taxonID	type	description	language	source
03CEE330A63CFFD4FFBE34BE0693BEA8.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Heliogomphus selysi Fraser (as Leptogomphus nietneri Selys).	en	Sadasivan, Kalesh, Nair, Vinayan P., Palot, Muhamed Jafer, K., Abraham Samuel, Shereef, Anzil (2022): Taxonomic notes on the genus Heliogomphus Laidlaw, 1922 (Odonata: Gomphidae), with a redescription of H. kalarensis Fraser, 1934 from southern India. International Journal of Odonatology 25: 107-120, DOI: 10.48156/1388.2022.1917187, URL: https://doi.org/10.48156/1388.2022.1917187
03CEE330A63CFFD4FFBE34BE0693BEA8.taxon	distribution	Species from the Western Ghats. Heliogomphus promelas (Selys, 1873) and H. kalarensis Fraser, 1934.	en	Sadasivan, Kalesh, Nair, Vinayan P., Palot, Muhamed Jafer, K., Abraham Samuel, Shereef, Anzil (2022): Taxonomic notes on the genus Heliogomphus Laidlaw, 1922 (Odonata: Gomphidae), with a redescription of H. kalarensis Fraser, 1934 from southern India. International Journal of Odonatology 25: 107-120, DOI: 10.48156/1388.2022.1917187, URL: https://doi.org/10.48156/1388.2022.1917187
03CEE330A63CFFD4FFBE34BE0693BEA8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Males with moderately long hind femora, not armed with long spines; apex of the distal segment of vesica spermalis disk-like, without a flagellum; anterior hamulus not bifurcate; cerci lyrate, tip curled and with one or more less robust spine near the base. (Fraser, 1942; Chao, 1990).	en	Sadasivan, Kalesh, Nair, Vinayan P., Palot, Muhamed Jafer, K., Abraham Samuel, Shereef, Anzil (2022): Taxonomic notes on the genus Heliogomphus Laidlaw, 1922 (Odonata: Gomphidae), with a redescription of H. kalarensis Fraser, 1934 from southern India. International Journal of Odonatology 25: 107-120, DOI: 10.48156/1388.2022.1917187, URL: https://doi.org/10.48156/1388.2022.1917187
03CEE330A63CFFD3FCEA33D40753BC72.taxon	description	(Figs 2 A, 2 B, 3, 5 A, 5 C, 5 E, 5 G, 7 A – C)	en	Sadasivan, Kalesh, Nair, Vinayan P., Palot, Muhamed Jafer, K., Abraham Samuel, Shereef, Anzil (2022): Taxonomic notes on the genus Heliogomphus Laidlaw, 1922 (Odonata: Gomphidae), with a redescription of H. kalarensis Fraser, 1934 from southern India. International Journal of Odonatology 25: 107-120, DOI: 10.48156/1388.2022.1917187, URL: https://doi.org/10.48156/1388.2022.1917187
03CEE330A63CFFD3FCEA33D40753BC72.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Antehumeral stripe separated from the mesothoracic collar; sides of thorax with two black stripes; external spine of cerci of moderate size; antehumeral stripe straight; lateral spine of cerci followed posteriorly at the most by a very shallow concavity; superior humeral spot absent; female with vesicle projecting posteriorly with two long, outwardly curved horns (Fraser, 1942).	en	Sadasivan, Kalesh, Nair, Vinayan P., Palot, Muhamed Jafer, K., Abraham Samuel, Shereef, Anzil (2022): Taxonomic notes on the genus Heliogomphus Laidlaw, 1922 (Odonata: Gomphidae), with a redescription of H. kalarensis Fraser, 1934 from southern India. International Journal of Odonatology 25: 107-120, DOI: 10.48156/1388.2022.1917187, URL: https://doi.org/10.48156/1388.2022.1917187
