identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CA87BFBD3C2C39FF5EFE88F2486F2A.text	03CA87BFBD3C2C39FF5EFE88F2486F2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Simulium (Simulium) puehense Takaoka 2025	<div><p>Simulium (Simulium) puehense Takaoka sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 1A – 2R)</p><p>Female (n=1). Body length 3.0 mm. Head. Narrower than thorax. Frons dark brown, shiny, with several dark long stout hairs along each lateral margin and one similar hair just above lower margin; frontal ratio 1.2:1.0:1.1; frons: head ratio 1.0:4.2. Fronto-ocular area well developed, short, directed laterally and slightly upward. Clypeus dark brown, white pruinose, slightly shiny when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with dark brown long stout hairs along lateral and ventral margins but middle portion widely bare. Labrum 0.54 times as long as clypeus. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, dark brown except scape and pedicel entirely yellow; first flagellomere entirely yellow when viewed anteriorly but its base yellow when viewed posteriorly; flagellomeres 1–8 each with pit-like depressions of irregular shape, bearing numerous sensilla, near apical margin. Maxillary palpus with five segments, proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0:1.3:3.0; third segment (Fig. 1A) somewhat widened apically; sensory vesicle (Fig. 1A) small (0.31–0.33 times length of third segment) having moderate opening. Maxillary lacinia with 12 inner and 14 or 15 outer teeth. Mandible with 26 inner and 12 or 13 outer teeth. Cibarium (Fig. 1B) with 75 small round processes. Thorax. Scutum brownish black except anterolateral calli medium brown, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, densely covered with brassy recumbent short hairs interspersed with several black long upright hairs on prescutellar area. Scutellum brownish black, covered with black upright long and short hairs. Postnotum brownish black, white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, dark brown and bare. Legs. Foreleg: coxa yellow; trochanter and femur dark brown; tibia medium to dark brown except outer surface widely white; tarsus brownish black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus greatly dilated, 4.2 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa brownish black; trochanter and femur dark brown; tibia dark brown except extreme base dark yellow; tarsus dark brown except basal three-fifths of basitarsus yellowish white. Hing leg: coxa and trochanter dark brown; femur dark brown with apical cap brownish black; tibia dark brown to brownish black except extreme base and posterior surface of basal one-sixth dark yellow to light brown; tarsus dark brown to brownish black except slightly more than basal half of basitarsus and basal half of second tarsomere yellowish white; basitarsus (Fig. 1C) nearly parallel-sided, 5.9 times as long as wide, and 0.7 and 0.5 times as wide as greatest widths of hind tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 1C) moderately developed, 1.2 times as long as basal width, and about half as wide as basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 1C) well developed at basal one-third of second tarsomere; all tarsal claws with small subbasal tooth (Fig. 1D). Wing. Length 2.4 mm. Costa with dark spinules and hairs; subcosta haired except near apex bare; basal section of radial vein haired on apical one-third to one-fourth; R 1 with dark spinules and hairs; R 2 with hairs; hair tuft on base of radial vein dark brown; basal cell absent. Halter . White with basal portion darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale brownish black, with fringe of whitish yellow long hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen dark brown to brownish black, with short dark hairs; tergite 2 shiny, white iridescent when illuminated at certain angles, and tergites 6–8 shiny; ventral surface of abdominal segment 7 with large round median sternite covered with about 30 stout hairs. Terminalia . Sternite 8 (Fig. 1E) bare medially, with 18–20 dark medium-long and long stout hairs on each lateral surface. Ovipositor valves (Fig. 1E) triangular, well demarcated from sternite 8, membranous except narrow darkened portions bare along inner margins, each moderately covered with fine setae and 28–35 dark medium-long stout hairs except section along posterolateral margin widely bare; inner margins deeply concave. Genital fork (Fig. 1F) of inverted-Y form, with narrow well sclerotized stem; arms gradually narrowed apically, each with well sclerotized lateral portion angulated anterodorsally. Paraproct in ventral view (Fig. 1G) having dark ventromedian plate with 18 fine setae scattered on its anterior surface anteromedially; paraproct in lateral view (Fig. 1H) greatly protruded ventrally, 0.4 times as long as wide, having ventromedian plate anteromedially, with about 10 stout hairs, of which five are clustered near ventral tip. