identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CECD466B515D4BFF14FBD91CCB24D6.text	03CECD466B515D4BFF14FBD91CCB24D6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Borysthenes Stal 1866	<div><p>Genus Borysthenes Stål, 1866</p><p>Type species. Cixius finitus Walker, 1857: 149; by subsequent designation by Stål 1866b: 392.</p><p>Borysthenes Stål, 1866a: 165 .</p><p>Barma Distant, 1906: 266 .</p><p>Type species. Barma diversa Distant, 1906: 266, by original designation and monotypy. Synonymised by Distant 1907: 3.</p><p>Vademela Melichar, 1914: 100 .</p><p>Type species. Vademela fusconotatus Melichar, 1914: 101; by original designation and monotypy. Synonymised by Muir 1925: 104.</p><p>Diagnostic characters updated from Lyu &amp; Webb (2023): a) presence of subantennal process below the level of compound eyes and antennae (Lyu &amp; Webb 2023, Fig. 1D–E), b) vertex without median carina (Lyu &amp; Webb 2023, Fig. 1A, 1G), c) tegmina usually held inversely tectiform with anal apical angle overlapped in repose (Fig. 6B–E), d) lack of tegmina pterostigma, e) tegmen MP 1+2 with 3 terminals, MP 3+4 with 2 terminals (Fig. 7A, intraspecific variation exist, see following notes), f) tegmen icu veinlet not connected with claval suture (Fig. 7A), g) hindwing with MP 3+4 connected with CuA by veinlet (Lyu &amp; Webb 2023, Fig. 2G), h) sclerotization of male 4–7 th abdomen sternite interrupted in the middle, 8 th sternite completely sclerotized (Fig. 7B), i) sclerotization of female pregenital sternite complete, without middle interruption, j) aedeagus with endosoma reduced and sclerotized, bearing denticles and sometimes sharp process(es).</p><p>Remarks: Tegmina venations are used as diagnostic characters for the genus, and a general diagram of forewing venation of Borysthenes is provided (Fig. 7A). However, it has been observed on some species that venations, especially the terminal furcation of each longitudinal vines, are subjected to intraspecific variations (e.g., specimen with 6-ternimaled MP as in Fig. 1E, and specimen with 3-ternimaled RP as in Lyu &amp; Webb 2023, Fig. 1A–C).</p><p>Emeljanov (1989) provided a forewing venation diagram based on Borysthenes fatalis Emeljanov from Vietnam, showing three veinlets between MP and CuA. However, only two veinlets between MP an CuA were observed on specimens studied here.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CECD466B515D4BFF14FBD91CCB24D6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lyu, Tianlang	Lyu, Tianlang (2025): Taxonomic notes on the genus Borysthenes Stål, 1866 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Borysthenidae), with description of six new species from China. Zootaxa 5665 (1): 67-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5665.1.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03CECD466B525D48FF14FF2D18F52510.text	03CECD466B525D48FF14FF2D18F52510.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Borysthenes Stal 1866	<div><p>Key to species of genus Borysthenes in China (updated from Lyu &amp; Webb 2023)</p><p>1 Tegmina markings light yellow, coastal margin with wavy undulations (Fig. 1K–L, Fig. 6D); aedeagus with 2 ventral processes sharing a common stem (Fig. 3Q–T)......................................... B. undulatus sp. nov. (Hainan Island)</p><p>- Tegmina markings dark brown or black, coastal margin without wavy undulations; aedeagus with or without 2 ventral processes sharing a common stem................................................................................ 2</p><p>2 Tegmina with coastal cell darkened except a slender longitudinal light-colored strip along Sc+RA (Fig. 1A–D); aedeagus with 2 ventral processes sharing a common stem (Fig. 2A, 2I)...................................................... 3</p><p>- Tegmina not as above, with coastal cell decorated with spotted marking(s) and/or transverse band(s); aedeagus without 2 ventral processes sharing a common stem.................................................................. 4</p><p>3 Tegmina with basal one-third of CuA darkened (Fig. 1A–B); male anal segment without long ventrolateral extension (Fig. 2A)..................................................................... B. xuzhiae sp. nov. (Hainan Island)</p><p>- Tegmina with basal one-third of CuA light-colored (Fig. 1C–D); male anal segment with an extension of the right ventrolateral margin extremely long, about 3 times the length of the left ventrolateral margin (Fig. 2I).................................................................................................... B. mysterius sp. nov. (Hainan Island)</p><p>4 Tegmina covered by large irregular dark spots, typically with a curved dark marking extending from icu, covering second m-cu and C3, extending to im, occupying nearly the entire C3 (Lyu &amp; Webb 2023, Fig. 6G)................................................................................... B. maculatus Matsumura (Taiwan Island, the Ryukyu Islands)</p><p>- Tegmina not with large dark spots, second m-cu darkened, sometimes covered by an isolated rounded spot, but never covered by the extension of the dark marking that connect with im, if second m-cu covered by the extension of other marking, then it must be the extension from basal direction, of a transverse dark marking at the level of the nodal line, connecting coastal margin and icua ............................................................................................ 