identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CEF91F124CFF858F27FB59BCDCF8F4.text	03CEF91F124CFF858F27FB59BCDCF8F4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stevardiinae (sensu Menezes & Weitzman 2009)	<div><p>Node 237: Stevardiinae except Hemibrycon Günther (81/41).</p><p>The position of Hemibrycon at the base of the Stevardiinae was proposed by Mirande (2010). The internal relationships of this clade are different from those proposed in the literature. Two of three synapomorphies previously proposed to this clade were corroborated as such according to our results. In the phylogeny proposed by Oliveira et al. (2011), Hemibrycon taeniurus (Gill), the single species of the genus included in their analyses, is part of a less inclusive clade within the Stevardiinae . This incongruence could be, at least partially, related to the fact that different species of Hemibrycon were analyzed in both studies.</p><p>List of synapomorphies:</p><p>1. Small foramen near posterior margin of pterosphenoid (44): (0&gt; 1) present, pierced by a branch of supraorbital nerve. Reversed in Mimagoniates rheocharis .</p><p>2. Contact between ectopterygoid and anterodorsal region of quadrate (162): (0&gt; 1) absent. Reversed in Pseudocorynopoma doriae Perugia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CEF91F124CFF858F27FB59BCDCF8F4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mirande, Juan Marcos;Jerep, Fernando Camargo;Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo	Mirande, Juan Marcos, Jerep, Fernando Camargo, Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo (2013): Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic Carlastyanax aurocaudatus (Eigenmann) with remarks on the phylogeny of the Stevardiinae (Teleostei: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 11 (4): 747-766, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252013000400003, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252013000400747&lng=en&tlng=en
03CEF91F124CFF858C9FF999BBCAFB34.text	03CEF91F124CFF858C9FF999BBCAFB34.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stevardiinae (sensu Menezes & Weitzman 2009)	<div><p>Node 238: Stevardiinae (stability: 81/support: 53).</p><p>The composition and synapomorphies of the Stevardiinae are the same as those proposed by Mirande (2010), but our results indicate that the genus Carlastyanax should be revalidated. This clade is similar to “clade A” of Malabarba &amp; Weitzman (2003), and is also similar to a clade based on molecular data proposed by Javonillo et al. (2010), which was also named “clade A” in that study. The Stevardiinae, according to the molecular phylogeny presented by Oliveira et al. (2011) includes Bryconamericus emperador and Markiana nigripinnis as the sister group of a monophyletic unit compatible with our Stevardiinae . Although the latter species are not closely related with the Stevardiinae in the analyses presented herein, the congruence in the monophyly of the Stevardiinae among hypotheses generated from morphological and molecular analyses is remarkable given the general low stability and support of most of the internal clades of the Characidae when different kinds of data are analyzed. The close relationship of Markiana with the Stevardiinae was also hypothesized by Baicere-Silva et al. (2011) based on spermatic evidence. This hypothesis is not compatible with our results, in which this genus is related with Astyanax, but the congruence between molecular and spermatic data in this issue is remarkable. Markiana is a morphologically divergent genus that was found to have an unstable position across different analyses by Mirande (2010), and its inclusion in the Stevardiinae should be better evaluated in phylogenetic analyses combining different sources of information.</p><p>List of synapomorphies:</p><p>1. Epiphyseal branch of supraorbital canal (84): (0&gt; 1) absent. Reversed in Argopleura magdalenensis and in the node 352, composed of Carlastyanax, Creagrutus, Microgenys, and Piabina .</p><p>2. Number of branched rays on dorsal fin (270): (1&gt; 0) eight or fewer.</p><p>3. Number of dorsal-fin pterygiophores (276): (1&gt; 0) nine or fewer. Reversed in Mimagoniates rheocharis Menezes &amp; Weitzman.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CEF91F124CFF858C9FF999BBCAFB34	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mirande, Juan Marcos;Jerep, Fernando Camargo;Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo	Mirande, Juan Marcos, Jerep, Fernando Camargo, Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo (2013): Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic Carlastyanax aurocaudatus (Eigenmann) with remarks on the phylogeny of the Stevardiinae (Teleostei: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 11 (4): 747-766, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252013000400003, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252013000400747&lng=en&tlng=en