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 1H) short, much widened, 0.2 times as long as wide, with nine short hairs on outer surface. Spermatheca (Fig. 1I) globular, 1.1 times as long as wide, well sclerotized except portion of juncture with duct unsclerotized, with no defined surface patterns, and with internal setae.</p><p>Pupa (n=1). Body length 3.0 mm. Head. Integument ochreous, densely and neatly covered with round tubercles (Fig. 2A) on frons and almost bare elsewhere; frons with two short unbranched trichomes (one longer and stouter than the other) (Fig. 2B) on each side; face with one medium-long unbranched stout trichome (Fig. 2C) on each side. Thorax. Integument ochreous, sparsely covered with small round tubercles except dorsal portion of posterior one-third, lateral portion above and posterior to base of gill, and lateral ridge below mediolateral trichome, on each side, moderately or densely covered with small round or conical tubercles; thorax on each side with two medium-long stout anterodorsal trichomes (Fig. 2D), two medium-long anterolateral trichomes (anterior trichome slightly slender and posterior one stout) (Fig. 2E), one short stout mediolateral trichome (Fig. 2F), and three ventrolateral trichomes (one short and slender, one short and stout, and one medium-long and stout) (Fig. 2G); all trichomes unbranched and with straight apices. Gill (Fig. 2H) with six slender thread-like short filaments arranged as 2+2+2 from dorsal to ventral, arising from extremely short common basal stalk; dorsal pair short-stalked, and middle and ventral pairs sessile; gill filaments moderately divergent basally, upper filament of dorsal pair forming obtuse angle of 120° against lower filament of ventral pair when viewed laterally; filaments subequal in length to one another (about 1.3 mm long); relative basal thickness of six filaments from dorsal to ventral 1.08:0.95:1.00:0.95:1.00:1. 00; all filaments medium to dark brown, tapered toward apex, regularly with distinct annular ridges and furrows forming distinct surface patterns (Fig. 2I), and densely covered with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Dorsally, segment 1 ochreous, and other segments unpigmented; segment 1 with small tubercles on posterior one-third (Fig. 2J) and one unbranched short stout seta (Fig. 2K) on each side; segment 2 with one unbranched short slender seta and five short spinous setae, of which four are much stouter than remaining one (Fig. 2L) on each side; segments 3 and 4, each with four distinct hooked spines (Fig. 2M) and one unbranched short seta on each side; segments 5, 6, 7 and 9 lacking spine-combs; segment 8 with distinct spine-combs in transverse row (Fig. 2N) on each side; segment 9 without terminal hooks. Ventrally, segments 3–9 unpigmented, each (except segment 9) with comb-like groups of minute spines; segment 5 with pair of bifid stout hooks (Fig. 2O) submedially and few unbranched short setae on each side; segments 6 and 7 each with pair of bifid inner and unbranched (Fig. 2P) or bifid outer stout hooks somewhat separated from each other, and few unbranched short setae on each side. Grapnel-shaped hooklets absent on each side of segment 9. Cocoon (Fig. 2Q, R). Shoe-shaped, with high anteroventral collar, tightly and thickly woven, medium to dark brown, and with few small open spaces anteriorly; relatively thick individual threads visible anteriorly; 4.3 mm long by 1.5 mm wide.</p><p>Male and mature larva. Unknown.</p><p>Type material. HOLOTYPE: Female (with its pupal exuviae and cocoon) in alcohol, reared from a pupa collected from a creek at the foot of Mount Pueh, Sumatan, Sarawak, Malaysia, 28-VIII-2008, by H. Takaoka. The type specimen is deposited in the Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.</p><p>Biological notes. The pupa of S. (S.) puehense sp. nov. was collected from a slender tree branch trailing in flowing water of a creek (width 3.0–6.0 m, partially shaded, moderately or rapidly flowing among large stones, 24 °C, elevation ca. 60 m). Associated species was S. (S.) sabahense Smart &amp; Clifford. The biting habits and role as a vector of disease agents of this new species have not been investigated, nor have those of other species in the S. melanopus species-group.</p><p>Etymology. The species name puehense refers to the name of Mount Pueh, where this new species was collected.</p><p>Remarks. Simulium (S.) puehense sp. nov. is assigned to the S. melanopus species-group of the subgenus Simulium redefined by Takaoka (2017) on the basis of the female scutum lacking longitudinal vittae, female cibarium without a dorsomedian projection (Fig. 1B), female claw with a subbasal tooth (Fig. 1D), female paraproct with a ventromedian plate bearing fine setae scattered on its surface (Fig. 1G), pupal gill with six filaments (Fig. 2H), and cocoon shoe-shaped (Fig. 2Q, R).</p><p>This new species is characterized in the female by the haired basal portion of the radial vein, yellow fore coxa, and ovipositor valve membranous, tapered posteriorly (Fig. 1E); and in the pupa by the frons densely covered with tubercles (Fig. 2A), relatively stout facial and thoracic trichomes (Fig. 2C–G), six gill filaments with sharply pointed annular ridges (Fig. 2I), and cocoon shoe-shaped with a few open spaces anteriorly (Fig. 2Q, R).