03CEE330A63CFFD3FCEA33D40753BC72.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined (n = 5 males) NHMUK # 014666648, male, Burliyar, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu; Col. Fraser FC; NHMUK # 014666649, male, Mudis Hills, Tamil Nadu, 04. v. 1929 Col. Fraser FC; TORG # 1015, male, Pandipathu, Peppara WLS, Trivandrum, Kerala, 24. iii. 2022, Col. Kalesh Sadasivan; TORG # 1016, male, Edamalakudi, Munnar, Kerala, 02. v. 2022, Col. Kalesh Sadasivan; TORG # 1017, male, Kanichar, Kannur, Kerala, 12. vi. 2022, Col. Vinayan P Nair. Other specimens studied in the field (not collected). (n = 7 males). 3 males Pandipathu, Peppara WLS, Trivandrum, Kerala, May 2022, Kalesh Sadasivan; 2 males, Edamalakudi, Munnar, Kerala, May 2022, Kalesh Sadasivan; 2 males, Kanichar, Kannur, Kerala, June 2022, Vinayan P Nair. Measurements (in mm) (n = 3). Total length (including appendages). 47 – 48, abdominal length 34 – 35, forewing length 30 – 32, hindwing length 30 – 31, HFL 6. Nodal Range. FW: 15 – 17 & Px 13 – 15; HW: Ax 11 – 12 & Px 11 – 13.	en	Sadasivan, Kalesh, Nair, Vinayan P., Palot, Muhamed Jafer, K., Abraham Samuel, Shereef, Anzil (2022): Taxonomic notes on the genus Heliogomphus Laidlaw, 1922 (Odonata: Gomphidae), with a redescription of H. kalarensis Fraser, 1934 from southern India. International Journal of Odonatology 25: 107-120, DOI: 10.48156/1388.2022.1917187, URL: https://doi.org/10.48156/1388.2022.1917187
03CEE330A63CFFD3FCEA33D40753BC72.taxon	description	Morphological variation We have not found any ambiguity in the description and diagnosis of, or the keys to, H. promelas from that which has already been provided by Fraser (1934, 1942), so that no redescription is required here. Nevertheless, some aspects regarding the melanotic variant, structure of secondary genitalia, and the epiprocts are discussed below. Melanotic variant (Figs 7 B, 7 C). Fraser (1942) mentioned a melanotic variant of H. promelas in which the large greenish yellow stripe on the metepisternum is highly reduced, appearing as a streak or spot occupying its dorsal half. In some individuals, this reduced streak is split up into two yellow spots. This heavily marked variant is thus easily recognized (Fig. 7 B). In cases of doubt, examination of the epiprocts and / or vesica spermalis will provide clarity. Secondary genitalia (Figs 3 B, 3 C, 5 C). Colour dark amber-brown to blackish brown. Anterior hamule shorter than the posterior hamule in lateral view, distal half tapering and curved into a hook with its tip directed posterolaterally; body of posterior hamule broader than anterior hamule, tapering and curved gradually towards its tip; the tip of the posterior hamule is relatively pointed, occasionally notched, and is directed anteromedially. Sheath of the vesica spermalis (ligula) broad, higher than the posterior hamule, directed posteriorly, covering the distal portion of Segment 2 and Segment 3 of the vesica spermalis. The structure of the vesica spermalis and the posterior hamule is illustrated in Figs 3 B – C. The middle segment of the vesica spermalis in lateral view has a rectangular extension directed posteriorly (Figs 3 C, 5 C). Auricle semicircular in outline in ventral view, with a series of small, medially-directed spines on its posterior and medial portions. Anal Appendages (Figs 2 B, 3 D – F, 5 E, 5 G) The epiprocts were not explicitly described by Fraser (1934). In dorsal view, the male cerci are directed posterolaterally, profile of the cerci much straighter; its tip curled in on itself laterally (Fig. 5 G). Lateral horns of the epiproct angulated dorsally at its middle, posterior half tapering, and directed posterolaterally (Fig. 5 G); tip of the epiprocts bulbous, bearing a small rudimentary spine directed dorsally.	en	Sadasivan, Kalesh, Nair, Vinayan P., Palot, Muhamed Jafer, K., Abraham Samuel, Shereef, Anzil (2022): Taxonomic notes on the genus Heliogomphus Laidlaw, 1922 (Odonata: Gomphidae), with a redescription of H. kalarensis Fraser, 1934 from southern India. International Journal of Odonatology 25: 107-120, DOI: 10.48156/1388.2022.1917187, URL: https://doi.org/10.48156/1388.2022.1917187