03CEF91F124CFF878F27F899B9B8FCD4.text	03CEF91F124CFF878F27F899B9B8FCD4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stevardiinae (sensu Menezes & Weitzman 2009)	<div><p>Node 236: Stevardiinae except Bryconamericus mennii and Hemibrycon (81/28)</p><p>In the phylogeny proposed by Mirande (2010), Bryconamericus mennii is included in a clade with Acrobrycon Eigenmann &amp; Pearson, Attonitus Vari &amp; Ortega, Aulixidens, Diapoma Cope, Mimagoniates Regan, and Pseudocorynopoma Perugia. In our analyses, B. mennii is the sister group of this large clade of stevardiins. Although the character 359 (form of the sperm nuclei) is optimized as a synapomorphy of this clade, it should be noted that this character is unknown and hence coded as missing in many of the species within this clade. Thus, both the relationships herein proposed for this clade and the synapomorphic condition for that character in this node should be considered as provisional.</p><p>List of synapomorphies:</p><p>1. Rows of gill rakers on second ceratobranchial (193): (0&gt; 1) two. Reversed in nodes 230, composed of Acrobrycon, Argopleura Eigenmann, Diapoma, Mimagoniates, and Pseudocorynopoma and 351, composed of Carlastyanax, Creagrutus, and Piabina .</p><p>2. Sperm nuclei (359): (0&gt; 1) elongated, with longitudinal axis longer than 2 micrometers.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CEF91F124CFF878F27F899B9B8FCD4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mirande, Juan Marcos;Jerep, Fernando Camargo;Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo	Mirande, Juan Marcos, Jerep, Fernando Camargo, Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo (2013): Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic Carlastyanax aurocaudatus (Eigenmann) with remarks on the phylogeny of the Stevardiinae (Teleostei: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 11 (4): 747-766, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252013000400003, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252013000400747&lng=en&tlng=en
03CEF91F124EFF878F27FE99BD60FAD5.text	03CEF91F124EFF878F27FE99BD60FAD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Attonitus Vari & Ortega	<div><p>Node 257: Attonitus, Nantis, Odontostoechus, and some Bryconamericus (4/&lt;1).</p><p>Most species included in this clade were hypothesized as related to Creagrutus and Piabina by Mirande (2010). In the present hypothesis this clade also includes Attonitus, which was proposed as related to Aulixidens by Mirande (2010), and excludes Creagrutus and Piabina . This clade does not include B. exodon, the type species of the genus. Consequently, the species of Bryconamericus included in this clade should be assigned either to Odontostoechus or to a new genus, but more thorough studies including a higher number of species possibly related to this clade are needed.</p><p>List of synapomorphies:</p><p>1. Position of opening on neurocranium communicating with laterosensory canal of sixth infraorbital (77): (0&gt; 1) in frontal. Convergent in Knodus pectinatus, Piabarchus analis, and in node 352, composed of Carlastyanax, Creagrutus, Microgenys, and Piabina .</p><p>2. Length of ascending process of premaxilla (104): (0&gt; 1) reaching just anterior end of nasal. Convergent in Bryconamericus agna and Microgenys minuta .</p><p>3. Number of branched anal-fin rays (287): (1&gt; 0) 17 or fewer. Convergent in Knodus pectinatus .</p><p>4. Bony hooks on last pelvic-fin ray of adult males (314): (0&gt; 1) as numerous as in other rays. Convergent in Creagrutus gephyrus, C. taphorni, Knodus meridae, and in node 231, including Acrobrycon, Argopleura, Diapoma, Mimagoniates, Pseudocorynopoma, and Cyanocharax obi .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CEF91F124EFF878F27FE99BD60FAD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mirande, Juan Marcos;Jerep, Fernando Camargo;Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo	Mirande, Juan Marcos, Jerep, Fernando Camargo, Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo (2013): Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic Carlastyanax aurocaudatus (Eigenmann) with remarks on the phylogeny of the Stevardiinae (Teleostei: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 11 (4): 747-766, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252013000400003, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252013000400747&lng=en&tlng=en
03CEF91F124EFF878C9FFC79BDD8FEF5.text	03CEF91F124EFF878C9FFC79BDD8FEF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stevardiinae (sensu Menezes & Weitzman 2009)	<div><p>Node 235: Stevardiinae except Bryconamericus mennii, Cyanocharax alburnus (Hensel), and Hemibrycon (36/&lt;1).</p><p>The relatively basal position of Cyanocharax alburnus in the Stevardiinae was not explicitly proposed in previous studies. Cyanocharax alburnus lacks most features that were considered by Malabarba &amp; Weitzman (2003) as presumably apomorphic for the genus, with the exception of the presence of only six branched pelvic-fin rays. Cyanocharax Malabarba &amp; Weitzman is polyphyletic according to our results, with C. obi as the sister group of a clade composed of Acrobrycon, Argopleura, Diapoma, Mimagoniates, and Pseudocorynopoma . However, those relationships have a low support, and that is also the case of most basal clades of the Stevardiinae . In the phylogeny proposed by Oliveira et al. (2011), which was based on molecular data, Cyanocharax alburnus is deeply nested within the Stevardiinae, as the sister group of a clade composed of Bryconamericus exodon, Hypobrycon maromba Malabarba &amp; Malabarba, and Odontostoechus lethostigmus Gomes. The phylogeny proposed by Javonillo et al. (2010) included four species of Cyanocharax . In the hypotheses presented by those authors, Cyanocharax is paraphyletic, since it includes Diapoma . A phylogenetic hypothesis for Cyanocharax was published in the description of Cyanocharax obi (Casciotta et al., 2012) . In that analysis, the outgroup was composed of unspecified species of Bryconamericus Eigenmann, Diapoma, Knodus Eigenmann, and Odontostoechus Gomes . Casciotta et al. (2012) conducted two different analyses: a morphological one, in which no species of other genera were included to test the monophyly of Cyanocharax, and a Bayesian analysis including only molecular data. In their molecular phylogeny, Casciotta et al. (2012) also obtained Cyanocharax as paraphyletic in terms of Diapoma .</p><p>Synapomorphy:</p><p>1. Bony hooks at base of pelvic-fin rays of adult males (313): (0&gt; 1) as numerous as on segmented portion of rays. Reversed in Argopleura magdalenensis, Bryconamericus agna, Creagrutus atrisignum, C. cracentis, and Piabarchus analis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CEF91F124EFF878C9FFC79BDD8FEF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mirande, Juan Marcos;Jerep, Fernando Camargo;Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo	Mirande, Juan Marcos, Jerep, Fernando Camargo, Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo (2013): Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic Carlastyanax aurocaudatus (Eigenmann) with remarks on the phylogeny of the Stevardiinae (Teleostei: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 11 (4): 747-766, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252013000400003, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252013000400747&lng=en&tlng=en