5</p><p>5 Tegmina markings in the form of irregular dark bands........................................................ 6</p><p>- Tegmina markings in the form of many scattered dark spots.................................................... 9</p><p>6 Tegmina with a Y-shaped dark marking with two terminals connected with coastal margin and one terminal reaching icua, usually not covering second m-cu, first m-cu not, or only with a small portion covered by this marking................. 7</p><p>- Tegmina with a transverse dark band in the middle, bifurcate posteriorly, connecting coastal margin, icua and second m-cu, first m-cu almost entirely covered by this marking (Fig. 1I–J; Lyu &amp; Webb 2023, Fig. 5A–B)............................. 8</p><p>7 Tegmina markings thin, with a well-defined dark strip subapically, starts at apical angle and fades before the anal angle, with a V-shaped bending at the level of MP (Lyu &amp; Webb 2023, 2F); aedeagus with 6 processes.............................................................................................. B. hainanensis Lyu &amp; Webb (Hainan Island)</p><p>- Tegmina markings thick and strong, subapically with large clouded marking (Lyu &amp; Webb 2023, Fig. 5K–L; Fennah 1956, Fig. 5F); aedeagus with 2 processes............................................. B. emarginatus Fennah (Guangdong)</p><p>8 Aedeagus with a long and slender dorsal process curved for ca. 180 degrees, pointing caudally, endosoma with trifurcate process (Lyu &amp; Webb 2023, Fig. 5D)............................................... B. acuminatus Fennah (Hubei)</p><p>- Aedeagus without such dorsal process, endosoma with a single process (Fig. 3I–L)........... B. opacus sp. nov. (Guangxi)</p><p>9 Coastal cell of tegmina with one dark spot (Fig. 1E–H)...................................................... 10</p><p>- Coastal cell of tegmina with more than one dark spots (Lyu &amp; Webb 2023, Fig. 5G–H)............................. 12</p><p>10 Tegmina with the spot in coastal cell situated near the apex, icua light-colored (Lyu &amp; Webb 2023, Fig. 6E); male pygofer strongly asymmetrical, with right lateral lobe extended caudally.................. B. lacteus Tsaur &amp; Lee (Taiwan Island)</p><p>- Tegmina with a dark spot at the middle of the coastal cell, icua covered by a dark spot; male pygofer symmetrical....... 11</p><p>11 Spots on tegmina larger, in heavy dark, spot in coastal cell oval (Fig. 1E–F); male anal segment with obvious ventrolateral extensions (Fig. 3A); aedeagus not laterally compressed (Fig. 3A–D).................. B. pantherinus sp. nov. (Guangxi)</p><p>- Spots on tegmina smaller, clouded, spot in coastal cell concaved (Fig. 1G–H); male anal segment flat, without any ventral extension (Fig. 2Q); aedeagus laterally compressed (Fig. 2Q–T)......................... B. delicatus sp. nov. (Yunnan)</p><p>12 Aedeagus with right lateral process curved downward.................................. B. congus Huang (Zhejiang)</p><p>- Aedeagus with right lateral process straight, pointing ventro-cephalad (Lyu &amp; Webb 2023, Fig. 5I)................................................................................................ B. deflexus Fennah (Guangdong)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CECD466B525D48FF14FF2D18F52510	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lyu, Tianlang	Lyu, Tianlang (2025): Taxonomic notes on the genus Borysthenes Stål, 1866 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Borysthenidae), with description of six new species from China. Zootaxa 5665 (1): 67-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5665.1.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03CECD466B525D4EFF14F9D61F3425B7.text	03CECD466B525D4EFF14F9D61F3425B7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Borysthenes xuzhiae Lyu 2025	<div><p>Borysthenes xuzhiae sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 1A–B, 2A–H, 4A–B, 6F–G, 7B</p><p>Materials examined: Holotype: ♂, Mt. Diaoluoshan, Hainan Island, China (中国¾南ẑ吊ḄƜ), 23.vii. 2022, leg.: Lyu, Tianlang.</p><p>Paratypes: 3♂ 2♀, same data as holotype; 1♀, same data as holotype, except 24.vii.2022; 1♀, same data as holotype, except 25.vii.2021 .</p><p>Diagnosis: this species is distinguished by the following combined characters: a) body coloration very dark, b) Tegmina with coastal cell dark-colored except the light-colored narrow strip along Sc+RA, c) male anal segment with both ventrolateral margins moderately extended, length of right margin no more than twice the length of left one, d) aedeagus with the two ventral process sharing a common stalk.</p><p>Description. Body length: 7.3–8.0mm (male, n=3), 8.4–9.0mm (female, n=3).</p><p>Coloration: Body very dark in general (Fig. 1A–B, Fig. 6G). Torso and legs dark brown. Tegmina with all longitudinal veins black, except distal portion of coastal vein and apical one-third of Sc, light brown. Veinlets dark-colored, except ir and second r-m, light brown, and icu, white. Along veins, dark color infiltrate into cells. Specifically, Coastal cell dark except a light narrow strip along Sc+RA, other cells suffused along longitudinal veins and veinlets. Light-colored parts of the cells yellow to light brown.