taxonID	type	description	language	source
03CA87D83E40FFD6FCF8FA47FF3DFCF9.taxon	description	Fig. 9 – 11 illustrate the salient features of three previously undescribed genera and species that were discovered during the course of collections (see ‘ Specimen data: sources of morphological illustrations’ section and Table S 1 in the Supplementary material) for molecularly assisted taxonomic studies. Formal descriptions of these new taxa are provided below.	en	Kraft, Gerald T., Saunders, Gary W. (2025): The Dicranemataceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) revisited: molecular data indicate polyphyly in yet another wholly or primarily Australian endemic family. Australian Systematic Botany 38 (2): 1-24, DOI: 10.1071/SB24030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1071/sb24030
03CA87D83E42FFD3FCEEFA6AFD62FB75.taxon	materials_examined	Type: Peltasta J. Agardh. Thalli either multiaxial or uniaxial, terete to compressed, the medulla of narrow, darkly pigmented filaments or consisting of a single stout central-axial filament, each cell of which produces a single periaxial cell (rarely two) and cortical filament. Anchorage by basal haptera or stolons. Tetrasporangia zonate, basally pit-connected, scattered or in nemathecia. Thalli monecious, the spermatangia in ampullae sunken in the cortex or in cavities borne in extensive outgrowths from the cortex surface. Carpogonial branches three-celled, the auxiliary cell procarpic in the generitype (Peltasta australis), the gonimoblast initials and filaments radiating in all directions from a complex of the auxiliary cell and fused adjacent vegetative cells, deeply embedded beneath a down-growing ostiole and ultimately basally and interiorly placentate. Carposporangia borne singly on parallel filaments across the surface of the placenta. Notes This group of two genera sits as a well-delimited group next to members of the former Dicranemataceae assigned below to the new family Tylotaceae (Fig. 8). Sister to the generitype of the family (Peltasta australis) is the new genus and species Peltastanomala virantra. The separate but deeply rooted, non-reproductive Chambersius thyrsus and Huismanophycus marinus have virtually no habit or anatomical features in common with the more distantly clustered Peltastaceae and Tylotaceae and are hence treated as incertae sedis until such time as cystocarpic features and molecular studies of additional, related taxa may better clarify the family affinities.	en	Kraft, Gerald T., Saunders, Gary W. (2025): The Dicranemataceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) revisited: molecular data indicate polyphyly in yet another wholly or primarily Australian endemic family. Australian Systematic Botany 38 (2): 1-24, DOI: 10.1071/SB24030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1071/sb24030
03CA87D83E47FFD3FFD5FB34FD3CF986.taxon	materials_examined	Type: Peltastanomala virantra G. W. Saunders & Kraft. A monotypic genus, the description as for the single species, P. virantra.	en	Kraft, Gerald T., Saunders, Gary W. (2025): The Dicranemataceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) revisited: molecular data indicate polyphyly in yet another wholly or primarily Australian endemic family. Australian Systematic Botany 38 (2): 1-24, DOI: 10.1071/SB24030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1071/sb24030
03CA87D83E47FFD3FFD5FB34FD3CF986.taxon	etymology	Etymology Named for the relationship to Peltasta, as is strongly indicated by the molecular data but differing in many anatomical aspects (such as the prominent uniaxial, rather than multiaxial structure and especially the unique configurations of the spermatangial cavities), making this highly anomalous and counter-intuitively included in the Peltastaceae.	en	Kraft, Gerald T., Saunders, Gary W. (2025): The Dicranemataceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) revisited: molecular data indicate polyphyly in yet another wholly or primarily Australian endemic family. Australian Systematic Botany 38 (2): 1-24, DOI: 10.1071/SB24030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1071/sb24030
