taxonID	type	description	language	source
03C0C97E06654A290EF36EB030A1F85F.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — China. Sichuan: Nanchuan (belonged to Chongqing after 1997) County, Chang ling kang, 28 August 1891, C. Bock & A. v. Rosthorn 641 (syntype, VO- 2014558 photo!); Talu chih, IX. C. Bock & A. v. Rosthorn 984 (syntype, n. v.). = O. mairei Merrill (1913: 493). (Fig. 3). Type: — China. Yunnan: Zhaotong City, Qiaojia County, bord des torrents sous bois à Ku-Long-Tchang (fi ợ 场), 800 m, E. E. Maire s. n. (holotype, P 00753592 photo!; isotype, E 00115769 photo!, E 00061625 photo! & PE 00036182!) [Note 1]. = O. pseudotonkinensis D. Fang (1998: 100), syn. nov. (Fig. 4). Type: — China. Guangxi: Hechi city, Nandan County, Chehe, on the limestone hillslopes, 19 september 1977, Nandan Exped. 4 – 5 – 333 (holotype: GXMI 051112!) [Note 2]. Note 1: — Ophiopogon bockianus was described based on two collections: C. Bock & A. v. Rosthorn 641 and C. Bock & A. v. Rosthorn 948. We have found only one sheet of the former in VO (Fig. 2). In the protologue, the authors stated that O. bockianus was most closely related to O. jaburan G. Loddiges (1832: t. 1876), but differs by its shorter peduncle. Since it was described, O. bockianus as a species has been recognized by Handel-Mazzetti (1936), Dai & Chen (1978), Chen (1988), Li (1997), Chen and N. Tamura (2000). These authors all stated that the anthers of O. bockianus are connate. Wang & Tang (1978) also described O. bockianus var. angustifoliatus F. T. Wang & Tang (1978: 252) (Figs. 5 & 6). However, this variant was later evaluated as an independent species, O. angustifoliatus (F. T. Wang & Tang) S. C. Chen (1988: 141) by Chen, because it has dense nodes and stolons, which easily distinguish itself from O. bockianus.	en	Gan, Xin-Jun, Feng, Hui-Zhe, Chen, Huan-Jin, Zhong, Ping-Sheng, Fan, Qiang (2024): Taxonomic studies on the genus Ophiopogon (Asparagaceae) I: - identity of O. albimarginatus and O. pseudotonkinensis, and a new species O. guangzhouensis from Guangdong, China. Phytotaxa 662 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.662.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.662.2.1
03C0C97E06654A290EF36EB030A1F85F.taxon	description	Additional specimens examined of Ophiopogon bockianus (including O. mairei): — CHINA. Sichuan: Hongya, Honyya Exped. 305 (SM 722203915 photo!); Emeishan, S. Y. Chen et al. 3630 (SM 22203914 photo!), F. T. Wang 23161 (PE 00036137!). Lushan, Lushan Exped. 78 - 0636 (SM 722203891 photo!). Chongqing: Nanchuan, G. F. Li 62517 (KUN 1222903!). Jiangjin, Z. Y. Liu et al. S- 2825 (IMC 0051422 photo!). Shizhu, Z. Y. Liu 0621 (IMC 0016582 photo!). Dashanhe, Z. Y. Liu 2033341 (IMC 0016572 photo!). Guizhou: Fanjingshan, Qianbei Exped. 2106 (PE 00330547!). Yunnan: Shuifu, Z. Y. Liu 2020694 (IMC 0016571 photo!). Ophiopogon mairei. CHINA. Guizhou: Suiyang, P. Wang 0643 (ZY 0004358 photo!). Hubei. Xanen, H. J. Li 3393 (PE 00291424!). Hunan: Sangzhi, Beijing Exped. 2055 (PE 01340118!). Fenghuang, Wuling Exped. 