</p><p>Structures: Head and thorax: compound eyes well developed. Tegmina with RP and Sc+RA share a common stem, RP with 3 terminals. Hindwing with RP bifurcate.</p><p>Male genitalia (Fig. 2A–H): Pygofer (Fig. 2G–H) generally symmetrical. In lateral view, caudal lateral margins with blunt, subrounded caudal apex; lateral caudal margin with pocket-like extension, from base of ventral process to upper 1/4 of the lateral lobe, folded inward; upper slope of hind margin baring short, inconspicuous setae. In ventral view, medioventral process with sharp apex, about as long as the width at base.</p><p>Anal segment (Fig. 2E) asymmetrical, subtriangular in dorsal view, about as long as wide. In dorsal view asymmetrical, with left lateral margin extending further caudally than right lateral margin. Two lateroventral extensions with rounded apex, left extension arises after a short distance from base of anal segment, while the right one arises directly from the base of anal segment, corresponding to the asymmetry mentioned above.</p><p>Aedeagus (Fig. 2B–D) with 5 processes, all visible from ventral view. The left process arises near the apex of periandrium, directed cephalically and curved downward; the right process arises near the apex of periandrium, directed cephalically, curved downward and rightward; two ventral processes share a common stem arising near the apex and directed ventrocephalic, both directed cephalically after diverged from the stem, and gradually separated in ventral view; a short process arises from endosoma, directed ventrocephalic.</p><p>Gonostyli (Fig. 2F) generally symmetrical, widened towards the apex. From lateral view, apical lobe median, rounded and flat, subapically with angulate prominence. Inner surface covered with dense setae at the level of keel.</p><p>Female genitalia (Fig. 4A–B): Ovipositor gently curved, gonapophysis IX with dorsal surface smooth. Posterior vagina with caudal portion of both ventral and dorsal walls strongly sclerotized, structure as shown in Fig. 4B. Bursa copulatrix duct dorsocephalad to vagina. Ductus receptaculi cephalad to vagina, not twisted into a helix.</p><p>Remarks: By tegmina having coastal cell dark-colored except the light-colored narrow strip along vein Sc+RA, and by aedeagus having two ventral processes sharing a common stem, this species is somewhat similar to B. mysterium sp. nov., which is only found in Mt. Jianfengling Natural Reserve, Hainan Island. This species can be distinguished from the latter by a) tegmina with most longitudinal veins darkened including basal one third of CuA, second m-cu covered in dark (in B. mysterium, base of CuA light-colored, major portion second m-cu light colored), b) caudal margin of male pygofer with blunt apex ( B. mysterium has sharp prominence on caudal margin of male pygofer), c) male anal segment with extension of two lateroventral margins of similar length (in B. mysterium, male anal segment with right lateroventral margin extended ventrally, much longer than the left one), d) aedeagus with an apical process directed leftward (in B. mysterium, no such apical process on aedeagus).</p><p>Habitat and behavior: This species was collected in Mt. Diaoluoshan, Hainan Island. It is among the few places on Hainan Island where developed rainforest remains as the dominant vegetation.</p><p>At daytime, this species was observed in high density (ca. 10 ind. per m 2), dwelling on the shaded undersurface of large boulders (Fig. 6F). They are inactive and easy to capture by hands during daytime.At night, they were found on shrubs and ferns throughout rainforest understory, alert and difficult to capture by hand.</p><p>Distribution: Hainan Island (Mt. Diaoluoshan)</p><p>Etymology: The specific epithet is a feminine genitive none, a Latinization of a person’s name, dedicated to Ms. Li Xuzhi, the author’s grandmother.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CECD466B525D4EFF14F9D61F3425B7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lyu, Tianlang	Lyu, Tianlang (2025): Taxonomic notes on the genus Borysthenes Stål, 1866 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Borysthenidae), with description of six new species from China. Zootaxa 5665 (1): 67-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5665.1.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03CECD466B545D4CFF14F8B41E412593.text	03CECD466B545D4CFF14F8B41E412593.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Borysthenes mysterius Lyu 2025	<div><p>Borysthenes mysterius sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 1C–D, 2I–P</p><p>Materials examined: Holotype: ♂ (Ho-017485), Heiling, Mt. Jianfengling, Hainan Island, China (中国¾南ẑ尖 Ṟėāė), 9.xi.1983, leg.: Zhenyao Chen (ḴṀȃ).</p><p>Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished by the following combined characters: a) Tegmina with coastal cell dark-colored except the light-colored narrow strip along Sc+RA, and an H-shaped dark marking, second r-m light-colored, b) male pygofer with caudal margin of lateral lobes having a sharp process, c) male anal segment with right ventrolateral margin with extremely long extension, d) aedeagus with two ventral processes sharing a common stem.</p><p>Description. Body length: 7.3mm (male, n=1).