03CEE330A63CFFD3FCEA33D40753BC72.taxon	distribution	Distribution Kerala: Coorg landscape — Malabar, Kanichar in Kannur; Munnar landscape — Edamalakudi, High Range subunit; Agasthyamalai landscape — Ponmudi Hills Ponmudi Hills in Kulathupuzha Reserve and Peppara WLS, (Travancore) (Nair et al., in press). Tamil Nadu: Anamalai and Mudis Hills; Nilgiri Hills — Burliyar, Mettupalayam, and Kotagiri Ghats (Fraser, 1922, 1925, 1931, 1934, 1942). Karnataka: Coorg — Mercara, Mangalore Ghat, Sampaji River. Goa: Dudhsagar Falls, Cotigao WLS, Derode (Rangnekar et al., 2010). Odisha: (Subramanian et al., 2018).	en	Sadasivan, Kalesh, Nair, Vinayan P., Palot, Muhamed Jafer, K., Abraham Samuel, Shereef, Anzil (2022): Taxonomic notes on the genus Heliogomphus Laidlaw, 1922 (Odonata: Gomphidae), with a redescription of H. kalarensis Fraser, 1934 from southern India. International Journal of Odonatology 25: 107-120, DOI: 10.48156/1388.2022.1917187, URL: https://doi.org/10.48156/1388.2022.1917187
03CEE330A63CFFD3FCEA33D40753BC72.taxon	discussion	Annotations In addition to the diagnostic features provided by Fraser (1942) and mentioned above, examination of H. promelas specimens in the BNHM (NHMUK # 014666648), fresh specimens from Western Ghats (12 males, not collected), and voucher specimens in the TORG collection revealed that none of these specimens had antehumeral or occipital spots in agreement to Fraser (1934, 1942) and that the spots on the prothorax were variable. The epiproct of this species is divergent, flat, and curved posterodorsally, with its extreme tip hooked and recurved (Figs 2 B, 3 E, 5 E, 5 G). This character is constant and reliable for species identification, even when the structure of the cerci is inconclusive, and differentiates it from H. kalarensis. When a specimen labelled ‘ H. unifasciatus Fras. ’ was found in the BMNH collection (NHMUK # 014666649, male, Mudis Hills, Tamil Nadu, 04. v. 1929 Col. Fraser FC) and carefully studied it was revealed that the morphological features, notably the epiproct, are those of H. promelas. This taxon name was untraceable in Fraser (1934, 1942) and Paulson et al. (2022), and we found no literature citing this species, hence it must be treated as a nomen nudum.	en	Sadasivan, Kalesh, Nair, Vinayan P., Palot, Muhamed Jafer, K., Abraham Samuel, Shereef, Anzil (2022): Taxonomic notes on the genus Heliogomphus Laidlaw, 1922 (Odonata: Gomphidae), with a redescription of H. kalarensis Fraser, 1934 from southern India. International Journal of Odonatology 25: 107-120, DOI: 10.48156/1388.2022.1917187, URL: https://doi.org/10.48156/1388.2022.1917187
03CEE330A63BFFDDFCEA319D0131BCF9.taxon	description	(Figs 1, 2 C – F, 4, 5 B, 5 D, 5 F, 5 H, 6, 7 D, 7 E)	en	Sadasivan, Kalesh, Nair, Vinayan P., Palot, Muhamed Jafer, K., Abraham Samuel, Shereef, Anzil (2022): Taxonomic notes on the genus Heliogomphus Laidlaw, 1922 (Odonata: Gomphidae), with a redescription of H. kalarensis Fraser, 1934 from southern India. International Journal of Odonatology 25: 107-120, DOI: 10.48156/1388.2022.1917187, URL: https://doi.org/10.48156/1388.2022.1917187
03CEE330A63BFFDDFCEA319D0131BCF9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Antehumeral stripe separated from the mesothoracic collar; sides of thorax with two black stripes; antehumeral stripe straight; superior humeral spot present; external spine of cerci of moderate size; lateral spine of cerci followed posteriorly at the most by a very shallow concavity; cerci broadening towards the apex and with the outer margin strongly angulated; outer margin of cerci bent at less than a right angle; female vesicle simple (Fraser, 1942).	en	Sadasivan, Kalesh, Nair, Vinayan P., Palot, Muhamed Jafer, K., Abraham Samuel, Shereef, Anzil (2022): Taxonomic notes on the genus Heliogomphus Laidlaw, 1922 (Odonata: Gomphidae), with a redescription of H. kalarensis Fraser, 1934 from southern India. International Journal of Odonatology 25: 107-120, DOI: 10.48156/1388.2022.1917187, URL: https://doi.org/10.48156/1388.2022.1917187