03CEF91F124EFF868F27FA79BAA6FED4.text	03CEF91F124EFF868F27FA79BAA6FED4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acrobrycon Eigenmann & Pearson	<div><p>Node 234: Acrobrycon, Aulixidens, Argopleura, Bryconadenos, Carlastyanax, Creagrutus, Diapoma, Knodus, Microgenys, Mimagoniates, Piabarchus Myers, Piabina, Pseudocorynopoma, some species of Bryconamericus, and some species of Cyanocharax Malabarba &amp; Weitzman (4/&lt;1).</p><p>The monophyly of this clade was not previously proposed. A close relationship between Knodus and Aulixidens and the exclusion of Creagrutus and Piabina from the clade including some species of Bryconamericus, Nantis, and Odontostoechus are the main differences in relation to the phylogeny proposed by Mirande (2010). According to Javonillo et al. (2011), Diapoma is related to Cyanocharax, and is not related to the remaining genera bearing a caudal-fin gland (in this analysis: Acrobrycon, Argopleura, Mimagoniates, and Pseudocorynopoma). This hypothesis is corroborated herein.</p><p>List of synapomorphies:</p><p>1. Horizontal process of anguloarticular (108): (0&gt; 1) broadly covered by dentary to tip of Meckelian cartilage. Reversed in Aulixidens eugeniae .</p><p>2. Number of maxillary teeth (136): (1&gt; 0) up to three.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CEF91F124EFF868F27FA79BAA6FED4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mirande, Juan Marcos;Jerep, Fernando Camargo;Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo	Mirande, Juan Marcos, Jerep, Fernando Camargo, Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo (2013): Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic Carlastyanax aurocaudatus (Eigenmann) with remarks on the phylogeny of the Stevardiinae (Teleostei: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 11 (4): 747-766, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252013000400003, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252013000400747&lng=en&tlng=en
03CEF91F124FFF868C96FA19BD5EFAB5.text	03CEF91F124FFF868C96FA19BD5EFAB5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acrobrycon Eigenmann & Pearson	<div><p>Node 233: Acrobrycon, Argopleura, Aulixidens, Bryconadenos, Diapoma, Mimagoniates, Piabarchus, Pseudocorynopoma, some species of Cyanocharax, and some species of Knodus (9/&lt;1).</p><p>Species of Acrobrycon, Argopleura, Chrysobrycon Weitzman &amp; Menezes, Corynopoma Gill, Diapoma, Gephyrocharax Eigenmann, Glandulocauda Eigenmann, Hysteronotus Eigenmann, Iotabrycon Roberts, Landonia Eigenmann &amp; Henn, Mimagoniates, Phenacobrycon Eigenmann, Planaltina Böhlke, Pseudocorynopoma, Pterobrycon Eigenmann, Ptychocharax Weitzman, Fink, Machado-Allison &amp; Royero L., Scopaeocharax Weitzman &amp; Fink, Tyttocharax Fowler, and Xenurobrycon Myers &amp; Miranda-Ribeiro were included in the Glandulocaudinae (e.g., Weitzman &amp; Menezes, 1998; Weitzman, 2003) mainly by sharing the presence of a caudal-fin gland. Subsequently, Menezes &amp; Weitzman (2009) observed that the caudal-fin glands of Glandulocauda, Lophiobrycon, and Mimagoniates are morphologically and histologically distinct from those of the remaining genera. They considered those two types of caudal-fin glands as not homologous, divided the Glandulocaudinae, maintaining Glandulocauda Eigenmann, Lophiobrycon Castro, Ribeiro, Benine &amp; Melo, and Mimagoniates in this subfamily, and resurrecting the Stevardiinae to include the remaining genera bearing a caudal-fin gland. Mirande (2010) proposed that the genera of Glandulocaudinae and Stevardiinae (sensu Menezes &amp; Weitzman, 2009) form a monophyletic group, deeply nested within a larger clade, which was redefined by him as a more encompassing Stevardiinae .</p><p>The Glandulocaudinae (sensu Weitzman &amp; Menezes, 1998) was proposed as related to Attonitus, Aulixidens, and Bryconamericus mennii by Mirande (2010), but that hypothesis was not corroborated by the present analysis. In our results, B. mennii is the sister group of a large clade including most analyzed species of the Stevardiinae, Aulixidens is related to some species of Knodus, and Attonitus is included in the node 257 with Nantis, Odontostoechus, and some species of Bryconamericus . One synapomorphy of this clade is the presence of insemination, whose presence is actually unknown in many stevardiins.</p><p>List of Synapomorphies: 1. Insemination (358): (0&gt; 1) present.</p><p>2. Parietal branch of supraorbital laterosensory canal (386): (0&gt; 1) absent or reaching only to anterior half of parietal. Convergent in Bryconamericus cf. rubropictus, Carlastyanax aurocaudatus, and Creagrutus maracaiboensis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CEF91F124FFF868C96FA19BD5EFAB5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mirande, Juan Marcos;Jerep, Fernando Camargo;Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo	Mirande, Juan Marcos, Jerep, Fernando Camargo, Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo (2013): Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic Carlastyanax aurocaudatus (Eigenmann) with remarks on the phylogeny of the Stevardiinae (Teleostei: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 11 (4): 747-766, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252013000400003, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252013000400747&lng=en&tlng=en