</p><p>Coloration: generally brown (Fig. 1C–D). Tegmina with coastal cell dark-colored except the light-colored narrow strip along Sc+RA; a banded dark marking extending from base of RA to icua along the nodal line, connected with another banded dark marking extending from apex of RA to CuA2 through darkened C3, together forming an H-shaped marking; apical margin clouded with dark suffusion, extending from RP1 to at least CuA1. Longitudinal viens darkened at areas covered by these markings, major portion of second m-cu light colored.</p><p>Structures. Head and thorax: compound eyes well developed. Tegmina with RP and Sc+RA share a common stem. Hindwing with RP bifurcate.</p><p>Male genitalia (Fig. 2I–P). Pygofer (Fig. 2O–P) generally symmetrical, longer than wide. In lateral view, lateral lobes with a sharp process, at the level below the midpoint; lower 3/4 of upper slope of caudal margin bares setae. From ventral view, medioventral process short and stout, shorter than width at base.</p><p>Anal segment (Fig. 2M) generally oval from dorsal view, with two caudal processes shot and rounded. From lateral view strongly asymmetrical, with right ventrolateral extension extremely long, about 3 times the length of left ventrolateral extension, slightly curved cephalically.</p><p>Aedeagus (Fig. 2J–L) with 5 processes, all visible from left and right lateral view.At left of apex, a long, curved process arise near the base of endosoma, first directed cephalically but soon curved rightward, and eventually pointing cephalically; below it, a short and slender process arise from the endosoma, pointing cephalically; at right of apex, a shorter process curved leftward and downward, eventually pointing ventrocephalic; two ventral processes share a common stem arising near the apex and directed ventrocephalic, the right process curved upward after diverging from the common stem, while the left one slightly curved rightward, pointing cephalic.</p><p>Gonostyli (Fig. 2N) symmetrical, expand towards apex. From lateral view, apex truncate. From dorsal view, apical expansions extend outward, caudal margin rounded.</p><p>Remarks: This species is s omewhat similar to B. xuzhiae sp. nov., see remarks on the latter.</p><p>The male genitalia of B. mysterius sp. nov. is also similar to that of B. fatalis Emaljanov (1989) from Vietnam. The type of B. fatalis have not been examined, but the original description and illustration of the male genitalia was comprehensive. B. mystherius sp. nov. can be distinguished from the latter by: a) lateral lobes of pygofer with sharp processes, upper slope straight (in B. fatalis, lateral lobes with irregularly blunt projections, upper slope strongly concave), b) male anal segment with two lateral margins of similar length from dorsal view, right lateroventral margin extended ventrally, much longer than the left one (in B. fatalis, right lateral margin shorter from dorsal view, right ventrolateral margin slightly extended ventrally, folded cephalic), c) aedeagus with 5 sharp processes, no flat ventral projection at the middle of periandrium (in B. fatalis, aedeagus with 4 apical sharp processes and a flat ventral projection at the middle of periandrium).</p><p>B. mysterius sp. nov. is described by a single male specimen preserved in SYSBM, having unique tegmina markings and male genitalia structure, thus designated here as a separate species. Four field surveys have been conducted recently at Mt. Jianfengling, the type locality of this species, but no Borysthenes species were collected.</p><p>Distribution: Hainan Island (Mt. Jianfengling)</p><p>Etymology: The specific epithet comes from the Latin word “ mysterius ”, indicating the rarity and mysterious nature of this species. The epithet is a masculine adjective.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CECD466B545D4CFF14F8B41E412593	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lyu, Tianlang	Lyu, Tianlang (2025): Taxonomic notes on the genus Borysthenes Stål, 1866 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Borysthenidae), with description of six new species from China. Zootaxa 5665 (1): 67-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5665.1.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03CECD466B565D4DFF14F9501FD524FD.text	03CECD466B565D4DFF14F9501FD524FD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Borysthenes delicatus Lyu 2025	<div><p>Borysthenes delicatus sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 1G–H, 2Q–X, 4C–E, 6E</p><p>Materials examined: Holotype: ♂, Xishuangbanna Botanical Garden, Menglun, Dai Autonomous Prefecture of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, China (中国云南Ʊ双åae勐Ĕüä园), 1.ix.2023, leg: Tianlang Lyu.</p><p>Paratypes: 1♂ 4♀, same data as holotype</p><p>Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished by the following combined characters: a) body whitish, with dark spotted markings on tegmina, b) tegmina with coastal cell divided by a dark elongate spot in the middle, c) male anal segment flat, without lateroventral extensions, d) aedeagus with 4 processes.</p><p>Description. Body length: 5.9–6.0mm (male, n=2), 6.2–6.7mm (female, n=4).