taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764891/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764891	Fig. 6. Ptilosphen comis Cresson, 1930 (DEBU). A. ♀, dorsal view, Ecuador. B. ♀, wing, Ecuador. C. ♀, lateral view, Ecuador; discoloration on ventral half of P4–6 and complete lack of a middle ring on mid femur are atypical. D. ♀, Guyana. E. Spermathecae and associated structures, Guyana. F. ♂, terminalia, Ecuador. G. ♂, Guyana. H–I. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork), Ecuador and Guyana. J. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, Guyana. K. Postgonite, basiphallus, basal distiphallus and phallic bulb, Guyana (twisted into dorsal view).	Fig. 6. Ptilosphen comis Cresson, 1930 (DEBU). A. ♀, dorsal view, Ecuador. B. ♀, wing, Ecuador. C. ♀, lateral view, Ecuador; discoloration on ventral half of P4–6 and complete lack of a middle ring on mid femur are atypical. D. ♀, Guyana. E. Spermathecae and associated structures, Guyana. F. ♂, terminalia, Ecuador. G. ♂, Guyana. H–I. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork), Ecuador and Guyana. J. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, Guyana. K. Postgonite, basiphallus, basal distiphallus and phallic bulb, Guyana (twisted into dorsal view).	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764875/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764875	Fig. 1. Parasphen amazonicus Enderlein, 1922. A. ♀♀, specimens collected by Henry Walter Bates and a specimen of unknown sex (NHMUK). B. Holotype (MNBG). C. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork), Ecuador (DEBU). D. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view (DEBU). E. ♀, head and anterior thorax, Ecuador (DEBU). F. ♀, lateral view, Ecuador (DEBU). G. Spermathecae and associated structures, Ecuador (DEBU). Abbreviations: bc =bursa copulatrix; bdp =basal distiphallus; c =cercus; db =dorsal bridge; e = epandrium; ea = ejaculatory apodeme; ed = ejaculatory duct; h = hypandrium; pb = phallic bulb; pd =paired spermathecal duct; ph =phallapodeme; pp =phallic plate; s =spermatheca; sp =sperm pump; st =spermathecal stem; vr =ventral receptacle.	Fig. 1. Parasphen amazonicus Enderlein, 1922. A. ♀♀, specimens collected by Henry Walter Bates and a specimen of unknown sex (NHMUK). B. Holotype (MNBG). C. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork), Ecuador (DEBU). D. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view (DEBU). E. ♀, head and anterior thorax, Ecuador (DEBU). F. ♀, lateral view, Ecuador (DEBU). G. Spermathecae and associated structures, Ecuador (DEBU). Abbreviations: bc =bursa copulatrix; bdp =basal distiphallus; c =cercus; db =dorsal bridge; e = epandrium; ea = ejaculatory apodeme; ed = ejaculatory duct; h = hypandrium; pb = phallic bulb; pd =paired spermathecal duct; ph =phallapodeme; pp =phallic plate; s =spermatheca; sp =sperm pump; st =spermathecal stem; vr =ventral receptacle.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764885/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764885	Fig. 4. Ptilosphen callichroma (Bigot, 1886), part one. A–B. Living ♀♀, Costa Rica (DEBU). C– D. Living ♂♂, Costa Rica (DEBU). E. ♀, with fungi on legs, abdomen and wing, Volcan Arenal, Costa Rica (DEBU). F. Living ♀, Costa Rica, showing broad wing pigmentation (DEBU). G–H. ♂, Mexico, to show typical narrow wing pigmentation (CMNH).	Fig. 4. Ptilosphen callichroma (Bigot, 1886), part one. A–B. Living ♀♀, Costa Rica (DEBU). C– D. Living ♂♂, Costa Rica (DEBU). E. ♀, with fungi on legs, abdomen and wing, Volcan Arenal, Costa Rica (DEBU). F. Living ♀, Costa Rica, showing broad wing pigmentation (DEBU). G–H. ♂, Mexico, to show typical narrow wing pigmentation (CMNH).	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764879/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764879	Fig. 2. Parasphen rufipes (Fabricius, 1805) comb. nov. A. Spermathecae and associated structures, French Guiana (CMNH). B. ♂, head, French Guiana (CMNH). C. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork), French Guiana (CMNH). D. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, French Guiana (CMNH). E. Paratype of Pa. frontalis (USNM). F. ♀, head and thorax, dorsal view, Brazil (NHMUK). G. Holotype of Pa. rufipes (ZMUC). Abbreviations: bc= bursa copulatrix; bdp = basal distiphallus; c = cercus; db =dorsal bridge; e = epandrium; h= hypandrium; h+ph =linkage between hypandrium and phallapodeme; pb= phallic bulb; pd = paired spermathecal duct; ph = phallapodeme; pp = phallic plate; sp = spermatheca; ss= spermathecal stem.	Fig. 2. Parasphen rufipes (Fabricius, 1805) comb. nov. A. Spermathecae and associated structures, French Guiana (CMNH). B. ♂, head, French Guiana (CMNH). C. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork), French Guiana (CMNH). D. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, French Guiana (CMNH). E. Paratype of Pa. frontalis (USNM). F. ♀, head and thorax, dorsal view, Brazil (NHMUK). G. Holotype of Pa. rufipes (ZMUC). Abbreviations: bc= bursa copulatrix; bdp = basal distiphallus; c = cercus; db =dorsal bridge; e = epandrium; h= hypandrium; h+ph =linkage between hypandrium and phallapodeme; pb= phallic bulb; pd = paired spermathecal duct; ph = phallapodeme; pp = phallic plate; sp = spermatheca; ss= spermathecal stem.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764933/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764933	Fig. 15. Ptilosphen fulvus (Walker, 1849). A. Holotype, ♀, Brazil, lateral view (NHMUK). B. Holotype, ♀, dorsolateral view. C. Syntype of Pt. ochraceus Enderlein, 1922, Brazil (MNBG). D. Spermathecae and associated structures, French Guiana (MNHN).	