03CEE330A63BFFDDFCEA319D0131BCF9.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined (n = 6 males) Holotype NHMUK # 013384589, male, Kallar, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, March 1916, Col. Fraser FC; NHMUK # 013324357, male, Buruliyar, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, 29. vii. 1921, Col. Fraser FC; TORG # 1018, male, Pandimotta, Shendurney, Kerala, 01. v. 2022, Col. Kalesh Sadasivan; TORG # 1019, male, Ponmudi, Trivandrum, Kerala, 02. v. 2022, Col. Kalesh Sadasivan; TORG # 1020, male, Ponmudi, Trivandrum, Kerala, 01. vi. 2022, Col. Kalesh Sadasivan; TORG # 1021, male, Kanichar, Kannur, Kerala, 12. vi. 2022, Col. Vinayan P. Nair. Other specimens studied in field (not collected) (n = 12 males). 5 males, Pandipathu, Peppara WLS, Trivandrum, Kerala, May 2022, Kalesh Sadasivan; 4 males, Edamalakudi, Munnar, Kerala, May 2022, Kalesh Sadasivan; 3 males, Kanichar, Kannur, Kerala, June 2022, Vinayan P. Nair.	en	Sadasivan, Kalesh, Nair, Vinayan P., Palot, Muhamed Jafer, K., Abraham Samuel, Shereef, Anzil (2022): Taxonomic notes on the genus Heliogomphus Laidlaw, 1922 (Odonata: Gomphidae), with a redescription of H. kalarensis Fraser, 1934 from southern India. International Journal of Odonatology 25: 107-120, DOI: 10.48156/1388.2022.1917187, URL: https://doi.org/10.48156/1388.2022.1917187
03CEE330A63BFFDDFCEA319D0131BCF9.taxon	description	Measurements (in mm) (n = 4). Total length (including appendages) 48 – 50, abdominal length 34 – 36, forewing length 32 – 33, hindwing length 32 – 32, HFL 5 – 6. Description of male (Figs 1, 2 C – F, 4, 5 B, 5 D, 5 F, 5 H, 6, 7 D, 7 E) Head (Figs 4 A, 6 B – D). Eyes anteriorly pale green, anterodorsally darker, and inferolaterally greenish white. Genae brownish black. Mandible black in the middle, marked by a large triangular yellowish white patch. Labium translucent yellowish brown posteriorly, and anteriorly black at the tooth. Labrum black, bearing two large triangular yellowish white patches on each half, its entire free edge bordered thickly with black. Anteclypeus dark blackish brown. Postclypeus shiny black. Antefrons and postfrons black, the latter bearing a large transverse yellowish white band. Vertex shiny black. Occipital bar matte black, and postocular lobe shiny black. Ocelli waxy white. Antennal segments black. Long pale amber-brown setae along the inferior border of the anteclypeus and on the labium. Prothorax (Fig. 4 A). Ground colour black, marked with pale lemon-yellow spots. In dorsal view, anterior lobe with a transverse yellow band, which occasionally bears two semicircular, black, paradorsal spots; middle lobe black, occasionally with a pair of small, yellow, paradorsal spots; posterior lobe entirely black, rarely with a mid-dorsal yellow spot. In lateral view, the lateral portion of the middle lobe with a yellow spot. Proepisternum yellow and proepimeron black. Forelegs generally black, but the anterior sectors of the coxae and trochanter yellow. Spines and claws black. Synthorax (Figs 4 A, 6 A, 6 C, 6 D, 7 D, 7 E). Ground colour black, marked with pale lemon-yellow. In dorsal view, mid-dorsal carina black, the yellow mesothoracic collar narrowly bisected by it; antehumeral stripes well developed, almost reaching the antealar sinus dorsally; upper humeral spot variable, absent in three out of the six specimens examined. In lateral view, the mesepisternum black, bearing the yellow mesothoracic collar and the antehumeral stripes that taper dorsally, short of extending to the antealar sinus. Mesepimeron black, bearing a large central yellow