</p><p>Coloration: Generally yellowish white (Fig. 1G–H, Fig. 6E), torso and legs generally concolor, yellowish white, except the tip of rostrum, black. Tegmina yellowish white, with scattered dark spots. Basal cell with darkened outer margin; coastal cell divided by an elongated dark spot in the middle, concave, before the level of nodal line; nodal line darkened, with a spot on RP and another spot on CuA; second m-cu covered with a lighter brown spot; a lighter brown clouded spot extending from stigmal cell to the fork point of RP1+2 and RP3+4, with vague margin; at the same level, a lighter brown strip extend from im to CuA; further distally, a dark spot on second r-m; a dark spot on the veinlet between MP1 and MP2.</p><p>Structures. Head and thorax: compound eyes well developed. Tegmina with RP and Sc+RA share a common stem, RP with 4 terminals. Hindwing with RP bifurcate.</p><p>Male genitalia (Fig. 2Q–X). Pygofer (Fig. 2W–X) generally symmetrical. From lateral view, caudal margin of lateral lobes with truncate apex, smooth, without sharp angle; middle portion of caudal margin bares setae. From ventral view, medioventral process short and stout, with subrounded apex.</p><p>Anal segment (Fig. 2U) generally symmetrical, slightly longer than wide. From dorsal view, expand towards apex, with rounded caudal margin. From lateral view flat, without ventrolateral extensions.</p><p>Aedeagus (Fig. 2R–T) laterally compressed, with 4 processes, all visible from left and right lateral view. At upper point of apex, a strong process arises from slightly rightward and directed cephalic, abruptly becomes slender from two thirds; a shorter process arises from the apex and directed dorsocephalic, abruptly becomes slender at basal one third; at lower position of the apex, a long and slender process directing ventrocephalic, eventually curved dorsally; at midpoint of periandrium, a ventral process curved ca. 180 degrees, pointing caudally.</p><p>Gonostyli (Fig. 2V) symmetrical. Ventral margin smoothly curved, without prominent keel. Apical lobes from lateral view without dorsal prominence, rounded; in dorsal view slightly inflexed backward, moderately extended from stem. Inner margin bares thick setae.</p><p>Female genitalia (Fig. 4C–E): Ovipositor straight and thin, gonapophysis IX with a small dorsal prominence at ca. 1/5 from apex. Posterior vagina (Fig. 4D–E) bilaterally compressed, sclerotization incomplete, with a small patch of sclerotization on the right near gonoporus, inward with another small patch of sclerotization on the vaginal wall cephalically, dorsally with a large sclerotization extending towards the base of bursa copulatrix. Bursa copulatrix duct dorsocaudal to vagina. Ductus receptaculi ventral to vagina, not twisted into a helix.</p><p>Remarks: This species is somewhat similar to B. pantherinus sp. nov., having similar tegmina markings and both having aedeagus ventral process arise away from apex of periandrium, but can be distinguished from the latter by: a) B. delicatus is smaller and more delicate in general, b) anal segment flat, lateral margin without ventral extension (anal segment of B. pantherinus with lateral margins extending ventrally), c) aedeagus with 4 processes ( B. pantherinus has 5 aedeagus processes), d) apical lobes of gonostyli not strongly extended caudally, without dorsal prominence ( B. pantherinus with apical lobes of gonostyli strongly extended caudally, with dorsal prominence).</p><p>The male genitalia of B. delicatus is also similar to that of B. fatalis Emljanov (1989), distributed in Vietnam, both having 4 aedeagus processes, and with aedeagus ventral process arise slightly away from apex of periandrium. B. delicatus sp. nov. can be distinguished from B. fatalis by: a) anal segment with rounded caudal margin from dorsal view, without ventrolateral lobes ( B. fatalis has caudal margin of anal segment emarginated in the middle from dorsal view, with right ventrolateral lobe folded cephalic), b) aedeagus with an apical process pointing dorsally ( B. fatalis without such apical process), c) aedeagus with a long and slender process arise from apex, extending ventrocephalic (no such apical process in B. fatalis).</p><p>Habitat and behavior: This species is recorded in Xishuangbanna Botanical Garden, Menglun, Yunnan Province. Two surveys were conducted on two consecutive days in the “Lvshilin” scenic area, where the karst landform and rainforest are developed. The first survey was conducted from afternoon to night. At dusk, B. delicatus were first recorded on rock surfaces and vegetation around limestone crevices. After sunset, B. delicatus can be frequently found on understory vegetation. They exhibited a rather abrupt transition from invisible to very common around the forest understory at some point during dusk. During the second survey the next morning, B. delicatus was not found except for a single individual found dead.</p><p>Distribution: Yunnan (Xishuangbanna).</p><p>Etymology: The specific epithet comes from the Latin word ‘ delicatus’, referring to the delicate appearance of this species. The epithet is a masculine adjective.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CECD466B565D4DFF14F9501FD524FD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lyu, Tianlang	Lyu, Tianlang (2025): Taxonomic notes on the genus Borysthenes Stål, 1866 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Borysthenidae), with description of six new species from China. Zootaxa 5665 (1): 67-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5665.1.