</p><p>Among the nine species in the S. melanopus species-group previously recorded from Borneo, S. (S.) mirum Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun &amp; Low and S. (S.) murudense Takaoka, Ya’cob &amp; Sofian-Azirun appear to be related to this new species by sharing the haired basal portion of the radial vein. However, this new species differs from these known species in the female by the length ratio of the labrum to the clypeus (0.54 in this new species vs. 0.62 in S. (S.) mirum and 0.76 in S. (S.) murudense), and length ratio of the fifth palpal segment to the third segment (3.0 in this new species vs. 2.2 in S. (S.) mirum, and 2.1 in S. (S.) murudense); and in the pupa by the surface of the frons (uniformly covered with tubercles in this new species vs. mostly bare in S. (S.) mirum and S. (S.) murudense) and anterior portion of the cocoon (with a few open spaces in this new species vs. no open space in S. (S.) mirum and in S. (S.) murudense); and from S. (S.) murudense in the female by the color of the fore coxa (yellow in this new species vs. darkened in S. (S.) murudense); (Takaoka et al. 2015a, 2016)</p><p>The females of S. (S.) lardizabalae Takaoka &amp; Sofian-Azirun, and S. (S.) timpohonense Takaoka &amp; Sofian-Azirun are unknown, but these two species are distinguished from this new species in the pupa by the gill filaments moderately or narrowly divergent (by 90° in S. (S.) lardizabalae and 30° in S. (S.) timpohonense) when viewed laterally, and the cocoon wall-pocket-shaped in S. (S.) lardizabalae and shoe-shaped with a low anteroventral collar in S. (S.) timpohonense . (Takaoka et al. 2015b).</p><p>In the Philippines, there are 26 species in the S. melanopus species-group, of which S. (S.) tomentosum Delfinado from Luzon is known only from the adult male, whereas S. (S.) gachaliani Takaoka from Mindanao and S. (S.) simulacrum Delfinado from Luzon are known only from their males and pupae (Takaoka 2024). Simulium (S.) puehense sp. nov. is distinguished from the latter two species by the cocoon having a few open spaces anteriorly (Fig. 2Q, R) (with no open spaces in the latter two species) (Takaoka 1983).</p><p>Among the remaining 23 species, of which the females are known, only S. (S.) aquinum Takaoka from Luzon has the haired basal portion of the female radial vein, but differs from this new species in the female by the darkened fore coxa, and short triangular ovipositor valve, and in the pupa by the wall-pocket-shaped cocoon (Takaoka 2006).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87BFBD3C2C39FF5EFE88F2486F2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Takaoka, Hiroyuki	Takaoka, Hiroyuki (2025): A new species of black fly in the Simulium (Simulium) melanopus species-group (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Sarawak, Malaysia. Zootaxa 5729 (3): 477-484, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5729.3.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5729.3.6
03CA87BFBD382C3AFF5EFD1DF4F86F9C.text	03CA87BFBD382C3AFF5EFD1DF4F86F9C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Simulium melanopus Edwards 1929	<div><p>Keys to identify 10 species of the Simulium melanopus species-group in Borneo</p><p>Females*</p><p>1. Fore coxa whitish yellow to yellow....................................................................... 2</p><p>Fore coxa darkened.....................................................................................5</p><p>2. Basal portion of radial vein haired........................................................................ 3</p><p>Basal portion of radial vein bare..........................................................................4</p><p>3. Length ratio of the labrum to clypeus 0.54.............................................. S. (S.) puehense sp. nov.</p><p>Length ratio of the labrum to clypeus 0.62....................................................... .. S. (S.) mirum</p><p>4. Claw with small tooth 0.26 times length of claw................................................. S. (S.) maklarini</p><p>Claw with medium-long tooth 0.43 times length of claw......................................... S. (S.) cheedhangi</p><p>5. Basal portion of radial vein haired........................................................... S. (S.) murudense</p><p>Basal portion of radial vein bare..........................................................................6</p><p>6. Hind basitarsus whitish on basal half and darkened on apical half..................................... S. (S.) laterale</p><p>Hind basitarsus whitish on basal three-fifths and darkened on apical two-fifths......................................7</p><p>7. Mid basitarsus yellowish except apical tip darkened.......................................... .. S. (S.) crassimanum</p><p>Mid basitarsus whitish yellow on basal two-thirds and darkened on apical one-third................... S. (S.) nigripilosum</p><p>Males**</p><p>1. Fore coxa whitish yellow............................................................................... 