taxonID	type	description	language	source
03C187E53A21FFC2A348FC5FFC2A166F.taxon	description	Figures 4 and 5	en	Pandolfi, Luca, Arranz, Sara G., Almécija, Sergio, Galindo, Jordi, Luján, Àngel H., Pina, Marta, Urciuoli, Alessandro, Casanovas-Vilar, Isaac, Alba, David M. (2025): Late Miocene Tapiridae from Vallès-Penedès Basin (NE Iberian Peninsula): taxonomic and paleoenvironmental implications. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology (3) 144 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.1186/s13358-024-00342-5, URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-024-00342-5
03C187E53A21FFC2A348FC5FFC2A166F.taxon	materials_examined	Referred material: IPS 11264, left maxillary fragment with DP 2 – M 1 from CLL 1 (Golpe-Posse & Crusafont-Pairó, 1982: Fig. 1); IPS 11265, left M 2 from CLL 1 (figured as an M 1 by Golpe-Posse & Crusafont-Pairó, 1982: fig. 2); IPS 11266, partial right lower molar, probably m 1 (reported, but not figured, as an m 1? or dp 4? by Golpe-Posse & Crusafont-Pairó, 1982); IPS 11335, worn-out right DP 2 from CLL 1 (reported but not figured by Golpe-Posse & Crusafont-Pairó, 1982); IPS 70116, right DP 4 from CCL 1 W. S; IPS 28172, worn-out lower right molar, probably m 2 (identified as a left m 1 of the suid Listriodon splendens with old catalog number [IPS 1061] by Golpe-Posse, 1971, 1972); IPS 136651, right mandibular fragment with m 2 – m 3 from CCN 20 (m 3 is detached from the mandible); IPS 133767, partial skull from CGS-I 5 preserving the maxillary and premaxillary bones and bearing DI 1, DI 2, DP 1, DP 2, DP 4 and M 1 on the right side, and DI 1, DI 2, DI 3, DP 3 – M 1 on the left. See measurements in Table 1.	en	Pandolfi, Luca, Arranz, Sara G., Almécija, Sergio, Galindo, Jordi, Luján, Àngel H., Pina, Marta, Urciuoli, Alessandro, Casanovas-Vilar, Isaac, Alba, David M. (2025): Late Miocene Tapiridae from Vallès-Penedès Basin (NE Iberian Peninsula): taxonomic and paleoenvironmental implications. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology (3) 144 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.1186/s13358-024-00342-5, URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-024-00342-5
03C187E53A21FFC2A348FC5FFC2A166F.taxon	description	Description: Te partial skull IPS 133767 (Fig. 4) preserves the maxillary and premaxillary bones and bears the right DP 1 – DP 2, DP 4, and M 1 and the left DP 3 – M 1 (Fig. 4 a), indicating that it belongs to a juvenile individual. Te premaxillary bone is not connected with the main cranial fragment (Fig. 4 b – c), the two parts being separated along the premaxillary-maxillary suture, which in lateral view terminates just in front of the canine alveolus (Fig. 4 b – c). Te premaxilla bears the left DI 1 – DI 3 and the right DI 1 – DI 2, although the alveolus of the right DI 3 is also present. Contrary to permanent incisors, DI 1 and DI 2 are longer than wide on extant Tapirus species, and display a less developed lingual cusp, similarly to IPS 133767. DI 3 is smaller than I 3 and proportionally similar to DI 2, while I 3 is normally big and caniniform. In turn, the maxillary bone bears the alveoli of the right and left deciduous canines. Te postcanine diastema is ~ 40 mm in length, and the most posterior part of the premaxilla terminates anteriorly to the DP 1 (Fig. 4 b – c). Te DI 1 bears a lingual cusp, and its occlusal surface is labiolingually concave. Te DI 2 is more asymmetric than the DI 1 and displays a lingual cingulum. Both deciduous incisors display a triangular occlusal contour that is wider labially than lingually. Te DI 3 is slightly caniniform and displays a labial sulcus. Te DI 2 is larger than the DI 1 and DI 3. Te DP 1 bears a distal cingulum and an elongated lingual cusp not connected with the ectoloph (Fig. 5 a). Te DP 2 (Fig. 5 b) shows a labial cingulum below the metacone, and distal and mesial cingula. On this tooth, the parastyle is developed and connected to the protoloph by a short ridge. Te protoloph is oblique and connected with the ectoloph anteriorly to the paracone, while the metaloph is transverse and connected with the metacone just at mid-height of the latter cusp. Te protocone is less developed than the hypocone, and a lingual cusp is present at the entrance of the median valley. Te DP 3, DP 4, and M 1 bear a large parastyle, well-separated from the paracone. On the DP 3 (Fig. 5 e), the paracone is larger than the metacone, unlike in the DP 4 (Fig. 5 g – h) and M 1 (Fig. 5 k). Te protocone and hypocone are similar in size in the DP 3 and DP 4, but the protocone is larger in the M 1. Mesial, distal, and labial (below the metacone) cingula are present on the DP 3, DP 4, and M 1. A small lingual cusp is present on the DP 3 at the entrance of the median valley. Te metaloph is shorter than the protoloph on all