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03CECD466B585D41FF14FF2D19A123DF.text	03CECD466B585D41FF14FF2D19A123DF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Borysthenes pantherinus Lyu 2025	<div><p>Borysthenes pantherinus sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 1E–F, 3A–H, 4F–G, 6C</p><p>Materials examined: Holotype: ♂, entrance of a cave near Biyange, Yanshan Dist., Guilin, Guangxi Province, China (中国ḞƱIJḦDƜ区ḋǟdzmñAEËƛ口), 4.vi.2023, leg.: Tianlang Lyu.</p><p>Paratypes: 1♂ 5♀, same data as holotype .</p><p>Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished by the following combined characters: a) body whitish, with dark spotted markings on tegmina, b) tegmina with coastal cell divided by a dark spot in the middle, c) anal segment with lateral lobes, basal width of left lobe less then right lobe, d) aedeagus with 5 processes.</p><p>Description. Body length: 7.5mm (male, n=1), 7.7–8.2mm (female, n=3).</p><p>Coloration: head and pronotum yellowish white, mesonotum dark brown. Fore and middle legs dark brown, hind leg light brown except darkened apical tibial spines and tarsal spines.Abdomen dark brown. Tegmina generally yellowish white, with scattered dark spots (Fig. 1G–H, Fig. 6C). Coastal cell divided by a dark spot in the middle, at the level before nodal line. At the level of nodal line, RP covered by a large dark spot, reaching RA and MP1+2; icua covered by a smaller dark spot, reaching CuA1 and icu, first m-cu light-colored. Further distally, Terminal of RA covered by a large dark spot, reaching coastal margin and RP3+4; second r-m, veinlet between MP1 and MP2, im each covered with a dark spot; second m-cu with each terminal covered with a small dark spot; CuA1 covered with a light brown marking, clouded. Apical margin covered with a crescent light brown marking, clouded.</p><p>Structures. Head and thorax: compound eyes well developed. Tegmina with RP and Sc+RA share a common stem, RP with 4 terminals. One examined specimen with MP having 6 terminals. Hindwing with RP bifurcate.</p><p>Male genitalia (Fig. 3A–H): Pygofer (Fig. 3G–H) generally symmetrical. From lateral view, caudal margins of lateral lobes with truncate apex, angulate; around upper angle of apex bearing setae. From ventral view, medioventral process of moderate length, campaniform, apex sharp.</p><p>Anal segment (Fig. 3E) asymmetrical, somewhat longer than wide. From dorsal view trapezium, caudal margin not emarginate, left lateral margin shorter than right lateral margin. From lateral view, right ventrolateral margin with broader extension than the left one, subrounded.</p><p>Aedeagus (Fig. 3B–D) with 5 processes. A strong process raised from top left, directing cephalic, slightly curved dorsally and then ventrally. Also, from the left but away from the apex but above the previous described process, a short process directed cephalic. From right side of the apex, two sort processes share a common stem, directed cephalic. Ventrally, away from the apex, a process raised first directed ventrocephalic and then curved leftward and upward, pointing caudally.</p><p>Gonosyli (Fig. 3F) symmetrical. From lateral view, each apical lobe with a dorsal prominence, from dorsal view apical lobes strongly extended caudally.</p><p>Female genitalia (Fig. 4F–G): Ovipositor gently curved, thick. Posterior vagina bilaterally widened, with caudal portion of both ventral and dorsal walls strongly sclerotized, structure as shown in Fig. 4G. Bursa copulatrix duct dorsocephalad to vagina. Ductus receptaculi ventrocephalad to vagina, not twisted into a helix.</p><p>Remarks: This species is superficially similar to B. delicatus, for their relationship see remarks on the latter.</p><p>The male genitalia of this species is also similar to that of B. fatalis Emaljanov (1989) in Vietnam, both having ventral aedeagus process arise slightly away from apex, but can be distinguished from the latter by a) caudal margins of male pygofer lateral lobs with upper slope moderately concave ( B. fatalis with this part of pygofer strongly concave, causing the upper corner of the truncate apex almost a right angle), b) male anal segment trapezium from lateral view, caudal margin without emargination, expansion of ventrolateral margins not folded inward ( B. fatalis has caudal margin of male anal segment strongly emarginate, extension of right ventrolateral margin folded inward), c) aedeagus with 5 sharp processes, no flat ventral projection at the middle of periandrium ( B. fatalis with 4 sharp processes, and a flat ventral projection at the middle of periandrium).</p><p>Habitat and behavior: this species is currently only known from the entrance of a karst cave beside the highway in Yanshan Dist., Guilin, Guangxi Province, China. The cave entrance was covered with shade plants (Fig. 6A). B. pantherinus was only found near the entrance, dwelling on the rock surface inside the cave (Fig. 6C). Almost the same location, on the moss-covered rocks and shade plants at the cave entrance, B. opacus sp. nov. was collected during the same survey.</p><p>Distribution: Guangxi (Guilin).</p><p>Etymology: The specific epithet comes from the Latin word “ pantherinus ”, indicating “with spots like Panthera”, referring to the scattered dark spots on tegmina. The epithet is a masculine adjective.