03CEF91F124FFF868C96FE79BA1CFA75.text	03CEF91F124FFF868C96FE79BA1CFA75.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bryconamericus agna Azpelicueta & Almiron 2001	<div><p>Node 272: Bryconamericus agna and Knodus (18/&lt;1).</p><p>A close relationship between Bryconamericus agna and the group of species of Knodus in this clade, which includes the type species of Knodus ( K. meridae), is proposed for the first time. According to our results, at least three species currently assigned to Knodus, K. breviceps, K. gamma, and K. meridae, form a monophyletic group that would correspond to the “true” Knodus . Node 260 includes three species currently assigned to Knodus, but those species should be transferred to another genus according to our results. However, only a single homoplastic character state, related to maxillary dentition, supports clade 272. Additional characters and examination of more species of Knodus are needed to further support those results.</p><p>Three molecular phylogenetic studies included species of Knodus . Calcagnotto et al. (2005) analyzed only one unidentified species of the genus, which according to their results is the sister group of an unidentified species of Bryconamericus . Javonillo et al. (2010) analyzed four presumably new species of Knodus, which form a clade with Bryconadenos and Piabina . That clade is hypothesized to be the sister group of Bryconamericus diaphanus (Cope) (not analyzed herein). Oliveira et al. (2011) included only K. meridae in their analyses, which was hypothesized to be the sister group of Bryconadenos tanaothoros . It is noticeable that two of those studies found B. tanaothoros to be closely related to some species of Knodus . In our analyses B. tanaothoros is the sister group of a clade composed of Aulixidens eugeniae, Knodus heteresthes, and K. pectinatus (see node 260).</p><p>Synapomorphy:</p><p>1. Number of cusps of anterior maxillary teeth (139): (0&gt; 1) five or more. Convergent in Hemibrycon dariensis Meek &amp; Hildebrand and Odontostoechus lethostigmus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CEF91F124FFF868C96FE79BA1CFA75	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mirande, Juan Marcos;Jerep, Fernando Camargo;Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo	Mirande, Juan Marcos, Jerep, Fernando Camargo, Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo (2013): Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic Carlastyanax aurocaudatus (Eigenmann) with remarks on the phylogeny of the Stevardiinae (Teleostei: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 11 (4): 747-766, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252013000400003, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252013000400747&lng=en&tlng=en
03CEF91F124FFF818F3EFAD9B989FCD5.text	03CEF91F124FFF818F3EFAD9B989FCD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aulixidens Bohlke 1952	<div><p>Node 260: Aulixidens, Bryconadenos, Knodus heteresthes, and K. pectinatus (18/&lt;1).</p><p>This clade includes a group of species currently assigned to Knodus that are not closely related to K. meridae, its type species, but instead form a clade with Aulixidens eugeniae and Bryconadenos tanaothoros . The sister group of this clade (Node 232) includes Cyanocharax obi, Piabarchus analis, and the Glandulocaudinae of Weitzman &amp; Menezes (1998). As noted above, one of the synapomorphies of the Node 233 (including this clade and the Node 232) is the presence of insemination, and probably all the species currently assigned to Knodus with insemination, as K. pectinatus, should be included in the Node 260. However, insemination is unknown in Aulixidens eugeniae and K. heteresthes . Knodus pectinatus was originally described as a species of Bryconamericus by Vari &amp; Siebert (1990) and later on it was tentatively transferred to Knodus (Weitzman et al., 2005) due to the presence of scales covering the anterior region of the caudal fin, a character that traditionally defined that genus. In the present analysis Knodus meridae (the type species of the genus) is included in the node 272 (see above) together with Bryconamericus agna, Knodus breviceps, and K. gamma . Also, Bryconamericus exodon (the type species of Bryconamericus) is included in a separate clade (see node 353). Thus, the inclusion of Knodus pectinatus in Bryconamericus or in Knodus is not supported according to our results. The four species of this clade should be transferred to Aulixidens, which is older than Bryconadenos . Interestingly, in these species, as in Knodus, scales cover the base of the caudal fin. However, this clade has low support and stability, and there are many presumably related species, as the inseminating species of Knodus (Burns &amp; Weitzman, 2005) that could be analyzed.</p><p>List of synapomorphies:</p><p>1. Contact between frontals in region anterior to frontal fontanel (21): (0&gt; 1) present. Convergent in Creagrutus gephyrus .</p><p>2. Denticles on gill rakers (201): (0&gt; 1) absent. Convergent in Argopleura magdalenensis and Attonitus ephimeros . Reversed in Knodus pectinatus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CEF91F124FFF818F3EFAD9B989FCD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mirande, Juan Marcos;Jerep, Fernando Camargo;Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo	Mirande, Juan Marcos, Jerep, Fernando Camargo, Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo (2013): Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic Carlastyanax aurocaudatus (Eigenmann) with remarks on the phylogeny of the Stevardiinae (Teleostei: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 11 (4): 747-766, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252013000400003, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252013000400747&lng=en&tlng=en
