Armas &amp; Trujillo, 2010; Armas et al., 2011a; Miranda et al., 2014; Miranda, 2022).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F3F521020FFF2CF9A7FC5292C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Miranda, Roberto J.;De Armas, Luis F.;Cleghorn, John;Lezcano, Juan J.;Castillo, Lyska Y.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Murgas, Ingrid L.	Miranda, Roberto J., De Armas, Luis F., Cleghorn, John, Lezcano, Juan J., Castillo, Lyska Y., Cambra, Roberto A., Murgas, Ingrid L. (2026): The species of the genus Centruroides Marx, 1890 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Panama. Zootaxa 5752 (3): 301-347, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5752.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5752.3.1
03CA87F3F52F020FFF7CFE12FA1F9796.text	03CA87F3F52F020FFF7CFE12FA1F9796.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Centruroides Marx 1890	<div><p>For the taxonomic identification of the five confirmed Panamanian species of Centruroides, in addition to C. edwardsii and C. gracilis, the following key is proposed:</p><p>1. Cutting border of the pedipalp fixed finger with nine rows of denticles (Fig. 6 A)............................... 2 Cutting border of the pedipalp fixed finger with eight rows of denticles (Fig. 6 B).............................. 4</p><p>2. Carapace with sparse, fine granulation (Fig. 7 C–D); Chela of pedipalp with dorsal secondary carina weak and finely granular (Fig. 11 B); Metasoma with carinae composed of fine, spaced granules (Fig. 14 B).............. C. limbatus Carapace with coarse granulation; Chela of pedipalp with dorsal secondary carina densely granular and smooth (Fig. 11 A); Metasomal carinae with coarse and close-set granulation................................................... 3</p><p>3. Pedipalp chela with manus brown reddish, fingers darker (Fig. 11 C); male vesicle elongate, with a rounded expansion on each side near the base of the sting............................................................ C. gracilis Pedipalp chela (manus and fingers) blackish (Fig. 11 A); male with vesicle oblong, without such rounded expansions (Fig. 16 A).................................................................................... C. bicolor</p><p>4. Pectinal tooth counts 17–24; pedipalp fingers darker than the manus (Fig. 12 D)..................... C. panamensis Pectinal tooth counts 24–30; pedipalp fingers and manus similar in colour (Fig. 12 A–C)......................... 5</p><p>5. Metasomal segments II–IV with two pairs of ventrolateral macrosetae (Fig. 15 A); telson with globose (female) to moderately globose vesicle (1.7 times longer than high in the male) (Fig. 17 A–B)..................... C. granosus Metasoma segments II–IV with 3–4 pairs of ventrolateral macrosetae (Fig. 15 B); telson with subovate (female) to elongate vesicle (2.0 times longer than high in the male).......................................................... 6</p><p>6. Pedipalp (femur, patella, chela) profusely pilose (Fig. 12 B); pedipalp manus with dorsal marginal carina very pilose (Fig. 13 A); subaculear tubercle small, close to the basal portion of the aculeus (Fig. 17 C–D)................. C. edwardsii Pedipalp (femur, patella, chela) barely pilose (Fig. 12 C); pedipalp manus with dorsal marginal carina not pilose (Fig. 13 B); subaculear tubercle moderate, far from the basal portion of the aculeus (Fig. 17 E–F)............. C. margaritatus</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F3F52F020FFF7CFE12FA1F9796	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Miranda, Roberto J.;De Armas, Luis F.;Cleghorn, John;Lezcano, Juan J.;Castillo, Lyska Y.;Cambra, Roberto A.;Murgas, Ingrid L.	Miranda, Roberto J., De Armas, Luis F., Cleghorn, John, Lezcano, Juan J., Castillo, Lyska Y., Cambra, Roberto A., Murgas, Ingrid L. (2026): The species of the genus Centruroides Marx, 1890 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Panama. Zootaxa 5752 (3): 301-347, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5752.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5752.3.1