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CECD466B585D41FF14FF2D19A123DF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lyu, Tianlang	Lyu, Tianlang (2025): Taxonomic notes on the genus Borysthenes Stål, 1866 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Borysthenidae), with description of six new species from China. Zootaxa 5665 (1): 67-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5665.1.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03CECD466B5B5D46FF14FE9C184426CB.text	03CECD466B5B5D46FF14FE9C184426CB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Borysthenes opacus Lyu 2025	<div><p>Borysthenes opacus sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 1I–J, 3I–P, 5A–B, 6B</p><p>Materials examined: Holotype: ♂, entrance of a cave near Biyange, Yanshan Dist., Guilin, Guangxi Province, China (中国ḞƱIJḦDƜ区ḋǟdzmñAEËƛ口), 4.vi.2023, leg.: Tianlang Lyu.</p><p>Paratypes: 2♀, same data as holotype .</p><p>Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished by the following combined characters: a) Tegmina with coastal cell darken at base, divided by a dark spot in the middle, b) male anal segment with hind margin strongly emarginate, c) aedeagus with 5 processes, endosoma with a single process.</p><p>Description. Body length: 6.1mm (male, n=1), 6.8–6.9mm (female, n=2).</p><p>Coloration: Head and thorax yellow to light brown, fore and middle legs dark brown, hind leg lighter brown. tip of rostrum black. Tegmina in large covered with dark markings (Fig. 1I–J, Fig. 6B). Basal one third of coastal cell, base of Sc+R, RP and MP and clavus covered with V-shaped clouded dark marking. A bifurcate dark marking in the middle of tegmina, starting from coastal margin, with one branch connecting icua and another connecting second m-cu, first m-cu almost entirely covered by this marking. Further distally, a dark band extending from terminal of RA at coastal margin to CuA1, interrupted by the pseudo vein between RP and MP. Apical margin suffused with clouded dark marking. Abdomen dark brown to black.</p><p>Structures: Head and thorax: compound eyes well developed. Tegmina with RP and Sc+RA share a common stem, RP with 4 terminals. Hindwing with RP bifurcate.</p><p>Male genitalia (Fig. 3I–P): Pygofer (Fig. 3O–P) symmetrical, tightened ventrally. From lateral view, caudal margins of lateral lobes with truncate apex, angulate, with lower corner extending further caudally than the upper one; baring setae. From ventral view, medioventral process of moderate length, apex somewhat rounded.</p><p>Anal segment (Fig. 3M) slightly asymmetrical, about as long as wide. From dorsal view, widen towards apex; caudal margin strongly concave, length of concavity longer than half the total length of anal segment. From lateral view, ventrolateral margins moderately expanded, ventral margin at the same level except a small, subrounded prominence at the apex of right ventrolateral margin, extending ventrally.</p><p>Aedeagus (Fig. 3J–L) with 5 processes, all visible from dorsal and ventral view. At left of the apex, a rather straight process pointing ventrocephalic. Below it, a longer process first directed ventrocephalic, then curved leftward. A short process raised from the apical margin of endosoma, curved rightward and downward. Left of the periandrium, a process raised slightly away from the apex, directing cephalic and curved downward. In ventral side, a strong process raised slightly away from the apex, directing cephalic and then curved rightward and upward.</p><p>Gonostyli (Fig. 3N) symmetrical. Ventral margin smoothly curved, without prominent keel angle. Apical lobes rounded, each with a small prominence a base. Inner margin covered with setae.</p><p>Female genitalia (Fig. 5A–B): Ovipositor gently curved. Posterior vagina with caudal portion of both ventral and dorsal walls strongly sclerotized, structure as shown in Fig. 5B. Bursa copulatrix duct cephalad to vagina. Ductus receptaculi cephalad to vagina, not twisted into a helix.</p><p>Remarks: This species similar to B. acuminatus Fennah (1956), distributed in Hubei Province, China. These two species have almost identical tegmina markings, but can be distinguished from the latter by a) aedeagus without dorsal process curved for ca. 180 degrees ( B. acuminatus with aedeagus having a dorsal process curved for ca. 180 degrees, pointing caudally), b) endosoma with only one short process ( B. acuminatus with apical margin of endosoma having trifurcate process). Because female of B. acuminatus are currently unknown, they can only be distinguished using male genitalia structures.</p><p>Habitat: This species was collected from almost the same location as B. pantherinus sp. nov., on rock surface and shade plants at a cave entrance in Guilin, Guangxi Province (Fig. 6A).</p><p>Distribution: Guangxi (Guilin).</p><p>Etymology: The specific epithet comes from Latin, indicating “shaded”, indicating both the dense dark marking on tegmina and the shaded habitat where this species was collected. The epithet is a masculine adjective.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CECD466B5B5D46FF14FE9C184426CB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lyu, Tianlang	Lyu, Tianlang (2025): Taxonomic notes on the genus Borysthenes Stål, 1866 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Borysthenidae), with description of six new species from China. Zootaxa 5665 (1): 67-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5665.1.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