Fig. 15. Ptilosphen fulvus (Walker, 1849). A. Holotype, ♀, Brazil, lateral view (NHMUK). B. Holotype, ♀, dorsolateral view. C. Syntype of Pt. ochraceus Enderlein, 1922, Brazil (MNBG). D. Spermathecae and associated structures, French Guiana (MNHN).	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764909/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764909	Fig. 10. Ptilosphen dellarum Marshall sp. nov., Costa Rica (MNCR). A. Wing. B. Living ♀. C. ♀, cervical sclerite. D. ♀, head. E. ♀, oviscape. F. Spermathecae and associated structures. G. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. H. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). I. Living ♂.	Fig. 10. Ptilosphen dellarum Marshall sp. nov., Costa Rica (MNCR). A. Wing. B. Living ♀. C. ♀, cervical sclerite. D. ♀, head. E. ♀, oviscape. F. Spermathecae and associated structures. G. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. H. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). I. Living ♂.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764889/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764889	Fig. 5. Ptilosphen callichroma (Bigot, 1886) and junior synonyms, part two. A–B. Syntype of Pt. callichroma, Mexico, leg, abdomen, wing (OXUM, photos by Zoe Simmons). C. Holotype of Pt. albibasis Enderlein, 1922, ♀, Mexico (MNBG). D. Lectotype of Pt. viriolatus Enderlein, 1922 (here designated), ♂, Guatemala (MNBG). E. ♂, abdomen, left lateral view, Mexico (inset shows genital fork in ventral view) (CMNH). F. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, Guatemala (SNOW). G. Spermathecae and associated structures, Costa Rica (DEBU). H. Head and thorax, Costa Rica (DEBU).	Fig. 5. Ptilosphen callichroma (Bigot, 1886) and junior synonyms, part two. A–B. Syntype of Pt. callichroma, Mexico, leg, abdomen, wing (OXUM, photos by Zoe Simmons). C. Holotype of Pt. albibasis Enderlein, 1922, ♀, Mexico (MNBG). D. Lectotype of Pt. viriolatus Enderlein, 1922 (here designated), ♂, Guatemala (MNBG). E. ♂, abdomen, left lateral view, Mexico (inset shows genital fork in ventral view) (CMNH). F. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, Guatemala (SNOW). G. Spermathecae and associated structures, Costa Rica (DEBU). H. Head and thorax, Costa Rica (DEBU).	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764907/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764907	Fig. 9. Ptilosphen cyaneiventris (Macquart, 1846). A. Wing, Colombia, ♀, IAVH. B. ♀, Panama (USNM). C. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, Panama (USNM), with inset showing relative size of ejaculatory apodeme. D. Apex of distiphallus, Panama (USNM). E. Base of phallus. showing the very short basal distiphallus, Panama (USNM). F. ♂, abdomen, ventral, Venezuela (DEBU). G. ♀, abdomen (without oviscape) lateral view, Panama (DEBU). H. ♂, Venezuela (DEBU). I. Spermathecae and associated structures, Colombia (DEBU). Abbreviations: ba = basiphallus; bc = bursa copulatrix; bdp = basal distiphallus; cd = common duct; db = dorsal bridge; e = epandrium (also labeled on anteroventral extension); ea =ejaculatory apodeme; h =hypandrium; pb =phallic bulb; pd =paired spermathecal duct; pg = postgonite; ph =phallapodeme; ps =paired spermathecae; sd =single spermathecal duct; ss= single spermatheca; sst =spermathecal stem.	Fig. 9. Ptilosphen cyaneiventris (Macquart, 1846). A. Wing, Colombia, ♀, IAVH. B. ♀, Panama (USNM). C. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, Panama (USNM), with inset showing relative size of ejaculatory apodeme. D. Apex of distiphallus, Panama (USNM). E. Base of phallus. showing the very short basal distiphallus, Panama (USNM). F. ♂, abdomen, ventral, Venezuela (DEBU). G. ♀, abdomen (without oviscape) lateral view, Panama (DEBU). H. ♂, Venezuela (DEBU). I. Spermathecae and associated structures, Colombia (DEBU). Abbreviations: ba = basiphallus; bc = bursa copulatrix; bdp = basal distiphallus; cd = common duct; db = dorsal bridge; e = epandrium (also labeled on anteroventral extension); ea =ejaculatory apodeme; h =hypandrium; pb =phallic bulb; pd =paired spermathecal duct; pg = postgonite; ph =phallapodeme; ps =paired spermathecae; sd =single spermathecal duct; ss= single spermatheca; sst =spermathecal stem.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764913/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764913	Fig. 11. Ptilosphen dubius Hennig, 1934, Bolivia (DEBU). A. Living ♂. B. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). C. ♂, terminalia with ejaculatory apodeme, left lateral view. D. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, phallic bulb as inset. E. Living ♀. F. Spermathecae and associated structures. G. Head and thorax, dorsal view.	Fig. 11. Ptilosphen dubius Hennig, 1934, Bolivia (DEBU). A. Living ♂. B. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). C. ♂, terminalia with ejaculatory apodeme, left lateral view. D. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, phallic bulb as inset. E. Living ♀. F. Spermathecae and associated structures. G. Head and thorax, dorsal view.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764941/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764941	Fig. 18. Ptilosphen insignis (Wiedemann, 1830). A–B. Living ♀ and ♂, Brazil (INPA). C–D. Living ♀ and ♂, Bolivia (DEBU). E. ♂, abdomen, ventral view, French Guiana (DEBU). F. Spermathecal complex and left side of oviscape, Peru (DEBU). G. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork), Guyana (DEBU). H. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, Guyana (DEBU).	