2</p><p>Fore coxa darkened.................................................................................... 3</p><p>2. Hind basitarsus yellowish white on basal one-third and dark brown on apical two-thirds.................... S. (S.) mirum</p><p>Hind basitarsus yellowish white on basal three-fifths and dark brown on apical two-fifths............. S. (S.) timpohonense</p><p>3. Hind basitarsus almost entirely darkened......................................................... S. (S.) laterale</p><p>Hind basitarsus yellowish white on little less than basal half and darkened on rest...................................4</p><p>4. Upper-eye facets in 25 vertical columns and 26 horizontal rows................................... S. (S.) lardizabalae</p><p>Upper-eye facets in 17–20 vertical columns and 19–21 horizontal rows............................................5</p><p>5. Fore basitarsus moderately dilated, 6.4–6.5 times as long as its greatest width....................... S. (S.) nigripilosum</p><p>Fore basitarsus greatly dilated, 4.0–4.5 times as long as its greatest width..........................................6</p><p>6. Ventral plate 2.1 times as high as its basal width when viewed caudally............................ .. S. (S.) murudense</p><p>Ventral plate 1.3 times as high as its basal width when viewed caudally........................... S. (S.) crassimanum</p><p>Pupae</p><p>1. Frons densely covered with tubercles...................................................................... 2</p><p>Frons without tubercles................................................................................ 5</p><p>2. Cocoon shoe-shaped, with high anteroventral collar...........................................................3</p><p>Cocoon wall-pocket-shaped or shoe-shaped, with low anteroventral collar.........................................4</p><p>3. Cocoon with few open spaces anteriorly................................................ S. (S.) puehense sp. nov.</p><p>Cocoon without open spaces anteriorly......................................................... . S. (S.) laterale</p><p>4. Gill filaments divergent basally by ca. 90° when viewed laterally................................ S. (S.) nigripilosum</p><p>Gill filaments divergent basally by ca. 45° when viewed laterally................................ S. (S.) timpohonense</p><p>5. Gill filaments without annular ridges....................................................... S. (S.) crassimanum</p><p>Gill filaments with annular ridges.........................................................................6</p><p>6. Cocoon wall-pocket-shaped............................................................. .. S. (S.) lardizabalae</p><p>Cocoon shoe-shaped....................................................................................7</p><p>7. Cocoon shoe-shaped, with low anteroventral collar............................................................8</p><p>Cocoon shoe-shaped, with medium-high anteroventral collar....................................................9</p><p>8. Stalks of dorsal and middle pairs somewhat swollen............................................. S. (S.) cheedhangi</p><p>Stalks of dorsal and middle pairs not swollen.................................................. S. (S.) murudense</p><p>9. Head integument between facial trichomes moderately covered with tubercles............................ S. (S.) mirum</p><p>Head integument between facial trichomes bare................................................. S. (S.) maklarini</p><p>Larvae***</p><p>1. Body length 6–7 mm; posterior circlet with 155–170 rows of hooklets................................. S. (S.) laterale</p><p>Body length 4.5–5.0 mm; posterior circlet with 85–100 rows of hooklets......................................... 2</p><p>2. Posterior circlet with 85–90 rows of hooklets.................................................. S. (S.) cheedhangi</p><p>Posterior circlet with ca. 100 rows of hooklets..................................................... S. (S.) mirum</p><p>* Females of S. (S.) lardizabalae and S. (S.) timpohonense are unknown.</p><p>** Males of S. (S.) puehense sp. nov., S. (S.) maklarini and S. (S.) cheedhangi are unknown.</p><p>*** Larvae of S. (S.) puehense sp. nov .. S. (S.) crassimanum, S. (S.) lardizabalae, S. (S.) maklarini, S. (S.) murudense, S. (S.) nigripilosum, and S. (S.) timpohonense are unknown. Larval characteristics of the three species in the key are from Smart &amp; Clifford (1969) and Takaoka et al. (2015b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87BFBD382C3AFF5EFD1DF4F86F9C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Takaoka, Hiroyuki	Takaoka, Hiroyuki (2025): A new species of black fly in the Simulium (Simulium) melanopus species-group (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Sarawak, Malaysia. Zootaxa 5729 (3): 477-484, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5729.3.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5729.3.6