03CECD466B5C5D44FF14F9A81E882503.text	03CECD466B5C5D44FF14F9A81E882503.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Borysthenes undulatus Lyu 2025	<div><p>Borysthenes undulatus sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 1K–L, 3Q–X, 5C–D, 6D</p><p>Materials examined: Holotype: ♂, 50m outside the entrance of Wuzhishan National Reserve, Wuzhishan, Hainan Island, China (中国¾南ẑ五DZƜ保ae区ƛ口外 50m), 25.iii.2024, leg.: Tianlang Lyu.</p><p>Paratypes: 6♂ 1♀, same data as holotype; 1♀, near Boliwan reservoir along road X437, Qiongzhong, Hainan Island, China (中国¾南ẑDz中OiKĤAENJ 437 乡Dzãũ), 8.viii.2021, leg.: Tianlang Lyu.</p><p>Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished by the following combined characters: a) Coastal margin of tegmina with wavy undulations, b) tegmina markings light yellow, c) near base of coastal cell with a barbell-shaped spot, d) aedeagus with two ventral processes sharing a common stem.</p><p>Description: Body length: 6.9–7.4mm (male, n=6).</p><p>Coloration: generally light-colored. Head and thorax light-yellow, eyes claret. Abdomen dark brown. Legs light yellow except tarsi and apical spines of tibia, black. Tegmina milky white, decorated with yellow markings (Fig. 1K–L, Fig. 6D): base of coastal cell yellow, a bit further but before midpoint with a barbell-shaped yellow spot; at about the same level, a transverse yellow band extend from Sc+RA into clavus, with vague and clouded margins; at middle of tegmina, a transverse yellow band arise near the apex of coastal cell, extending to the apex of claval suture, covering r-m, 1 st and 2 nd m-cu, icua and icu, with well-defined margins; stigmal cell with a large yellow spot, reaching RP; along the subapical margin a twisted yellow band start from apical angle and becomes clouded when extending posterior; at the inner margin of this band, a small black spot between RP1+2 and RP3+4.</p><p>Structures: Head and thorax: compound eyes well developed. Coastal margin of tegmina with wavy undulations. RP and Sc+RA share a common stem, RP with 3 terminals. One examined specimen with CuA1 bifurcate apically. Hindwing with RP bifurcate. Coastal margin of tegmina and hindwings often with dense wax secretion.</p><p>Male genitalia (Fig. 4Q–X): pygofer (Fig. 4W–X) generally symmetrical. From lateral view, caudal margins of lateral lobes with subangulate apex. From ventral view, medioventral process large, campaniform, apex with a small sharp prominence.</p><p>Anal segment (Fig. 4U) generally symmetrical, short. From dorsal view, caudal margin truncate. From lateral view, ventrolateral lobes moderately extended ventrally.</p><p>Aedeagus (Fig. 4R–T) with 6 processes in total, all visible from left lateral view. Left side near apex with a short process, slightly curved downward, pointing cephalic; a long process raised from left of endosoma, curved rightward; a short dorsal process at the base of endosoma, first directed leftward and cephalic, and curved for ca. 180 degrees, pointing caudally; right side near apex with a long process, directed cephalic; slightly away from apex, two ventral processes share a common stem, with the right one curved dorsally immediately after diverged, and the left one strait, pointing ventrocephalic.</p><p>Gonostyli (Fig. 4V) symmetrical. Ventral margins smoothly curved, without prominent keel angle. Apex taper, without bifurcation or emargination or strong concavity. Basal half of inner surface bares dense setae.</p><p>Female genitalia (Fig. 5C–D): Ovipositor gently curved. Posterior vagina with dorsal sclerotization extending further cephalically than ventral sclerotization, structure as shown in Fig. 5D, slightly longer than wide. Bursa copulatric cephalad to vagina. Ductus receptaculi ventral to vagina, not twisted into a helix, with a finger-like transparent lobe near base.</p><p>Remarks: This species has such unique appearance that are hardly confused with other known species.</p><p>Wings of female specimens are folded due to soak of ethanol; female body length weren’t measured. Females are about the same size as males.</p><p>Habitat and Behavior: This species is so far only recorded in the mountainous area of Hainan Island. Most of the type specimens were collected at night in a hotel garden near the entrance of Wuzhishan National Reserve, where the majority of vegetation was artificially planted and specimens dispersed throughout them. One specimen was collected during the daytime using a sweep net, near Boliwan reservoir along road X437, about 40 km from the previous location.</p><p>Distribution: Hainan Island (Mt. Wuzhishan).</p><p>Etymology: The specific epithet comes from Latin, indicating “with undulations”, referring to the special twist in the coastal margin of their tegmina. The epithet is a masculine adjective.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CECD466B5C5D44FF14F9A81E882503	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Lyu, Tianlang	Lyu, Tianlang (2025): Taxonomic notes on the genus Borysthenes Stål, 1866 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Borysthenidae), with description of six new species from China. Zootaxa 5665 (1): 67-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5665.1.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5360.3.8