Fig. 18. Ptilosphen insignis (Wiedemann, 1830). A–B. Living ♀ and ♂, Brazil (INPA). C–D. Living ♀ and ♂, Bolivia (DEBU). E. ♂, abdomen, ventral view, French Guiana (DEBU). F. Spermathecal complex and left side of oviscape, Peru (DEBU). G. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork), Guyana (DEBU). H. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, Guyana (DEBU).	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764951/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764951	Fig. 21. Ptilosphen notatus Marshall sp. nov., French Guiana (MNHN) except for E and F. A. ♂. B. Head. C. Genital fork (male sternite 5), epandrium, aedeagus. D. Spermathecae and associated structures. E. Living ♀, Brazil (INPA). F. Living ♂, Brazil (not collected).	Fig. 21. Ptilosphen notatus Marshall sp. nov., French Guiana (MNHN) except for E and F. A. ♂. B. Head. C. Genital fork (male sternite 5), epandrium, aedeagus. D. Spermathecae and associated structures. E. Living ♀, Brazil (INPA). F. Living ♂, Brazil (not collected).	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764972/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764972	Fig. 27. Ptilosphen yasuni Marshall sp. nov., Ecuador (DEBU) A. ♂, left lateral view. B. ♂, abdomen and wing. C. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). D–E. Head, dorsal and anterolateral views. F. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. G. ♀, right lateral view. H. Spermathecae and associated structures.	Fig. 27. Ptilosphen yasuni Marshall sp. nov., Ecuador (DEBU) A. ♂, left lateral view. B. ♂, abdomen and wing. C. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). D–E. Head, dorsal and anterolateral views. F. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. G. ♀, right lateral view. H. Spermathecae and associated structures.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764978/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764978	Fig. 29. Ptilosphen zonalis Marshall sp. nov., holotype, ♂, Brazil (ZMUH) A. Wing. B. Left lateral view. C. Abdomen, dorsal view. D. Abdomen, ventral view. E. Abdomen, right lateral view. F. Head and thorax.	Fig. 29. Ptilosphen zonalis Marshall sp. nov., holotype, ♂, Brazil (ZMUH) A. Wing. B. Left lateral view. C. Abdomen, dorsal view. D. Abdomen, ventral view. E. Abdomen, right lateral view. F. Head and thorax.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764974/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764974	Fig. 28. Ptilosphen yauae Marshall sp. nov., Peru (MUSM) A. ♂, abdominal apex, right lateral view. B. ♂, right lateral view. C. ♂, head, dorsolateral view. D. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. E. Spermathecae and associated structures. F. Oviscape containing stained spermathecal complex. G. ♀, left dorsolateral view. Abbreviations: bc= bursa copulatrix; bdp= basal distiphallus; c =cercus; ddp= distal distiphallus; e = epandrium; epi = epiphallus, gf = genital fork; h = hypandrium; pb = phallic bulb; pd = paired spermathecal duct; ps = paired spermatheca; ph = phallapodeme; pp= phallic plate; sd = single spermathecal duct; ss =single spermatheca; st =spermathecal stem; S7 =sternite 7.	Fig. 28. Ptilosphen yauae Marshall sp. nov., Peru (MUSM) A. ♂, abdominal apex, right lateral view. B. ♂, right lateral view. C. ♂, head, dorsolateral view. D. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. E. Spermathecae and associated structures. F. Oviscape containing stained spermathecal complex. G. ♀, left dorsolateral view. Abbreviations: bc= bursa copulatrix; bdp= basal distiphallus; c =cercus; ddp= distal distiphallus; e = epandrium; epi = epiphallus, gf = genital fork; h = hypandrium; pb = phallic bulb; pd = paired spermathecal duct; ps = paired spermatheca; ph = phallapodeme; pp= phallic plate; sd = single spermathecal duct; ss =single spermatheca; st =spermathecal stem; S7 =sternite 7.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764961/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764961	Fig. 24. Ptilosphen tetrastigma (Schiner, 1868). A. ♀, dorsolateral view, Peru (DEBU). B. Syntype, ♀, Venezuela (NHMW), lateral view. C. Spermathecae and associated structures, Peru (DEBU; inset shows origin of secondary duct on side of bursa). D. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork), Brazil (TAUI). E. ♂, terminalia, lateral view, Brazil (TAUI; insert shows ejaculatory apodeme). F. ♂, wing, Brazil (TAUI). G. Distal distiphallus, Brazil (TAUI).	Fig. 24. Ptilosphen tetrastigma (Schiner, 1868). A. ♀, dorsolateral view, Peru (DEBU). B. Syntype, ♀, Venezuela (NHMW), lateral view. C. Spermathecae and associated structures, Peru (DEBU; inset shows origin of secondary duct on side of bursa). D. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork), Brazil (TAUI). E. ♂, terminalia, lateral view, Brazil (TAUI; insert shows ejaculatory apodeme). F. ♂, wing, Brazil (TAUI). G. Distal distiphallus, Brazil (TAUI).	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764899/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764899	Fig. 7. Ptilosphen conveniens (Wulp, 1897), Costa Rica except C (DEBU and MNCR). A. ♂. B, D. ♀, dorsal and lateral views. C. Lectotype (here designated), Panama. E. ♀, head. F. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. G. Distal distiphallus and phallic bulb. H. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). I. Spermathecae and associated structures.	Fig. 7. Ptilosphen conveniens (Wulp, 1897), Costa Rica except C (DEBU and MNCR). A. ♂. B, D. ♀, dorsal and lateral views. C. Lectotype (here designated), Panama. E. ♀, head. F. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. G. Distal distiphallus and phallic bulb. H. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). I. Spermathecae and associated structures.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764915/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764915	Fig. 12. Ptilosphen elongatus Marshall sp. nov., holotype, ♂, Costa Rica (MNCR). A–B. Habitus. C. Abdominal apex, left lateral view. D. Terminalia, left lateral view. E. Detail of left postgonite. Abbreviations: ab =anterior bridge of hypandrium; ba= basiphallus; bdp= basal distiphallus; db =dorsal bridge of hypandrium; ddp= distal distiphallus; e = epandrium; ea= ejaculatory apodeme; h= hypandrium; pb =phallic bulb; pg =postgonite; ph =phallapodeme; pp = phallic plate.	Fig. 12. Ptilosphen elongatus Marshall sp. nov., holotype, ♂, Costa Rica (MNCR). A–B. Habitus. C. Abdominal apex, left lateral view. D. Terminalia, left lateral view. E. Detail of left postgonite. Abbreviations: ab =anterior bridge of hypandrium; ba= basiphallus; bdp= basal distiphallus; db =dorsal bridge of hypandrium; ddp= distal distiphallus; e = epandrium; ea= ejaculatory apodeme; h= hypandrium; pb =phallic bulb; pg =postgonite; ph =phallapodeme; pp = phallic plate.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764968/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764968	Fig. 26. Ptilosphen xestos Marshall sp. nov., Peru (MUSM). A. ♂, left lateral view. B. ♂, abdomen, right side. C. ♂, terminalia, lateral view. D. ♂, terminalia, anterior part, dorsal view. E. ♂, base of phallus, left lateral view. F. ♀, head, dorsal and anterior views. G. ♀, right lateral view. H. Spermathecae and associated structures (single spermathecal duct broken near base). Abbreviation: db= dorsal bridge of hypandrium.	Fig. 26. Ptilosphen xestos Marshall sp. nov., Peru (MUSM). A. ♂, left lateral view. B. ♂, abdomen, right side. C. ♂, terminalia, lateral view. D. ♂, terminalia, anterior part, dorsal view. E. ♂, base of phallus, left lateral view. F. ♀, head, dorsal and anterior views. G. ♀, right lateral view. H. Spermathecae and associated structures (single spermathecal duct broken near base). Abbreviation: db= dorsal bridge of hypandrium.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764949/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764949	Fig. 20. Ptilosphen mimicus Cresson, 1930, Bolivia (DEBU) A. Living ♀. B. ♀, head and anterior thorax. C. Spermathecae and associated structures. D. Living ♂. E. ♂, right lateral view. F. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). G. Aedeagus and associated structures.	Fig. 20. Ptilosphen mimicus Cresson, 1930, Bolivia (DEBU) A. Living ♀. B. ♀, head and anterior thorax. C. Spermathecae and associated structures. D. Living ♂. E. ♂, right lateral view. F. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). G. Aedeagus and associated structures.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764955/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764955	Fig. 22. Ptilosphen rafaeli Marshall sp. nov., Brazil (INPA). A, C–D. Living ♀. B. Spermathecae and associated structures. E. Holotype (INPA), habitus. F. Holotype (INPA), head.	Fig. 22. Ptilosphen rafaeli Marshall sp. nov., Brazil (INPA). A, C–D. Living ♀. B. Spermathecae and associated structures. E. Holotype (INPA), habitus. F. Holotype (INPA), head.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764917/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764917	Fig. 13. Ptilosphen enderleini Cresson, 1930, Ecuador (DEBU) unless otherwise indicated. A. Living ♀. B–C. Spermathecae and associated structures. D. ♂, head. E, Holotype, ♂, Peru (CUIC). F–H. ♂, terminalia, left lateral and left dorsolateral views detail. I. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). J. ♂, wings. K. ♂ (right), with larger ♂ Pt. crassus Marshall sp. nov. (left). Abbreviations: bc =bursa copulatrix; bdp= basal distiphallus; cd = common duct; db= dorsal bridge; ddp= distal distiphallus; pb = phallic bulb; pd =paired (primary) spermathecal duct; ps =paired spermatheca; sd= single (secondary) spermathecal duct; ss= single spermatheca.	Fig. 13. Ptilosphen enderleini Cresson, 1930, Ecuador (DEBU) unless otherwise indicated. A. Living ♀. B–C. Spermathecae and associated structures. D. ♂, head. E, Holotype, ♂, Peru (CUIC). F–H. ♂, terminalia, left lateral and left dorsolateral views detail. I. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). J. ♂, wings. K. ♂ (right), with larger ♂ Pt. crassus Marshall sp. nov. (left). Abbreviations: bc =bursa copulatrix; bdp= basal distiphallus; cd = common duct; db= dorsal bridge; ddp= distal distiphallus; pb = phallic bulb; pd =paired (primary) spermathecal duct; ps =paired spermatheca; sd= single (secondary) spermathecal duct; ss= single spermatheca.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764901/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764901	Fig. 8. Ptilosphen crassus Marshall sp. nov., Ecuador (DEBU). A. Wing. B, E. ♂, lateral and dorsal views. C. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). D. ♂, abdominal apex, left lateral view. F. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. G. Base of phallus showing basal distiphallus and phallic bulb. H. Living ♀. I. Spermathecae and associated structures. J. ♀, abdomen, left lateral view.	Fig. 8. Ptilosphen crassus Marshall sp. nov., Ecuador (DEBU). A. Wing. B, E. ♂, lateral and dorsal views. C. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). D. ♂, abdominal apex, left lateral view. F. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. G. Base of phallus showing basal distiphallus and phallic bulb. H. Living ♀. I. Spermathecae and associated structures. J. ♀, abdomen, left lateral view.