03CEF91F1248FF818C9FFC79BCA6FC15.text	03CEF91F1248FF818C9FFC79BCA6FC15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acrobrycon Eigenmann & Pearson	<div><p>Node 232: Acrobrycon, Argopleura, Diapoma, Mimagoniates, Piabarchus, Pseudocorynopoma, and Cyanocharax obi (54/9).</p><p>As mentioned before, the Glandulocaudinae sensu Weitzman &amp; Menezes (1998) are included in a clade with Cyanocharax obi and Piabarchus analis according to our results. The presence of insemination in the latter two species is unknown. The sister group of the Glandulocaudinae of Weitzman &amp; Menezes (1998) is different in relation to previous hypotheses. In the molecular study of Calcagnotto et al. (2005) a clade formed by Gephyrocharax and Mimagoniates was proposed as the sister group of the remaining Stevardiinae (as treated herein). Javonillo et al. (2010) obtained Mimagoniates as the sister group of the remaining Stevardiinae (as treated herein), among which the Glandulocaudinae (sensu Weitzman &amp; Menezes, 1998) are not monophyletic, with a clade composed of Corynopoma and Gephyrocharax as the sister group of the remaining stevardiins (excluding Mimagoniates). According to Javonillo et al. (2010), Diapoma is included in Cyanocharax, whereas Pseudocorynopoma is the sister group of Bryconamericus stramineus Eigenmann (in their analysis by parsimony), making the Glandulocaudinae (sensu Weitzman &amp; Menezes, 1998) polyphyletic. The Glandulocaudinae of Weitzman &amp; Menezes (1998) is also not monophyletic according to Oliveira et al. (2011), in which Tyttocharax and Xenurobrycon form the sister clade of a large group of species composed of almost all the remaining stevardiins (as treated herein). In the phylogeny presented by Mirande (2010), the Glandulocaudinae of Weitzman &amp; Menezes (1998) is the sister group of Bryconamericus mennii, which in the present hypothesis is included in the Node 237 (see above). This node includes Mimagoniates rheocharis, the single analyzed Glandulocaudinae sensu Menezes &amp; Weitzman (2009) as sister group of the Stevardiinae, as defined by them. This contrast with the results by Mirande (2009, 2010) in which Mimagoniates was obtained to be the sister group of Pseudocorynopoma, resulting in a paraphyletic Stevardiinae sensu Menezes &amp; Weitzman (2009) .As in the hypotheses by Mirande (2009, 2010), the Glandulocaudinae and Stevardiinae of Menezes &amp; Weitzman (2009) are deeply nested in a more inclusive clade, which was used to support the redefinition of the Stevardiinae by Mirande (2009).</p><p>List of synapomorphies:</p><p>1. Number of branched pelvic-fin rays (258): (1&gt; 0) six or less. Convergent in Carlastyanax aurocaudatus, Cyanocharax alburnus, and Knodus pectinatus .</p><p>2. Anal-fin origin (284): (0&gt; 1) anterior, ventral to dorsal fin.</p><p>3. Number of branched anal-fin rays (288): (0&gt; 1) 25 or more.</p><p>4. Gill-derived gland on males (352): (1&gt; 0) absent. Reversion of a synapomorphy of node 213, composed of the Aphyocharacinae, Aphyoditeinae, Cheirodontinae, and Stevardiinae . Convergent in Bryconamericus cf. rubropictus, B. rubropictus, and Nantis indefessus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CEF91F1248FF818C9FFC79BCA6FC15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mirande, Juan Marcos;Jerep, Fernando Camargo;Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo	Mirande, Juan Marcos, Jerep, Fernando Camargo, Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo (2013): Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic Carlastyanax aurocaudatus (Eigenmann) with remarks on the phylogeny of the Stevardiinae (Teleostei: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 11 (4): 747-766, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252013000400003, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252013000400747&lng=en&tlng=en
03CEF91F1248FF818F27FC39BCCEF8B5.text	03CEF91F1248FF818F27FC39BCCEF8B5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bryconamericus exodon Eigenmann 1907	<div><p>Node 353: Bryconamericus exodon, Carlastyanax, Creagrutus, Microgenys, and Piabina (27/21).</p><p>This clade includes Bryconamericus exodon, the type species of the genus, as the sister species of a large clade composed of species of several genera. This relationship suggests that no species currently assigned to Bryconamericus should be maintained in this genus other than its type species, at least among those included in our analyses. Another option would be to redefine Bryconamericus as including the genera Carlastyanax, Creagrutus, Microgenys, and Piabina, but this approach would require too many nomenclatural changes. This clade is supported only by two synapomorphies that are related to premaxillary dentition.Definitions of these characters, however, are based in the assumption that the lateralmost premaxillary tooth of Creagrutus and Piabina is homologous with the anteriorly displaced tooth of the anterior premaxillary row of Bryconamericus exodon . As mentioned before, additional support for this hypothesis of homology is still necessary.</p><p>List of synapomorphies:</p><p>1. Alignment of teeth on anterior premaxillary row (124): (0&gt; 1) not aligned, with one or two teeth situated anteriorly.</p><p>2. Position of lateralmost tooth of outer premaxillary row (370): (1&gt; 0) anteriorly displaced relative to remaining teeth. Reversed in Creagrutus cracentis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CEF91F1248FF818F27FC39BCCEF8B5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mirande, Juan Marcos;Jerep, Fernando Camargo;Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo	Mirande, Juan Marcos, Jerep, Fernando Camargo, Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo (2013): Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic Carlastyanax aurocaudatus (Eigenmann) with remarks on the phylogeny of the Stevardiinae (Teleostei: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 11 (4): 747-766, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252013000400003, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252013000400747&lng=en&tlng=en