03CA87D83E47FFD3FFC9F921FC49F941.taxon	materials_examined	Type: NEW SOUTH WALES: Coffs Harbour (30 ° 18 ′ 17 ″ S, 153 ° 08 ′ 53 ″ E), thalli on rock at 4 m off Muttonbird Island, 12 Dec. 2012, G. W. Saunders & K. R. Dixon s. n., (holo: Connell Memorium Herbarium, University of New Brunswick. UNB-GWS 032778 (fig. 9 A) (cystocarpic); iso: UNB-GWS 032779 (tetrasporangial). Type DNA barcode: PP 866174 (COI- 5 P), PP 866280 (rbcL). Thalli cartilaginous, growing in dense bushy tufts composed of erect, terete to slightly compressed axes 2 – 6 cm in height (Fig. 9 a) and arising from a basal tangle of stout haptera and solons (Fig. 9 b). Thalli uniaxial, the axes 400 – 1000 µm in diameter, consisting of a prominent central-axial filament surrounded by a broad, dense layer of pseudoparenchymatous cells packed with floridean starch grains, this bounded by a one or two-layered inner cortex and a single-layered surface (Fig. 9 c). Central-axial cells 45 – 55 µm in diameter, each with a single periaxial filament in a rotating sequence (Fig. 9 c – e). Tetrasporangia 18 – 26 by 5.5 – 7.7 µm, produced in encircling subapical nemathecia (Fig. 9 f), the tetrasporangia zonate, basally pit-connected to bearing cells and each accompanied by a one or two-celled paraphysis. Tetrasporangia normally smoothly rectilinear (Fig. 9 f, g), occasionally more rotund, irregularly contoured and possibly non-functional in older axes (Fig. 9 h). Gametophytes monoecious (Fig. 10 a), the spermatangia borne singly at the ends of narrow dendroid filaments within thinly bounded cavities 65 – 80 µm deep that arise from surface cortical cells (Fig. 10 a, b). Procarpy and diploidisation not observed, early gonimoblasts growing radially from a complex of fused auxiliary-cell and adjacent vegetative cells (Fig. 10 c), with maturity the carposporophyte basally placentate within a thick pericarp (Fig. 10 a, d), at maturity forming a palisade layer 100 – 150 µm deep of filaments bearing single carposporangia beneath an initially narrow ostiole (Fig. 10 e).	en	Kraft, Gerald T., Saunders, Gary W. (2025): The Dicranemataceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) revisited: molecular data indicate polyphyly in yet another wholly or primarily Australian endemic family. Australian Systematic Botany 38 (2): 1-24, DOI: 10.1071/SB24030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1071/sb24030
03CA87D83E47FFD3FFC9F921FC49F941.taxon	etymology	Etymology ‘ Vir ’ (Latin for ‘ man’) and ‘ antra ’ (Latin for a cavity or cave), a term used in medicine to refer to cavities formed in bones or the hollows of organs like the stomach (and in this species referring to the surface palisade of bizarre caves housing the male gametes).	en	Kraft, Gerald T., Saunders, Gary W. (2025): The Dicranemataceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) revisited: molecular data indicate polyphyly in yet another wholly or primarily Australian endemic family. Australian Systematic Botany 38 (2): 1-24, DOI: 10.1071/SB24030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1071/sb24030
03CA87D83E47FFD2FCEEF96BFA5BF879.taxon	materials_examined	Type: Chambersius thyrsus G. W. Saunders & Kraft. A monotypic genus, the description as for the single species Chambersius thyrsus.	en	Kraft, Gerald T., Saunders, Gary W. (2025): The Dicranemataceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) revisited: molecular data indicate polyphyly in yet another wholly or primarily Australian endemic family. Australian Systematic Botany 38 (2): 1-24, DOI: 10.1071/SB24030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1071/sb24030
03CA87D83E47FFD2FCEEF96BFA5BF879.taxon	etymology	Etymology Named in honour of Prof. T. Carrick Chambers, who at The University of Melbourne became, at the age of 37, one of the youngest-ever professorial departmental heads. Prof. Chambers was responsible for the first author’s appointment to the Botany School in 1974, and his leadership and support were greatly admired and deeply appreciated by those who served with or under him. Prof. Chambers left The University of Melbourne in 1986 to become the director of the Royal Botanic Garden of Sydney, continuing his productive administrative and research activities both there and after his retirement. In 1996, he was honoured as a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for his excellence as a ‘ teacher and researcher on conservation issues and botanical concepts’ (see https: // www. anbg. gov. au / biography / chambers-thomas-carrick. html).	en	Kraft, Gerald T., Saunders, Gary W. (2025): The Dicranemataceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) revisited: molecular data indicate polyphyly in yet another wholly or primarily Australian endemic family. Australian Systematic Botany 38 (2): 1-24, DOI: 10.1071/SB24030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1071/sb24030