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764957/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764957	Fig. 23. Ptilosphen ramosus Marshall sp. nov., Colombia (IAVH). A–B. ♂, lateral and dorsolateral views. C. ♂, wing. D. ♀, abdomen, posterior view. E. ♀, dorsal view. F. ♀, left lateral view. G. Spermathecae and associated structures. H. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. I. Phallus left lateral view.	Fig. 23. Ptilosphen ramosus Marshall sp. nov., Colombia (IAVH). A–B. ♂, lateral and dorsolateral views. C. ♂, wing. D. ♀, abdomen, posterior view. E. ♀, dorsal view. F. ♀, left lateral view. G. Spermathecae and associated structures. H. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. I. Phallus left lateral view.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764966/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764966	Fig. 25. Ptilosphen xanthicoxa Marshall sp. nov., Colombia (IAVH). A–B. Spermathecae and associated structures (B within oviscape). C. ♀, right lateral view. D. ♂, left lateral view. E. ♂, left lateral view. F. ♂ head and thorax.	Fig. 25. Ptilosphen xanthicoxa Marshall sp. nov., Colombia (IAVH). A–B. Spermathecae and associated structures (B within oviscape). C. ♀, right lateral view. D. ♂, left lateral view. E. ♂, left lateral view. F. ♂ head and thorax.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764946/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764946	Fig. 19. Ptilosphen manu Marshall sp. nov., ♂, Peru (MUSM). A. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. B. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view detail to show basal distiphallus, phallic bulb, postgonite. C. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). D. Spermathecae and associated structures. E. H.W. Bates specimen from Brazil, sex unknown. F. ♀, left lateral view, Peru. G. ♀, right lateral view, Peru.	Fig. 19. Ptilosphen manu Marshall sp. nov., ♂, Peru (MUSM). A. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. B. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view detail to show basal distiphallus, phallic bulb, postgonite. C. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). D. Spermathecae and associated structures. E. H.W. Bates specimen from Brazil, sex unknown. F. ♀, left lateral view, Peru. G. ♀, right lateral view, Peru.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764939/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764939	Fig. 17. Ptilosphen inconveniens Marshall sp. nov., holotype, ♀, Brazil (INPA). A. Habitus. B–C. Head. D. Wing. E. Abdomen, dorsolateral view. F. Spermathecae and associated structures.	Fig. 17. Ptilosphen inconveniens Marshall sp. nov., holotype, ♀, Brazil (INPA). A. Habitus. B–C. Head. D. Wing. E. Abdomen, dorsolateral view. F. Spermathecae and associated structures.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764929/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764929	Fig. 14. Ptilosphen facetus Enderlein, 1922, Ecuador (DEBU except holotype). A. Holotype, ♂ (MNBG). B. Living ♂. C. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. D. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). E–F. Living ♀. G. ♀, head and thorax, dorsal view. H. ♀, head and foreleg. I. Spermathecae and associated structures.	Fig. 14. Ptilosphen facetus Enderlein, 1922, Ecuador (DEBU except holotype). A. Holotype, ♂ (MNBG). B. Living ♂. C. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. D. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). E–F. Living ♀. G. ♀, head and thorax, dorsal view. H. ♀, head and foreleg. I. Spermathecae and associated structures.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764937/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764937	Fig. 16. Ptilosphen gentilis Cresson, Costa Rica (DEBU). A–B. Living ♀. C–D. Spermathecae and associated structures with detail of paired spermathecae. E. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. F. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, detail to show basal distiphallus, phallic bulb, postgonite. G. Living ♂. H. ♀, head and thorax. I. ♂, abdomen, lateral view. J. ♀, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bdp= basal distiphallus; ddp = distal distiphallus; pb = phallic bulb; pd = paired (primary) spermathecal duct; ps = paired spermathecae; sd =single (secondary) spermathecal duct; ss =single spermatheca.	Fig. 16. Ptilosphen gentilis Cresson, Costa Rica (DEBU). A–B. Living ♀. C–D. Spermathecae and associated structures with detail of paired spermathecae. E. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. F. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, detail to show basal distiphallus, phallic bulb, postgonite. G. Living ♂. H. ♀, head and thorax. I. ♂, abdomen, lateral view. J. ♀, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bdp= basal distiphallus; ddp = distal distiphallus; pb = phallic bulb; pd = paired (primary) spermathecal duct; ps = paired spermathecae; sd =single (secondary) spermathecal duct; ss =single spermatheca.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFAC666FFD93F806E4293BE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764883/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764883	Fig. 3. Ptilosphen boroboro Marshall sp. nov., Colombia (IAVH). A. ♀. B. Spermathecae and associated structures. C. Head, dorsal view. D. ♀, left dorsolateral view to show wing pigmentation. E. ♂, abdomen. ventrolateral view to show structure of genital fork. F. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. G. ♂, abdomen, ventral view. H. ♂, abdomen, left lateral view.	