03CEF91F1248FF808F27F8D9B9CAF81A.text	03CEF91F1248FF808F27F8D9B9CAF81A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carlastyanax Gery	<div><p>Node 352: Carlastyanax, Creagrutus, Microgenys, and Piabina (100/50).</p><p>A close relationship among those four genera is proposed herein for the first time, but it is in accordance with hypotheses presented by Mirande (2009, 2010). The relationships of Carlastyanax and Microgenys were not previously addressed in phylogenetic studies, and their placement in a clade that also includes Creagrutus and Piabina is one of the main results of this paper. This clade is stable across all the analyses conducted herein, and has a relatively high support. Piabina is not the sister clade of Creagrutus, but is related to species of Bryconadenos, Bryconamericus, Cyanocharax, Hypobrycon Malabarba &amp; Malabarba, Knodus, Odontostoechus, and/or Piabarchus according to molecular studies (Javonillo et al., 2010; Oliveira et al., 2011). Still according to those studies, Creagrutus is more basal, hypothesized to be the sister group of most species of the Stevardiinae . Those results might be related to the low sampling of genes or absence of more representative species, especially of the highly diverse Creagrutus, but could also indicate that some of the characters proposed by Vari &amp; Harold (2001) that support a sister-group relationship between these genera according to morphology are actually convergences.</p><p>List of synapomorphies:</p><p>1. Position of opening on neurocranium communicating with laterosensory canal of sixth infraorbital (77): (0&gt; 1) in frontal. Convergent in Knodus pectinatus, Piabarchus analis, and in node 257 (see above).</p><p>2. Epiphyseal branch of supraorbital canal (84): (1&gt; 0) present. Reversion of the synapomorphy 1 of the Stevardiinae (see above).</p><p>3. Margins of toothed region of maxilla (96): (0&gt; 1) dorsally divergent. Reversed in Creagrutus muelleri, C. peruanus, and in node 355, composed of Creagrutus cracentis and C. gephyrus . Convergent in Odontostoechus lethostigmus .</p><p>4. Denticles on gill rakers (201): (0&gt; 1) absent. Convergent in Argopleura magdalenensis, Attonitus ephimeros, Bryconadenos tanaothoros, and in node 260 (see above). Reversed in Carlastyanax aurocaudatus, Creagrutus atrisignum, and C. gephyrus .</p><p>5. Longitudinal position of insertion of mandibular accessory tendon (331): (0&gt; 1) anterior to Meckelian cartilage. Convergent in Knodus pectinatus . Reversed in Carlastyanax aurocaudatus .</p><p>6. Number of teeth on anterior row of dentary (379): (1&gt; 0) eight or fewer. Convergent in Aulixidens eugeniae, Bryconadenos tanaothoros, and Bryconamericus agna . Reversed in Carlastyanax aurocaudatus and in node 355, composed of Creagrutus cracentis and C. gephyrus .</p><p>7. Number of teeth cusps in anterior row of dentary (380): (1&gt; 0) three or fewer. Reversed in Carlastyanax aurocaudatus and in node 355, composed of Creagrutus cracentis and C. gephyrus . Convergent in Knodus pectinatus and Mimagoniates rheocharis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CEF91F1248FF808F27F8D9B9CAF81A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mirande, Juan Marcos;Jerep, Fernando Camargo;Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo	Mirande, Juan Marcos, Jerep, Fernando Camargo, Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo (2013): Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic Carlastyanax aurocaudatus (Eigenmann) with remarks on the phylogeny of the Stevardiinae (Teleostei: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 11 (4): 747-766, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252013000400003, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252013000400747&lng=en&tlng=en
03CEF91F1249FF808F3EFF59BDF5F8B4.text	03CEF91F1249FF808F3EFF59BDF5F8B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carlastyanax Gery	<div><p>Node 351: Carlastyanax, Creagrutus, and Piabina (100/64).</p><p>A sister-group relationship between Creagrutus and Piabina was proposed by Vari &amp; Harold (2001) and Mirande (2009, 2010) but these authors did not include Carlastyanax in their analysis. As noted before, Piabina is not closely related to Creagrutus according to molecular studies. Javonillo et al. (2010) hypothesized Creagrutus as the sister group of a large clade including Piabina, in an even more encompassing clade that also includes Bryconamericus diaphanus, an unidentified species of Bryconadenos, and four undescribed species of Knodus . Oliveira et al. (2011) proposed a phylogenetic hypothesis which is similar to that of Javonillo et al. (2010), where Creagrutus is the sister group of a large clade composed of Bryconadenos, Bryconamericus exodon (the type species of the genus), Ceratobranchia Eigenmann, Cyanocharax, Hypobrycon, Knodus, Odontostoechus, Piabarchus, and Piabina . In that clade, Piabina is the sister group of Piabarchus . The close relationship between Creagrutus and Piabina, supported by morphology but so far not supported by molecular sequences, remains as an interesting phylogenetic issue that should be explored in future studies.