1215 (ISBC 0644244!). Yongshun, D. G. Zhang zdg 9909 (JIU 04406 photo!). Chongqing: Fengdu, Anonymous 0225 (SM 722204223 photo!). Pengshui, Anonymous 1398 (SM 722204231 photo!). Wulong, F. D. Pu & Y. L. Cao 0531 (PE 01340116!). Hubei: Hefeng, Y. M. Wang 5714 (PE 01340115!). Sichuan: Pingshan, Anonymous 0778 (PE 00291434!). VIETNAM. Son La Prov.: Van Ho Distr., Xuan Nha Municipality, Muong An village, territory of Xuan Nha natural reserve, 16 November 2013, L. V. Averyanov, T. H. Nguyen, K. S. Nguyen, N. D. Thang & L. D. Qui CPC 7217 (LE 01049269 photo!; LE 01049360 photo!); Muong An village, 15 August 2016, L. V. Averyanov CPC 7070 a / 13273 (LE 01049410 photo!); Moc Chau Distr., Chieng Son comm., about 1 km to NE from Chieng Son Village, 27 September 2016, L. V. Averyanov, T. H. Nguyen, K. S. Nguyen, et al. CPC 8076 (LE 01077636 photo!). LAOS. Xiangkhouang Prov.: Peak Distr., Oran village, 2 April 2015, T. H. Nguyen, L. V. Averyanov, K. S. Nguyen et al. LA-VN 875 (LE 01077624 photo!); Khoang village, Pa Khao mt., 3 March 2015, T. H. Nguyen, L. V. Averyanov, K. S. Nguyen et al. LA-VN 932 (LE 01077614 photo! & LE 01077613 photo!).	en	Gan, Xin-Jun, Feng, Hui-Zhe, Chen, Huan-Jin, Zhong, Ping-Sheng, Fan, Qiang (2024): Taxonomic studies on the genus Ophiopogon (Asparagaceae) I: - identity of O. albimarginatus and O. pseudotonkinensis, and a new species O. guangzhouensis from Guangdong, China. Phytotaxa 662 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.662.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.662.2.1
03C0C97E06634A250EF36A3F33E4FF26.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — CHINA. Kuangtung (= Guangdong province), Loh Fau Mountain (= Lofaushan, ḄĀƜ), 9 August 1917 – 27 August 2017, Merrill 10757 (isotypes: NY 00319815 photo!; US 00091985 photo!; CAS 0007083 photo! & GH 00030013 photo!). Kwangtung province, Canton (= Guangzhou) and vicinity, 15 September 1917, Levine 1613 (paratype: MO 77689 photo!).	en	Gan, Xin-Jun, Feng, Hui-Zhe, Chen, Huan-Jin, Zhong, Ping-Sheng, Fan, Qiang (2024): Taxonomic studies on the genus Ophiopogon (Asparagaceae) I: - identity of O. albimarginatus and O. pseudotonkinensis, and a new species O. guangzhouensis from Guangdong, China. Phytotaxa 662 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.662.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.662.2.1
03C0C97E06634A250EF36A3F33E4FF26.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — CHINA. Guangxi: Hezhou City, Babu District, Daguishan Tree Farm, valley, in forest, alt. 300 m, 16 October, D. Fang, C. Z. Gao & K. J. Yan 80952 (holytype: GXMI 051107!). Hezhou, Nanxiang, medicinal, 29 September 1977, Hexian Exped. 7 – 642 (paratype: GXMI 051108!). Note: — Ophiopogon stenophyllus (Figs. 7 & 8) was described based on the basis of two collections, Merrill 10757 and Levine 1613, with the first collection designated as holotype from Luofushan, Boluo County, Huizhou City, Guangdong Province. This species had been put in the genus Peliosanthes by Merrill with the subsessile anthers. But Rodriguze stated that in this species the six stamens with free and very short and not wilded into a crown, so it should be a species of Ophiopogon, after examination of the shape of the flowers. And O. stenophyllus has been recognized by Dai & Chen (1978), Li (1997), Li et al. (2016), Chen & Tamura (2000). Based on Dai & Chen (1978) in this species the filaments ca. 1 mm long, anthers ca. 3 mm long, sometimes connate and free later. And Dai & Chen's views (1978) were also accepted by Li (1997), Li et al. (2016), Chen & Tamura (2000). We also found that Ophiopogon albimarginatus D. Fang (1998: 97) (Fig. 9) and O. stenophyllus are very similar. O. albimarginatus was described based on two collections, D. Fang, C. Z. Gao & K. J. Yan 80952 (GXMI 051107!) and Hexian Exped. 