Fig. 3. Ptilosphen boroboro Marshall sp. nov., Colombia (IAVH). A. ♀. B. Spermathecae and associated structures. C. Head, dorsal view. D. ♀, left dorsolateral view to show wing pigmentation. E. ♂, abdomen. ventrolateral view to show structure of genital fork. F. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. G. ♂, abdomen, ventral view. H. ♂, abdomen, left lateral view.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFA5666DFDF0FD28E32839A1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764875/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764875	Fig. 1. Parasphen amazonicus Enderlein, 1922. A. ♀♀, specimens collected by Henry Walter Bates and a specimen of unknown sex (NHMUK). B. Holotype (MNBG). C. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork), Ecuador (DEBU). D. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view (DEBU). E. ♀, head and anterior thorax, Ecuador (DEBU). F. ♀, lateral view, Ecuador (DEBU). G. Spermathecae and associated structures, Ecuador (DEBU). Abbreviations: bc =bursa copulatrix; bdp =basal distiphallus; c =cercus; db =dorsal bridge; e = epandrium; ea = ejaculatory apodeme; ed = ejaculatory duct; h = hypandrium; pb = phallic bulb; pd =paired spermathecal duct; ph =phallapodeme; pp =phallic plate; s =spermatheca; sp =sperm pump; st =spermathecal stem; vr =ventral receptacle.	Fig. 1. Parasphen amazonicus Enderlein, 1922. A. ♀♀, specimens collected by Henry Walter Bates and a specimen of unknown sex (NHMUK). B. Holotype (MNBG). C. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork), Ecuador (DEBU). D. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view (DEBU). E. ♀, head and anterior thorax, Ecuador (DEBU). F. ♀, lateral view, Ecuador (DEBU). G. Spermathecae and associated structures, Ecuador (DEBU). Abbreviations: bc =bursa copulatrix; bdp =basal distiphallus; c =cercus; db =dorsal bridge; e = epandrium; ea = ejaculatory apodeme; ed = ejaculatory duct; h = hypandrium; pb = phallic bulb; pd =paired spermathecal duct; ph =phallapodeme; pp =phallic plate; s =spermatheca; sp =sperm pump; st =spermathecal stem; vr =ventral receptacle.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFA76673FE22FC4BE5CA3C54.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764879/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764879	Fig. 2. Parasphen rufipes (Fabricius, 1805) comb. nov. A. Spermathecae and associated structures, French Guiana (CMNH). B. ♂, head, French Guiana (CMNH). C. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork), French Guiana (CMNH). D. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, French Guiana (CMNH). E. Paratype of Pa. frontalis (USNM). F. ♀, head and thorax, dorsal view, Brazil (NHMUK). G. Holotype of Pa. rufipes (ZMUC). Abbreviations: bc= bursa copulatrix; bdp = basal distiphallus; c = cercus; db =dorsal bridge; e = epandrium; h= hypandrium; h+ph =linkage between hypandrium and phallapodeme; pb= phallic bulb; pd = paired spermathecal duct; ph = phallapodeme; pp = phallic plate; sp = spermatheca; ss= spermathecal stem.	Fig. 2. Parasphen rufipes (Fabricius, 1805) comb. nov. A. Spermathecae and associated structures, French Guiana (CMNH). B. ♂, head, French Guiana (CMNH). C. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork), French Guiana (CMNH). D. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, French Guiana (CMNH). E. Paratype of Pa. frontalis (USNM). F. ♀, head and thorax, dorsal view, Brazil (NHMUK). G. Holotype of Pa. rufipes (ZMUC). Abbreviations: bc= bursa copulatrix; bdp = basal distiphallus; c = cercus; db =dorsal bridge; e = epandrium; h= hypandrium; h+ph =linkage between hypandrium and phallapodeme; pb= phallic bulb; pd = paired spermathecal duct; ph = phallapodeme; pp = phallic plate; sp = spermatheca; ss= spermathecal stem.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFB96670FDEAF937E3F439DC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764883/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764883	Fig. 3. Ptilosphen boroboro Marshall sp. nov., Colombia (IAVH). A. ♀. B. Spermathecae and associated structures. C. Head, dorsal view. D. ♀, left dorsolateral view to show wing pigmentation. E. ♂, abdomen. ventrolateral view to show structure of genital fork. F. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. G. ♂, abdomen, ventral view. H. ♂, abdomen, left lateral view.	Fig. 3. Ptilosphen boroboro Marshall sp. nov., Colombia (IAVH). A. ♀. B. Spermathecae and associated structures. C. Head, dorsal view. D. ♀, left dorsolateral view to show wing pigmentation. E. ♂, abdomen. ventrolateral view to show structure of genital fork. F. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. G. ♂, abdomen, ventral view. H. ♂, abdomen, left lateral view.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFBA6675FE48FBBEE5E13DA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764885/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764885	Fig. 4. Ptilosphen callichroma (Bigot, 1886), part one. A–B. Living ♀♀, Costa Rica (DEBU). C– D. Living ♂♂, Costa Rica (DEBU). E. ♀, with fungi on legs, abdomen and wing, Volcan Arenal, Costa Rica (DEBU). F. Living ♀, Costa Rica, showing broad wing pigmentation (DEBU). G–H. ♂, Mexico, to show typical narrow wing pigmentation (CMNH).	Fig. 4. Ptilosphen callichroma (Bigot, 1886), part one. A–B. Living ♀♀, Costa Rica (DEBU). C– D. Living ♂♂, Costa Rica (DEBU). E. ♀, with fungi on legs, abdomen and wing, Volcan Arenal, Costa Rica (DEBU). F. Living ♀, Costa Rica, showing broad wing pigmentation (DEBU). G–H. ♂, Mexico, to show typical narrow wing pigmentation (CMNH).	