</p><p>List of synapomorphies:</p><p>1. Ventral projection of mesethmoid spine, forming a keel between premaxillae (26): (0&gt; 1) present. Reversed in node 355, composed of Creagrutus cracentis and C. gephyrus .</p><p>2. Anterior confluence of ventral diverging lamellae with nasal septum of mesethmoid (31): (1&gt; 0) absent, or confluent near anterior end of nasal septum.</p><p>3. Number of rows of premaxillary teeth (123): (0&gt; 1) three. Reversed in Creagrutus cracentis .</p><p>4. Relative length of palatine (172): (1&gt; 0) approximately half length of ectopterygoid or less than that. Convergent in Knodus pectinatus . Reversed in Creagrutus anary and C. taphorni .</p><p>5. Rows of gill rakers on second ceratobranchial (193): (1&gt; 0) one. Reversal of the synapomorphy 1 of node 236 (see above). Convergent in node 230, composed of the Glandulocaudinae (sensu Weitzman &amp; Menezes, 1998) . Reversed in Creagrutus cracentis and C. maracaiboensis .</p><p>6. Premaxillary dentition (368): (0&gt; 1) with a recognizable triad of larger teeth with rounded base. Reversed in node 355, composed of Creagrutus cracentis and C. gephyrus .</p><p>7. Attachment of maxilla with premaxilla (376): (0&gt; 1) a strong ligament attached to a greatly bifurcated premaxilla.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CEF91F1249FF808F3EFF59BDF5F8B4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mirande, Juan Marcos;Jerep, Fernando Camargo;Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo	Mirande, Juan Marcos, Jerep, Fernando Camargo, Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo (2013): Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic Carlastyanax aurocaudatus (Eigenmann) with remarks on the phylogeny of the Stevardiinae (Teleostei: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 11 (4): 747-766, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252013000400003, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252013000400747&lng=en&tlng=en
03CEF91F1249FF838F3EF8D9B997FAB4.text	03CEF91F1249FF838F3EF8D9B997FAB4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carlastyanax Gery	<div><p>Node 350: Carlastyanax and Creagrutus (100/98).</p><p>A close relationship between Carlastyanax and Creagrutus is herein proposed for the first time, and is considered as the main result of our analyses. According to this relationship, Carlastyanax is revalidated and proposed as a member of the Stevardiinae . The sister group relationship between Carlastyanax and Creagrutus is stable in all the explored conditions in different analyses, and is also well supported according to resampling measures. Some synapomorphies relating those genera, especially the presence of a ligament between the ascending process of the maxilla and the dorsal margin of the alveolar premaxillary ramus, are unique to this clade or highly unusual among the Characidae .</p><p>List of synapomorphies:</p><p>1. Longitudinal ridge in quadrate bordering adductor mandibulae muscle ventrally and, to some extent, laterally (152): (0&gt; 1) present.</p><p>2. Teeth on third pharyngobranchial (206): (0&gt; 1) absent.</p><p>3. Flexion on maxilla posterior to alveolar premaxillary arm (372): (0&gt; 1) pronounced.</p><p>4. Form and attachment of primordial ligament (373): (0&gt; 1) round in cross section and attached to distal half of maxillary lamella.</p><p>5. Ligament between middle length of ascending maxillary process and premaxilla (378): (0&gt; 1) present.</p><p>6. Posterodorsal portion of anguloarticular (382): (1&gt; 0) vertical. Convergent in Knodus pectinatus . Reversed in node 355, composed of Creagrutus cracentis and C. gephyrus .</p><p>7. Posterior region of mesopterygoid (383): (0&gt; 1) separate from metapterygoid. Reversed in Creagrutus gephyrus . Convergent in Knodus pectinatus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CEF91F1249FF838F3EF8D9B997FAB4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mirande, Juan Marcos;Jerep, Fernando Camargo;Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo	Mirande, Juan Marcos, Jerep, Fernando Camargo, Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo (2013): Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic Carlastyanax aurocaudatus (Eigenmann) with remarks on the phylogeny of the Stevardiinae (Teleostei: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 11 (4): 747-766, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252013000400003, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252013000400747&lng=en&tlng=en
03CEF91F124AFF828C9FFAD9B9D2FF55.text	03CEF91F124AFF828C9FFAD9B9D2FF55.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carlastyanax aurocaudatus (Eigenmann)	<div><p>Autapomorphies of Carlastyanax aurocaudatus:</p><p>1. Length of supraoccipital spine (53): (1&gt; 0) extends posteriorly to at least middle length of neural complex. Convergent in Argopleura magdalenensis and Creagrutus meridionalis .</p><p>2. Fourth infraorbital (66): (0&gt; 1) absent or reduced and bordered by third and fifth infraorbitals.</p><p>3. Position of opening on cranium that connects with infraorbital canal of sixth infraorbital (78): (0&gt; 1) distinctly anterior to vertical semicircular canal. Convergent in Creagrutus gephyrus, C. peruanus, and Microgenys minuta .</p><p>4. Mandibular sensory canal on dentary (79): (0&gt; 1) reduced or absent.</p><p>5. Canal of lateral line on caudal-fin membrane (92): (1&gt; 0) absent. Convergent in Cyanocharax obi, Diapoma speculiferum Cope, and Nantis indefessus .