7 – 642 (GXMI 051108!), with the first collection designated as holotype which from Daguishan (大IJƜ), Babu District, Hezhou city, Guangxi province. In the protologue, the authors stated that O. albimarginatus was most closely related to O. reptans Hooker. f. (1892: 268), but immediately differed by the blades 6 – 11 mm broad, bracts longer than pedicel, persistent tepals margin white. In the protologue, the authors stated that the key characteristic of O. albimarginatus is the petals margin white. Our critical observations on specimens have revealed both in O. albimarginatus and O. stenophyllus the petals margin white and not the petals but also the bracts margin white. In O. albimarginatus the blades margin serrulate which the same as O. stenophyllus. It is worth mentioning that in these two species the stem rhizomelike, stout, with dense nodes and somewhat woody, densely hairy roots. Leaves somewhat crowded and subterminal, subsessile, grasslike. Both of them are not essentially different from each other in any morphological characteristics and conspecific with each other. Additional specimens examined: — CHINA. Guangdong: Xinyi, X. P. Gao 51604 (IBK 00139053 photo!). Fengkai, Yueqisi 74 – 5259 (IBSC 0644402!). Zijin, G. L. Shi 11511 (IBSC 0644382!). Duanzhou, G. L. Shi 15373 (IBSC 0644393!). Zengcheng, G. C. Zhang 061 (IBSC 0644398!). Lianshan, P. X. Tan 58816 (PE 00291518!). Deqing, Y. G. Liu 01110 (PE 00291523!). Guangxi: Donglan, Z. Huang 43611 (IBK 00139047 photo!). Linguan, Z. Z. Chen 50989 (IBK 00139045 photo!). Mahan, S. Q. Zhong A 62253 (IBK 00139050 photo!). Rongshui, D. Z. Chen 779 (IBSC 0644413!). Lingui, J. X. Zhong 90989 (IBSC 0644409!). Longsheng, Guangfu Exped. 00582 (PE 00291512!). Wuming, Anonymous Q 3 (PE 02017730!). Chongqing: Anonymous 0588 (SM 722204259 photo!).	en	Gan, Xin-Jun, Feng, Hui-Zhe, Chen, Huan-Jin, Zhong, Ping-Sheng, Fan, Qiang (2024): Taxonomic studies on the genus Ophiopogon (Asparagaceae) I: - identity of O. albimarginatus and O. pseudotonkinensis, and a new species O. guangzhouensis from Guangdong, China. Phytotaxa 662 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.662.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.662.2.1
03C0C97E066E4A260EF36F9A310DF7D6.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — CHINA. Guangdong Province: Guangzhou City, Conghua County, Lutian Town, Chenhedong Provincial Nature Reserve, 12 April 2024, Q. Fan, H. Z. Feng & C. H. Zhang GZCH- 1025 (holytype: SYS 00236958!).	en	Gan, Xin-Jun, Feng, Hui-Zhe, Chen, Huan-Jin, Zhong, Ping-Sheng, Fan, Qiang (2024): Taxonomic studies on the genus Ophiopogon (Asparagaceae) I: - identity of O. albimarginatus and O. pseudotonkinensis, and a new species O. guangzhouensis from Guangdong, China. Phytotaxa 662 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.662.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.662.2.1
03C0C97E066E4A260EF36F9A310DF7D6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: — The new species is morphologically similar to Ophiopogon bockianus, but differs markedly by its rhizome moniliform, leaf blade 45 – 60 cm long, 0.8 – 1 cm broad; pedicels 1.3 – 1.7 cm long, and longer than the stalky part of the floral base, adjacent anthers and filaments all completely connate, ad style exerted beyond the tepals.	en	Gan, Xin-Jun, Feng, Hui-Zhe, Chen, Huan-Jin, Zhong, Ping-Sheng, Fan, Qiang (2024): Taxonomic studies on the genus Ophiopogon (Asparagaceae) I: - identity of O. albimarginatus and O. pseudotonkinensis, and a new species O. guangzhouensis from Guangdong, China. Phytotaxa 662 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.662.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.662.2.1