these teeth. On the DP 3 and DP 4, the metaloph is taller than the protoloph, and the hypocone is taller than the protocone, while on the M 1 the two latter lingual cusps are similar in height. In labial view, the paracone is similar in height to the metacone on the DP 2 and DP 3, but taller than the metacone on the DP 4 and M 1. All the teeth in the maxillary fragment IPS 11264 (Fig. 4 g – i), which preserves the DP 2 – M 1 series, bear a continuous mesial cingulum. Te labial cingulum is present below the metacone and is connected with the distal cingulum (Fig. 4 i). A faint lingual pillar is present on the DP 2 (Fig. 5 c) at the entrance of the median valley. On the DP 4 (Fig. 5 i) and M 1 (Fig. 5 l), the distal cingulum turns toward the apex of the hypocone, while it is low on the DP 2 (Fig. 5 c) and DP 3 (Fig. 5 f). Te protocone and hypocone are well separated and the median valley is wide on all the teeth (Fig. 4 g). Te DP 3 – M 1 have a fully developed protoloph and metaloph, joined with the ectoloph in front of the paracone and the metacone respectively (Fig. 5 f, i, l). On the DP 2 (Fig. 5 c), the protoloph is more obliquely oriented than the metaloph, while it is transverse on the other teeth; the metaloph is weakly connected with the ectoloph. Te parastyle is present and distinguished from the paracone, but on DP 2 – DP 4 it is smaller than on the M 1 and separated from the paracone by a deeper groove. Te hypocone is slightly taller than the protocone on all the teeth. Te paracone is taller than the metacone on DP 3 – M 1 but not on DP 2. Te labial occlusal contour of the DP 2 is markedly concave; this feature is less marked on the other teeth and basically absent from the M 1 (Fig. 5 l), where the minimal width of the crown almost equals its posterior width. In the worn-out DP 2 IPS 11335 (Fig. 5 d), most of the characters described above cannot be observed due to the advanced wear. Te tooth displays a subtrapezoidal occlusal contour, concave on the labial side. Te tooth preserves part of the mesial cingulum and a distolabial cingulum. Te parastyle appears well separated from the paracone by a deep groove. Te protoloph is oblique and the metaloph is straight but weakly connected with the ectoloph. In labial view, the paracone and metacone are separated and look similar in height. Te DP 4 IPS 70116 is a right DP 4 (Fig. 5 j), published as M 1 by Golpe-Posse and Crusafont-Pairó (1982). Similarly to the other DP 4 s described previously, the tooth, in occlusal view, has a slightly concave labial side and a strongly concave lingual side. Te minimal width in the middle of the tooth is smaller than the posterior width. Tese characters suggest the tooth is deciduous. Te parastyle is large and separated from the paracone by a deep groove. Te mesial cingulum is continuous, and the labial-distal cingulum is strong. A large cusp is present at the entrance of the median valley, below the hypocone. Protoloph and metaloph are continuous and joined with the ectoloph. Between the paracone and the parastyle, on the labial side, there is an additional small cusp similar to DP 4 IPS 133767. Te hypocone is slightly taller than the protocone. Te M 2 IPS 11265 (Fig. 5 m) bears a mesial and distal cingula, as well as a labial cingulum below the metacone. In labial view, the metacone and paracone are similar in height, while in lingual view the protocone is slightly taller than the hypocone. Te parastyle is large and well separated from the paracone. Te protoloph and the metaloph are high and connected with the paracone and the metacone, respectively. Te partial lower molar (probably m 1) IPS 11266 (Fig. 5 n) displays a distal cingulum. Te protolophid and metalophid are separated, and the protolophid is taller than the metalophid in labial view. In the m 2 – m 3 of the mandibular fragment IPS 136651 (Figs. 4 d – f, 5 p), the labial cingulid is absent. In labial view, the protoconid is taller than the hypoconid. Te metalophid is not well developed and does not reach the protolophid. A metastylid is present and the hypoconulid is reduced to a cingulum (Fig. 5 p – q). In the worn-out lower molar (probably m 2) IPS 28172 (Fig. 5 o), the protolophid is wider than the metalophid, the distal cingulid is still visible, and a mesial cingulid is barely visible on the mesiolabial corner of the crown. No further features can be discerned. Comparisons	en	Pandolfi, Luca, Arranz, Sara G., Almécija, Sergio, Galindo, Jordi, Luján, Àngel H., Pina, Marta, Urciuoli, Alessandro, Casanovas-Vilar, Isaac, Alba, David M. (2025): Late Miocene Tapiridae from Vallès-Penedès Basin (NE Iberian Peninsula): taxonomic and paleoenvironmental implications. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology (3) 144 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.1186/s13358-024-00342-5, URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-024-00342-5