03CA87D83E58FFCCFF37FE43FDDAFA4A.taxon	materials_examined	Type: VICTORIA: Point Lonsdale (38 ° 16 ′ 35 ″ S, 144 ° 37 ′ 14 ″ E), thalli on sandstone cobbles at 4.27 m on the reef seaward of the end of Lawrence Road, 02 Feb. 2010, G. W. Saunders, L. G. K. Kraft & K. R. Dixon s. n. (holo: UNB-GWS 016630 (fig. 11 A), non-reproductive. Type DNA barcode: HM 918282 (COI- 5 P), PP 866286 (rbcL). Thalli filiform (Fig. 11 a, b), 3 – 8 mm in length, the erect axes growing from a single, obliquely dividing apical cell (Fig. 11 c) and arising from a creeping base anchored by tight clusters of parallel filaments forming short haptera (Fig. 11 d). Erect axes 120 – 170 µm in diameter, the prominent central-axial cells surrounded by a 2 – 3 layered cortex of sub-isodiametric cells and a single-celled surface-cortical layer (Fig. 11 e). Central-axial cells elongate, with trumpeted ends and producing a single periaxial cell (rarely two), and subsequent filament giving rise to the cortical layers (Fig. 11 f, g). Cortical hairs extending from ovoid to triangular bases in the surface cortex and passing through the cuticle through a papillate surface pore (Fig. 11 h). Reproductive structures are not known.	en	Kraft, Gerald T., Saunders, Gary W. (2025): The Dicranemataceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) revisited: molecular data indicate polyphyly in yet another wholly or primarily Australian endemic family. Australian Systematic Botany 38 (2): 1-24, DOI: 10.1071/SB24030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1071/sb24030
03CA87D83E58FFCCFF37FE43FDDAFA4A.taxon	etymology	Etymology A ‘ thyrsus’ is a staff associated with Dionysus, who carried this as he went about his daily godly duties in ancient Greece. This play on words pays tribute to the figurative ‘ staff of authority’ that Prof. Chambers bore as Professorial Chairman of the School of Botany and as Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, earning throughout his academic and administrative services the deep respect and appreciation of his institutional colleagues.	en	Kraft, Gerald T., Saunders, Gary W. (2025): The Dicranemataceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) revisited: molecular data indicate polyphyly in yet another wholly or primarily Australian endemic family. Australian Systematic Botany 38 (2): 1-24, DOI: 10.1071/SB24030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1071/sb24030
03CA87D83E58FFCCFFD2F984FAA3FDF9.taxon	materials_examined	Type: Huismanophycus marinus G. W. Saunders & Kraft A monotypic genus, the description as for the single species Huismanophycus marinus.	en	Kraft, Gerald T., Saunders, Gary W. (2025): The Dicranemataceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) revisited: molecular data indicate polyphyly in yet another wholly or primarily Australian endemic family. Australian Systematic Botany 38 (2): 1-24, DOI: 10.1071/SB24030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1071/sb24030
03CA87D83E58FFCCFFD2F984FAA3FDF9.taxon	etymology	Etymology Named for Dr John M. Huisman, whose major studies have contributed greatly to the taxonomy of numerous red-algal species, genera, families and orders. Dr Huisman’s monographs of Western Australia’s green, brown and red algae, especially from the previously rarely studied warm-temperate and tropical north-west of that vast state, are encyclopaedic.	en	Kraft, Gerald T., Saunders, Gary W. (2025): The Dicranemataceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) revisited: molecular data indicate polyphyly in yet another wholly or primarily Australian endemic family. Australian Systematic Botany 38 (2): 1-24, DOI: 10.1071/SB24030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1071/sb24030