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFBA6675FE48FBBEE5E13DA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764889/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764889	Fig. 5. Ptilosphen callichroma (Bigot, 1886) and junior synonyms, part two. A–B. Syntype of Pt. callichroma, Mexico, leg, abdomen, wing (OXUM, photos by Zoe Simmons). C. Holotype of Pt. albibasis Enderlein, 1922, ♀, Mexico (MNBG). D. Lectotype of Pt. viriolatus Enderlein, 1922 (here designated), ♂, Guatemala (MNBG). E. ♂, abdomen, left lateral view, Mexico (inset shows genital fork in ventral view) (CMNH). F. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, Guatemala (SNOW). G. Spermathecae and associated structures, Costa Rica (DEBU). H. Head and thorax, Costa Rica (DEBU).	Fig. 5. Ptilosphen callichroma (Bigot, 1886) and junior synonyms, part two. A–B. Syntype of Pt. callichroma, Mexico, leg, abdomen, wing (OXUM, photos by Zoe Simmons). C. Holotype of Pt. albibasis Enderlein, 1922, ♀, Mexico (MNBG). D. Lectotype of Pt. viriolatus Enderlein, 1922 (here designated), ♂, Guatemala (MNBG). E. ♂, abdomen, left lateral view, Mexico (inset shows genital fork in ventral view) (CMNH). F. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, Guatemala (SNOW). G. Spermathecae and associated structures, Costa Rica (DEBU). H. Head and thorax, Costa Rica (DEBU).	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFBA6675FE48FBBEE5E13DA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764982/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764982	Fig. 30. Sequenced species of Ptilosphen Enderlein, 1922, with Grallipeza nebulosa (Loew, 1866) as outgroup. A. Neighbour-joining analysis. B. Maximum likelihood analysis. Order of information is species name, process id and barcode index number (BIN). Bootstrap values>50% are noted on the ML tree. Scale bars show percentage difference (0.1 =10%).	Fig. 30. Sequenced species of Ptilosphen Enderlein, 1922, with Grallipeza nebulosa (Loew, 1866) as outgroup. A. Neighbour-joining analysis. B. Maximum likelihood analysis. Order of information is species name, process id and barcode index number (BIN). Bootstrap values>50% are noted on the ML tree. Scale bars show percentage difference (0.1 =10%).	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFB16678FD87FE84E4053931.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764891/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764891	Fig. 6. Ptilosphen comis Cresson, 1930 (DEBU). A. ♀, dorsal view, Ecuador. B. ♀, wing, Ecuador. C. ♀, lateral view, Ecuador; discoloration on ventral half of P4–6 and complete lack of a middle ring on mid femur are atypical. D. ♀, Guyana. E. Spermathecae and associated structures, Guyana. F. ♂, terminalia, Ecuador. G. ♂, Guyana. H–I. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork), Ecuador and Guyana. J. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, Guyana. K. Postgonite, basiphallus, basal distiphallus and phallic bulb, Guyana (twisted into dorsal view).	Fig. 6. Ptilosphen comis Cresson, 1930 (DEBU). A. ♀, dorsal view, Ecuador. B. ♀, wing, Ecuador. C. ♀, lateral view, Ecuador; discoloration on ventral half of P4–6 and complete lack of a middle ring on mid femur are atypical. D. ♀, Guyana. E. Spermathecae and associated structures, Guyana. F. ♂, terminalia, Ecuador. G. ♂, Guyana. H–I. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork), Ecuador and Guyana. J. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, Guyana. K. Postgonite, basiphallus, basal distiphallus and phallic bulb, Guyana (twisted into dorsal view).	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFB16678FD87FE84E4053931.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764982/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764982	Fig. 30. Sequenced species of Ptilosphen Enderlein, 1922, with Grallipeza nebulosa (Loew, 1866) as outgroup. A. Neighbour-joining analysis. B. Maximum likelihood analysis. Order of information is species name, process id and barcode index number (BIN). Bootstrap values>50% are noted on the ML tree. Scale bars show percentage difference (0.1 =10%).	Fig. 30. Sequenced species of Ptilosphen Enderlein, 1922, with Grallipeza nebulosa (Loew, 1866) as outgroup. A. Neighbour-joining analysis. B. Maximum likelihood analysis. Order of information is species name, process id and barcode index number (BIN). Bootstrap values>50% are noted on the ML tree. Scale bars show percentage difference (0.1 =10%).	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFB2667DFD9CFCD4E4293865.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764899/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764899	Fig. 7. Ptilosphen conveniens (Wulp, 1897), Costa Rica except C (DEBU and MNCR). A. ♂. B, D. ♀, dorsal and lateral views. C. Lectotype (here designated), Panama. E. ♀, head. F. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. G. Distal distiphallus and phallic bulb. H. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). I. Spermathecae and associated structures.	Fig. 7. Ptilosphen conveniens (Wulp, 1897), Costa Rica except C (DEBU and MNCR). A. ♂. B, D. ♀, dorsal and lateral views. C. Lectotype (here designated), Panama. E. ♀, head. F. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. G. Distal distiphallus and phallic bulb. H. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). I. Spermathecae and associated structures.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFB2667DFD9CFCD4E4293865.