</p><p>6. Ventral margin of horizontal process of anguloarticular (109): (1&gt; 0) posteroventrally angled relative to mandibular laterosensory canal. Convergent in Knodus pectinatus, Microgenys minuta, node 256, composed of Attonitus and Nantis, and node 358, composed of Creagrutus muelleri and C. ouranonastes .</p><p>7. Bony lamella dorsal to fourth basibranchial (185): (0&gt; 1) absent. Convergent in Creagrutus gephyrus, C. taphorni, Knodus heteresthes, Mimagoniates rheocharis, and Piabarchus analis .</p><p>8. Denticles on gill rakers (201): (1&gt; 0) present. Reversal of the synapomorphy 4 of node 352 (see remarks above). Convergent in Creagrutus atrisignum and C. gephyrus .</p><p>9. Rows of gill rakers on first epibranchial (203): (1&gt; 0) one. Convergent in Creagrutus atrisignum .</p><p>10. Development of transverse process of neural arch of third vertebra (219): (0&gt; 1) well developed and extending beyond anterior margin of tripus. Convergent in Cyanocharax alburnus and Knodus pectinatus .</p><p>11. Posterior margin of cleithrum (234): (1&gt; 0) without concavity ventral to first postcleithrum.</p><p>12. Position of ventral end of posttemporal (253): (0&gt; 1) posterior to lateral margin of epioccipital. Convergent in Creagrutus atrisignum .</p><p>13. Number of branched pelvic-fin rays (258): (1&gt; 0) six or less. Convergent in Cyanocharax alburnus, Knodus pectinatus, and node 232 [composed of Cyanocharax obi, Piabarchus analis, and the Glandulocaudinae of Weitzman &amp; Menezes (1998)].</p><p>14. Longitudinal position of insertion of mandibular accessory tendon (331): (1&gt; 0) ventral to Meckelian cartilage. Reversal of synapomorphy 4 of node 352 (see remarks above).</p><p>15. Form of third dentary tooth (367): (0&gt; 1) strongly decurved posteriorly.</p><p>16. Number of teeth on anterior row of dentary (379): (0&gt; 1) ten or more. Reversal of synapomorphy 5 of node 352. Convergent in node 355 (composed of Creagrutus cracentis and C. gephyrus).</p><p>17. Number of cusps of anterior dentary teeth (380): (0&gt; 1) five or more. Reversal of synapomorphy 6 of node 352 (see remarks above). Convergent in node 355 (composed of Creagrutus cracentis and C. gephyrus).</p><p>18. Parietal branch of supraorbital laterosensory canal (386): (0&gt;1) absent or reaching only to anterior half of parietal.</p><p>Convergent in Bryconamericus cf. rubropictus and Creagrutus maracaiboensis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CEF91F124AFF828C9FFAD9B9D2FF55	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mirande, Juan Marcos;Jerep, Fernando Camargo;Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo	Mirande, Juan Marcos, Jerep, Fernando Camargo, Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo (2013): Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic Carlastyanax aurocaudatus (Eigenmann) with remarks on the phylogeny of the Stevardiinae (Teleostei: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 11 (4): 747-766, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252013000400003, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252013000400747&lng=en&tlng=en
03CEF91F124BFF828C96FEF8B93AF935.text	03CEF91F124BFF828C96FEF8B93AF935.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Creagrutus Gunther 1864	<div><p>Node 349: Creagrutus (100/93).</p><p>The monophyly of Creagrutus was proposed by Vari &amp; Harold (2001) based on 11 morphological synapomorphies. Most of the synapomorphies obtained herein for Creagrutus were previously proposed by those authors, and there is little doubt about the monophyly of this genus. Among the molecular phylogenies of the Characidae, only Javonillo et al. (2010) analyzed more than one species of Creagrutus . In their phylogeny, Creagrutus ignotus Vari &amp; Harold and Creagrutus sp. form a monophyletic unit which is the sister group of a large clade composed of species of Bryconadenos, Bryconamericus, Cyanocharax, Diapoma, Hypobrycon, Knodus, Odontostoechus, and Piabina .</p><p>List of synapomorphies:</p><p>1. Shape of dentigerous plate of fifth ceratobranchial (204): (1&gt; 0) rounded, with posterior notch. Reversed in Creagrutus maracaiboensis .</p><p>2. Number of unbranched anal-fin rays (285): (1&gt; 0) three or fewer. Convergent in Microgenys minuta .</p><p>3. Number of ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays (302): (0&gt; 1) 12 or more. Reversed in Creagrutus cracentis and C. maracaiboensis .</p><p>4. Anterior process of maxilla (371): (0&gt; 1) as thick as posterior region. Convergent in Aulixidens eugeniae . Reversed in Creagrutus cracentis .</p><p>5. Ligament between distal tip of ascending maxillary process and premaxilla (377): (0&gt; 1) present.</p><p>6. Expansion of dentary lateral to anguloarticular (381): (0&gt; 1) closer to articular socket than to Meckelian cartilage.</p><p>7. Medial dorsal ridge of quadrate (384): (0&gt; 1) present, laterally covering the symplectic.</p><p>8. Cartilage-filled region anterior to scapular foramen (387): (0&gt; 1) much reduced by expansions of coracoid and cleithrum. Convergent in Attonitus ephimeros and node 231 [composed of Cyanocharax obi and Glandulocaudinae sensu Weitzman &amp; Menezes (1998)].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CEF91F124BFF828C96FEF8B93AF935	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mirande, Juan Marcos;Jerep, Fernando Camargo;Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo	Mirande, Juan Marcos, Jerep, Fernando Camargo, Vanegas-Ríos, James Anyelo (2013): Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic Carlastyanax aurocaudatus (Eigenmann) with remarks on the phylogeny of the Stevardiinae (Teleostei: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 11 (4): 747-766, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252013000400003, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252013000400747&lng=en&tlng=en