03CA87D83E58FFCCFC86FDCAFAD8F959.taxon	materials_examined	Type: WESTERN AUSTRALIA: ‘ The Basin’, Rottnest Island (31 ° 59 ′ 21 ″ S, 115 ° 32 ′ 09 ″ E), thalli on Sonderophycus capensis at − 3.0 m, 18 Nov. 2010, K. & R. Dixon & G. Bolton (holo: UNB-GWS 025656 (fig. 11 I), non-reproductive. Type DNA barcode: PP 866183 (COI- 5 P), PP 866282 (rbcL). The single collection on which this taxon is based consists of recumbent to prostrate epiphytes on the fan-shaped dorsal surfaces of Sonderophycus capensis (Mont.) M. J. Wynne (Fig. 11 i). Thalli fragmenting easily, one of the largest portions reaching 1.55 cm in length with axes 30 – 70 µm in width (Fig. 11 j). Irregularly produced laterals tapering to needle-like points imparting a Hypnea - like appearance to the fronds (Fig. 11 j). Growth from a single obliquely dividing apical cell (Fig. 11 k), the initially terete axes becoming compressed and 90 – 110 µm wide by 60 – 70 µm thick (Fig. 11 j, l). The central-axial filament persisting in lower cross-sections and surrounded by one or two layers of rounded hyaline cortical cells and a surface layer of similarly sized rounded to angular cells (Fig. 11 l, m). Axial cells occasionally pit-connected to two periaxial cells (Fig. 11 l, arrows) but usually only one is present and rotated on successive axial cells (Fig. 11 m, arrows). Surface cells occasionally extending into deciduous hairs (Fig. 11 n). Prostrate axes anchored basally and along the lengths by compact short haptera that issue from the under sides (Fig. 11 o). Reproductive structures not known.	en	Kraft, Gerald T., Saunders, Gary W. (2025): The Dicranemataceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) revisited: molecular data indicate polyphyly in yet another wholly or primarily Australian endemic family. Australian Systematic Botany 38 (2): 1-24, DOI: 10.1071/SB24030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1071/sb24030
03CA87D83E58FFCCFC86FDCAFAD8F959.taxon	etymology	Etymology Casting the genus named to honour Dr Huisman in the second declension enables the species name that follows suit with a masculine ending to be the exact nominativecase spelling of his middle name, thus allowing a double-dip of tribute in connection to the marine studies for which he is renown (as emphasised by Kraft 2019, p. 227).	en	Kraft, Gerald T., Saunders, Gary W. (2025): The Dicranemataceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) revisited: molecular data indicate polyphyly in yet another wholly or primarily Australian endemic family. Australian Systematic Botany 38 (2): 1-24, DOI: 10.1071/SB24030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1071/sb24030
03CA87D83E58FFCEFCE5F96AFE0BFB99.taxon	materials_examined	Type: Tylotus J. Agardh Family consisting of the genera Tylotus, Pinnatiphycus and Reptataxis. Thalli multiaxial, attached basally or also along the fronds by stout terete haptera. Fronds flattened to compressed, centrally either completely pseudoparenchymatous (Tylotus) or with a narrow filamentous medulla surrounded by a pseudoparenchymatous cortex. Tetrasporangia zonate, in nemathecia. Gametophytes monoecious, spermatangia in ampullar pits containing a single mother cell ringed distally by one- or two-celled spermatangia. Carpogonial branches three-celled, auxiliary cells clearly procarpic in Tylotus, not yet determined in the other genera. Gonimoblasts multiple and radial in Reptataxis and Pinnatiphycus, becoming basally placentate; gonimoblasts in Tylotus initially horizontal from a large fusion cell, extending across and fusing with cells of a basal layer of gametophyte cells. Cystocarps ostiolate, carposporophytes domed and with much-invaginated surfaces, the carposporangia terminal on elongate subtending cells; carposporophytes of Pinnatiphycus and Reptataxis centrally composed of mixed or fused gonimoblast and vegetative cells or filaments, the carposporangia forming fanned chains of 2 – 3 in Pinnatiphycus and catenate parallel chains of 4 – 6 in Reptataxis.	en	Kraft, Gerald T., Saunders, Gary W. (2025): The Dicranemataceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) revisited: molecular data indicate polyphyly in yet another wholly or primarily Australian endemic family. Australian Systematic Botany 38 (2): 1-24, DOI: 10.1071/SB24030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1071/sb24030