dorsal stripe that almost reaches the wing base. Mesinfraepisternum dorsally black and inferiorly marked with yellow. Metepisternum black and marked with a large yellow stripe that almost fills it. Metepimeron wholly yellowish. The interpleural suture bordered with black. Metinfraepisternum mostly yellow, borders black. Metathoracic spiracle brown bordered with black. The mid- and hindleg coxae, trochanter, femur, and tibia are all black. The hind femur long, reaching the junction of abdominal sternites S 1 and S 2. Wings (Figs 2 C, 2 E, 6 E). Hyaline; Pt of both wings black, parallelogram-shaped, occupying almost five cells; borders slanting laterally; inferior border curvilinear. Pt length three times its breadth at its middle. Nodal range in FW: Ax 11 – 17 & Px 13 – 15; HW: Ax 10 – 12 & Px 11 – 13. Abdomen (Figs 2 C, 2 E, 6 A, 6 F, 6 G). Ground colour shiny black and marked with pale lemon-yellow as follows: S 1 inferolaterally and laterally pale yellowish white, smudged with brown dorsolaterally; S 2 auricle and adjoining region With a small spot near its posterior edge; S 3 – 6 marked with very small, triangular, basolateral streaks, the ventral parts of which extending posteriorly by not more than an anterior fifh of the segments; S 7 marked with a ventrally incomplete annulus, this broad dorsal patch extends laterally, but is interrupted ventrally; a small triangular spot on the posterior border of S 7; S 8 with a thick incomplete annulus, ending mid-laterally, the posterior edge with a small triangular spot. S 9 – 10 black and unmarked. Auricle on S 2, in ventral view, elliptical in outline, with a series of small, medially directed spines on its posteromedial and medial portion. In dorsal view, a mid-dorsal yellow line extends from S 1 almost to the caudal border of S 5; dorsal streak reduced in S 6, reaching only its anteriormost fifh; the basal dorsal patch in S 7 has a short bifid paradorsal extension posteriorly; S 8 and 9 have a small triangular dorsal extension posteriorly. Anal appendages (Figs 2 D, 2 F, 4 D, 4 E, 4 F, 5 F, 5 H). Ground colour of cerci and epiprocts black; the part of the cerci distal to the lateral spine is white dorsally, brown ventrally, and its extreme tip is smudged with brown and ends in a black hook. Length of cerci equals that of S 10 in dorsal view. Lateral horns of the epiproct straight, directed posterolaterally, tip finely hooked. In dorsal view, the male cerci are directed laterally, lateral profile of the cerci sinuous, short spine directed straight laterally in its basal third, its extreme tip curved laterally in on itself. Secondary genitalia (Figs 4 B, 4 C, 5 D). Colour amber-brown to dark brown. Anterior hamule (AH) shorter than the posterior hamule (PH) in lateral view, distal half tapering and curved into a hook with its tip directed posterolaterally; Body of PH broader than AH, tapering and curved gradually towards its tip; tip of PH truncated, flat, shallowly notched, and directed anteriorly, lying along its counterpart in the midline. Ligula broad, higher than the PH, directed posteriorly, covering the distal section of the stem and the middle segment of the vesica spermalis. The structure of the VS and PH is illustrated in Fig. 4 C. The middle segment of the vesica spermalis, in lateral view, has a triangular extension directed ventro-posteriorly (Fig. 5 D).	en	Sadasivan, Kalesh, Nair, Vinayan P., Palot, Muhamed Jafer, K., Abraham Samuel, Shereef, Anzil (2022): Taxonomic notes on the genus Heliogomphus Laidlaw, 1922 (Odonata: Gomphidae), with a redescription of H. kalarensis Fraser, 1934 from southern India. International Journal of Odonatology 25: 107-120, DOI: 10.48156/1388.2022.1917187, URL: https://doi.org/10.48156/1388.2022.1917187