03C187E53A21FFC2A348FC5FFC2A166F.taxon	materials_examined	Comparisons among the studied material and with the tapirid from Teuleria del Firal Te isolated DP 2 IPS 11335 (Fig. 5 d) resembles those of IPS 133767 (Fig. 5 b) and IPS 11264 (Fig. 5 c) in the general subtrapezoidal occlusal contour of the crown and the strong labiolingual constriction between the mesial and distal cusps. On all the described DP 2 s, the protoloph bends distolingually and is curved at the level of the connection with the paracone. Te parastyle is well developed and barely connected with the mesiolabial side of the protoloph (not clearly visible on IPS 11264 because of damage). On the described DP 2 s, the labial cingulum is strong, continuous below the metacone, and connected with the distal cingulum. Te latter terminates close to the mid-lingual side of the hypocone. Te entrance of the median valley bears a large cusp on IPS 133767 and a faint pillar on IPS 11264. Additional enamel folds develop from the protocone and the hypocone toward the median valley on all these teeth; the metaloph is barely connected with the ectoloph, and the hypocone is larger than the protocone. On the DP 2 s of IPS 11264 and IPS 133767, an enamel fold on the ectoloph, mesially to the metacone, is also present. On the IPS 11264 DP 2, the mesial cingulum is slightly stronger than on that of IPS 11264 and the median valley looks narrower on its inner portion. Dimensionally, the DP 2 of IPS 11264 and IPS 11335 are very similar in size and proportion, while that of IPS 133767 is somewhat narrower in Wm. Similar metrical differences can be detected between the DP 3 s of IPS 133767 and IPS 11264 (Table S 1). However, this dimension is also slightly variable in the comparative samples of Tapirus indicus (Wm varies from 20.5 mm to 18.68 mm on the DP 2) and Tapirus terrestris, even within a single individual. In terms of occlusal shape, the DP 3 s of IPS 133767 and IPS 11264 are similar regarding the development of cusps and cingula. Only the labial cingulum looks somewhat stronger on IPS 133767. Te DP 4 s of IPS 133767 and IPS 11264 are morphologically identical, but those of IPS 133767 are a little bit smaller. Te length of DP 2 – DP 4 in IPS 133767 (60.5 mm) is like that in IPS 11264 (63.0 mm). Te M 1 of IPS 133767 (Fig. 5 k) differs from that of IPS 11264 (Fig. 5 l) in the possession of an additional fold within the postfossette, additional enamel folding on the median valley and the mesial side of the metaloph, and a slightly smaller size. However, these differences fall within the intraspecific variability of T. indicus. Te metrical differences between the two described M 1 s are smaller than those reported for this tooth locus in Ta. pannonicus from Dorn-Dürkneim and T. arvernensis from Camp dels Ninots (Table S 1), and those displayed by T. terrestris and T. indicus. Te m 2 IPS 28172 and that of IPS 136651 are very similar in size, but the advanced stage of wear of the former precludes an exhaustive comparison. All the lower molars (except IPS 28172) have the metalophid separated from the protolophid, a protoconid taller than the hypoconid, a strong metastylid, and a strong distal cingulid. Te material from Teuleria del Firal was previously identified as a P 2 or P 3 and a fragment of M 1 (Chevalier, 1909; Bataller, 1918, 1924: pl. 2, figs. 7, 8; Golpe-Posse & Crusafont-Pairó, 1982). However, the upper premolar figured by Bataller (1924: pl. 2, fig. 7) is actually a DP 2, morphologically comparable with that of IPS 133767. Te length and posterior width of the DP 2 from Teuleria del Firal (estimated from the Bataller’s figure) are 21.6 and 19.6 mm, respectively, thus falling within the DP 2 variability from the Vallès-Penedès specimens (Table S 1). Te length of the partial M 1 from Teuleria del Firal (Bataller, 1924: pl. 2, fig. 8) was reported as 28 mm by Bataller (1924: p. 11), which exceeds the M 1 lengths for all Late Miocene and Pliocene tapirid species from Europe. In fact, this tooth does not fit well with the morphology of a tapir upper molar and thus possibly represents a deciduous premolar of a rhinocerotid. Based on the comparisons above, all the studied specimens, as well as the DP 2 from Teuleria del Firal, can be assigned to the same species.	en	Pandolfi, Luca, Arranz, Sara G., Almécija, Sergio, Galindo, Jordi, Luján, Àngel H., Pina, Marta, Urciuoli, Alessandro, Casanovas-Vilar, Isaac, Alba, David M. (2025): Late Miocene Tapiridae from Vallès-Penedès Basin (NE Iberian Peninsula): taxonomic and paleoenvironmental implications. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology (3) 144 (1): 1-18, DOI: 10.1186/s13358-024-00342-5, URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-024-00342-5