03C0C97E066E4A260EF36F9A310DF7D6.taxon	description	Description: — Herb terrestrial, glabrous, evergreen, perennial. Stem rhizome like, stout, with dense nodes, moniliform with remaining petioles and somewhat fleshy, densely hairy roots. Leaves basal and crowed, (25) 30 – 70 (75) cm long; petiole obvious, white, oblate columnar, (5) 15 – 20 (23) cm long, base up to 2 cm thick; blade (25) 45 – 60 (65) cm long, (0.4) 0.8 – 1.2 (1) cm at the widest point, attenuate at apex, leathery, glabrous, adaxial surface glossy, uniformly light grass-green when young, becoming darker green with age; abaxial longitudinal veins ca. 10 (including marginal ones), light pale green, midrib (midvein) somewhat raised, intervein regions paler; leaf margin finely serrulate. Flowering stem (including peduncle and rachis), ascending, erect, fleshy, somewhat twisted, violet; peduncle (6.5) 8 – 15 (18) cm long, (2.2) 2.5 – 3 (3.4) mm in diameter, infertile bracts (4) 6 – 8 (10), narrowly triangular, connate at the base and form a sheath, ca. (1) 1.2 – (2.3) 3 cm; inflorescence a lax raceme with 7 – 11 distant fascicles of 1 (2) flowers; rachis (8) 10 – 13 (16) cm long; pedicels arising from axils of bracts, acroscopic, terete, usually dirty bluish violet, (1.3) 1.5 – 2 (2.5) cm long, (0.4) 0.5 – 0.6 (0.7) mm in diameter, distally slightly narrowed, forming a distinct articulation to basal stalky part of perianth; floral bracts fasciculate, outermost bract acroscopic, glabrous, lanceolate to narrowly triangular, (2) 5 – 8 (12) mm long, (2.5) 3 – 3.5 (4) mm wide, acute, light pale green to dirty bluish violet on both surfaces, margin scarious, more or less irregularly undulate; inner bracts (bracteoles) similar to outermost bract in texture, shape and color, but much smaller, (3.5) 4 – 5 (5.5) mm long, (0.8) 1 – 1.5 (2) mm wide. Flowers cernuous, campanulate, (1.4) 1.6 – 1.8 (2) cm long, (0.8) 0.9 – 1 (1.3) cm in diam., odorless, enectariferous. Perianth fleshy, glabrous, proximally syntepalous, distally 6 - cleft; syntepalous part (including basal stalky part ca. 0.8 cm long) funnel form, purplish violet, ca. 3 mm long, ca. 7 mm in diameter at summit; lobes 6, ovate to narrowly ovate, outer 3 slightly wider than inner 3, (5.5) 6 – 6.5 (7) mm long, (3.2) 3.6 – 4.4 (4.6) mm wide, purplish violet with white tinged, margins entire, somewhat undulate, strong revolute, apex subacute to obtuse, recurved. Stamens 6, connate, inserted at base of each perianth lobe; filaments, connate, trapezoidal, ca. 0.2 mm long, 0.8 – 1 mm wide, ca. 0.2 mm thick, white; anthers slightly connivent distally, dorsi-basifixed, subsessile, narrowly hastate-deltoid (lateral sides somewhat concave and dilated toward base), (2.9) 3 – 3.5 (4) mm long, (1.2) 1.3 – 1.4 (1.5) mm wide at base, 0.6 – 0.8 mm thick, introrse, apical portion of each theca dehiscing earlier, light pale yellowish green. Pistil 1, tricarpellate, white; ovary inferior, nearly obovoid, apex subtruncate, slightly convex above, but somewhat concave in center around base of style, 3 - locular; each locule with 2 ovules on basal part of ovary central axis, obovoid to subglobose; style awl-shaped, erect, straight or slightly curved distally, (5) 5.2 – 5.5 (5.7) mm long, 0.5 – 0.7 mm in diameter, longitudinally slightly 3 - sulcate, exposed outside the flower; stigma minute, subacute to obtuse. Seeds ellipsoid, ca. 1 cm long, ca. 8 mm in diameter, sarcotesta externally cobalt blue at maturity, glossy, albumen white.	