03CEE330A63BFFDDFCEA319D0131BCF9.taxon	distribution	Distribution Kerala: Nilgiri – Silent Valley landscape — Silent Valley NP (Nair et al., 2021); Coorg landscape — Kanichar and Kottiyoor WLS, Kannur; Munnar landscape — Mangulam and Edamalakudi of High Range subunit; Agasthyamalai landscape — Chinnapullu in Trivandrum Territorial Division, Ponmudi Hills in Kulathupuzha Reserve, and Peppara WLS (Nair et al., in press). Tamil Nadu: Kallar, Mettupalayam, Kotagiri Ghat in Nilgiris (Fraser, 1934, 1942) and Kotagiri Ghat Kotagiri Ghat in Nilgiris (Kimmins, 1966).	en	Sadasivan, Kalesh, Nair, Vinayan P., Palot, Muhamed Jafer, K., Abraham Samuel, Shereef, Anzil (2022): Taxonomic notes on the genus Heliogomphus Laidlaw, 1922 (Odonata: Gomphidae), with a redescription of H. kalarensis Fraser, 1934 from southern India. International Journal of Odonatology 25: 107-120, DOI: 10.48156/1388.2022.1917187, URL: https://doi.org/10.48156/1388.2022.1917187
03CEE330A63BFFDDFCEA319D0131BCF9.taxon	discussion	Annotations In addition to the diagnostic features mentioned above, examination of the holotype in the BNHM (NHMUK # 013384589 Heliogomphus kalarensis Fraser, 1934), fresh specimens from the Western Ghats (12 males, not collected), and voucher specimens in the TORG collection (4 males) revealed that the inferior appendage of this species is divergent, robust and straight, with its extreme tip hooked and recurved (Figs 2 D, 2 F, 4 D – F, 5 F, 5 H). Coloration is variable in this species: the sides of the thorax sport three yellow stripes of which the middle one is variable in thickness, making differentiation from H. promelas difficult using images alone. Although the presence of an upper humeral spot is di- agnostic of H. kalarensis, this marking is variable, too, absent in three out of the six specimens examined. The yellow occiput is said to be a unique character to distinguish H. kalarensis from H. promelas, but we found this feature to be variable as well and absent in five out of six specimens of H. kalarensis. The robustness of the outer spine on the cerci and the curvature of the tip was found variable in H. kalarensis and hence does not represent a solid character to distinguish this species from H. promelas. The spots on the prothorax were individually variable. Furthermore, we examined the lectotype of Heliogomphus pruinans Fraser, 1922 (NHMUK # 013324357) and found that the epiprocts conform to those of H. kalarensis and not of H. promelas (Fig. 2 F). As a consequence, this taxon name is removed from the synonymy of H. promelas and is placed as a senior synonym in that of H. kalarensis. According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 2000), the prevailing name should be retained as a nomen protectum, if a senior synonym or homonym has not been used as a valid name afer 1899 (Article 23.9.1.1) and the junior synonym or homonym has been used as valid by at least ten authors in 25 scientific works published in the immediately preceding 50 years and encompassing not less than ten years (Article 23.9.1.2). Since these criteria are met by the name H. kalarensis Fraser, 1934, which was used in 27 scientific works, the name Heliogomphus pruinans, Fraser, 1922 is synonymized with H. kalarensis Fraser, 1934, a nomen protectum in accordance with ICZN Article 23.9.1.2, suppressing its lesser used senior synonym.	en	Sadasivan, Kalesh, Nair, Vinayan P., Palot, Muhamed Jafer, K., Abraham Samuel, Shereef, Anzil (2022): Taxonomic notes on the genus Heliogomphus Laidlaw, 1922 (Odonata: Gomphidae), with a redescription of H. kalarensis Fraser, 1934 from southern India. International Journal of Odonatology 25: 107-120, DOI: 10.48156/1388.2022.1917187, URL: https://doi.org/10.48156/1388.2022.1917187