en	Gan, Xin-Jun, Feng, Hui-Zhe, Chen, Huan-Jin, Zhong, Ping-Sheng, Fan, Qiang (2024): Taxonomic studies on the genus Ophiopogon (Asparagaceae) I: - identity of O. albimarginatus and O. pseudotonkinensis, and a new species O. guangzhouensis from Guangdong, China. Phytotaxa 662 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.662.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.662.2.1
03C0C97E066E4A260EF36F9A310DF7D6.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — The specific epithet refers to the city of species origin. The Chinese name is given as " Ḟfflāẖ Ṝ "; Guǎng zhōu Yán Jiē Cǎo (Chinese Pin-Yin transliteration). Phenology: — Flowers in cultivation in April – May.	en	Gan, Xin-Jun, Feng, Hui-Zhe, Chen, Huan-Jin, Zhong, Ping-Sheng, Fan, Qiang (2024): Taxonomic studies on the genus Ophiopogon (Asparagaceae) I: - identity of O. albimarginatus and O. pseudotonkinensis, and a new species O. guangzhouensis from Guangdong, China. Phytotaxa 662 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.662.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.662.2.1
03C0C97E066E4A260EF36F9A310DF7D6.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology, phenology and conservation status: — This new species grows on damp slopes of valleys, under primary evergreen broad-leaved forest at elevation ca. 800 m a. s. l., in shady places, forming a large population, common. Taxonomic relationships: — In the genus Ophiopogon, O. bockianus (including O. pseudotonkinensis), O. angustifoliatus and O. stenophyllus, of which all the anthers are connate, are most closely similar to O. guangzhouensis. Ophiopogon guangzhouensis differs from O. bockianus mainly in its rhizome moniliform, leaf blade 45 – 60 × 0.8 – 1.2 cm (vs. 20 – 30 × 1.4 – 2.2 cm), pedicels longer (1.5 – 2 vs. 0.3 – 0.5 cm long) than the stalky part of the floral base (ca. 0.8 cm vs. ca. 1.3 cm long), filaments connate (vs. free), style exerted beyond the tepals (vs. shorter than the tepals). Ophiopogon guangzhouensis can distinguishable from O. angustifoliatus by the stems are not stoloniferous, leaves are lanceolate, 30 – 70 × 0.6 – 1.5 cm (vs. linear, only 15 – 25 × 3 – 7 mm), pedicels are ca. 1.2 – 1.5 cm long (vs. 0.5 cm long), anthers are ca. ca. 3.5 mm long (vs. 2 mm long), and filaments are connate (vs. free). Ophiopogon guangzhouensis is less similar to O. stenophyllus than to O. bockianus and O. angustifoliatus. In O. stenophyllus, the anthers are free when mature and the filaments are also free; the tepals are nearly straight and the styles are hidden within the tepals; the stem has a few rigid semi-woody prop roots. Detailed morphological differences among the compared species are shown in Table 1.	en	Gan, Xin-Jun, Feng, Hui-Zhe, Chen, Huan-Jin, Zhong, Ping-Sheng, Fan, Qiang (2024): Taxonomic studies on the genus Ophiopogon (Asparagaceae) I: - identity of O. albimarginatus and O. pseudotonkinensis, and a new species O. guangzhouensis from Guangdong, China. Phytotaxa 662 (2): 121-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.662.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.662.2.1