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764982/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764982	Fig. 30. Sequenced species of Ptilosphen Enderlein, 1922, with Grallipeza nebulosa (Loew, 1866) as outgroup. A. Neighbour-joining analysis. B. Maximum likelihood analysis. Order of information is species name, process id and barcode index number (BIN). Bootstrap values>50% are noted on the ML tree. Scale bars show percentage difference (0.1 =10%).	Fig. 30. Sequenced species of Ptilosphen Enderlein, 1922, with Grallipeza nebulosa (Loew, 1866) as outgroup. A. Neighbour-joining analysis. B. Maximum likelihood analysis. Order of information is species name, process id and barcode index number (BIN). Bootstrap values>50% are noted on the ML tree. Scale bars show percentage difference (0.1 =10%).	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFB76642FD9CFD07E2BF3B91.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764901/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764901	Fig. 8. Ptilosphen crassus Marshall sp. nov., Ecuador (DEBU). A. Wing. B, E. ♂, lateral and dorsal views. C. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). D. ♂, abdominal apex, left lateral view. F. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. G. Base of phallus showing basal distiphallus and phallic bulb. H. Living ♀. I. Spermathecae and associated structures. J. ♀, abdomen, left lateral view.	Fig. 8. Ptilosphen crassus Marshall sp. nov., Ecuador (DEBU). A. Wing. B, E. ♂, lateral and dorsal views. C. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). D. ♂, abdominal apex, left lateral view. F. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. G. Base of phallus showing basal distiphallus and phallic bulb. H. Living ♀. I. Spermathecae and associated structures. J. ♀, abdomen, left lateral view.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FF886647FDC0FE74E43439D1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764907/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764907	Fig. 9. Ptilosphen cyaneiventris (Macquart, 1846). A. Wing, Colombia, ♀, IAVH. B. ♀, Panama (USNM). C. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, Panama (USNM), with inset showing relative size of ejaculatory apodeme. D. Apex of distiphallus, Panama (USNM). E. Base of phallus. showing the very short basal distiphallus, Panama (USNM). F. ♂, abdomen, ventral, Venezuela (DEBU). G. ♀, abdomen (without oviscape) lateral view, Panama (DEBU). H. ♂, Venezuela (DEBU). I. Spermathecae and associated structures, Colombia (DEBU). Abbreviations: ba = basiphallus; bc = bursa copulatrix; bdp = basal distiphallus; cd = common duct; db = dorsal bridge; e = epandrium (also labeled on anteroventral extension); ea =ejaculatory apodeme; h =hypandrium; pb =phallic bulb; pd =paired spermathecal duct; pg = postgonite; ph =phallapodeme; ps =paired spermathecae; sd =single spermathecal duct; ss= single spermatheca; sst =spermathecal stem.	Fig. 9. Ptilosphen cyaneiventris (Macquart, 1846). A. Wing, Colombia, ♀, IAVH. B. ♀, Panama (USNM). C. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, Panama (USNM), with inset showing relative size of ejaculatory apodeme. D. Apex of distiphallus, Panama (USNM). E. Base of phallus. showing the very short basal distiphallus, Panama (USNM). F. ♂, abdomen, ventral, Venezuela (DEBU). G. ♀, abdomen (without oviscape) lateral view, Panama (DEBU). H. ♂, Venezuela (DEBU). I. Spermathecae and associated structures, Colombia (DEBU). Abbreviations: ba = basiphallus; bc = bursa copulatrix; bdp = basal distiphallus; cd = common duct; db = dorsal bridge; e = epandrium (also labeled on anteroventral extension); ea =ejaculatory apodeme; h =hypandrium; pb =phallic bulb; pd =paired spermathecal duct; pg = postgonite; ph =phallapodeme; ps =paired spermathecae; sd =single spermathecal duct; ss= single spermatheca; sst =spermathecal stem.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FF8D6644FDEAFBBAE2773B9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764909/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764909	Fig. 10. Ptilosphen dellarum Marshall sp. nov., Costa Rica (MNCR). A. Wing. B. Living ♀. C. ♀, cervical sclerite. D. ♀, head. E. ♀, oviscape. F. Spermathecae and associated structures. G. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. H. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). I. Living ♂.	Fig. 10. Ptilosphen dellarum Marshall sp. nov., Costa Rica (MNCR). A. Wing. B. Living ♀. C. ♀, cervical sclerite. D. ♀, head. E. ♀, oviscape. F. Spermathecae and associated structures. G. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. H. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). I. Living ♂.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FF8E6649FD85FE61E32F3BA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764913/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764913	Fig. 11. Ptilosphen dubius Hennig, 1934, Bolivia (DEBU). A. Living ♂. B. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). C. ♂, terminalia with ejaculatory apodeme, left lateral view. D. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, phallic bulb as inset. E. Living ♀. F. Spermathecae and associated structures. G. Head and thorax, dorsal view.	Fig. 11. Ptilosphen dubius Hennig, 1934, Bolivia (DEBU). A. Living ♂. B. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). C. ♂, terminalia with ejaculatory apodeme, left lateral view. D. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, phallic bulb as inset. E. Living ♀. F. Spermathecae and associated structures. G. Head and thorax, dorsal view.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FF8E6649FD85FE61E32F3BA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764941/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764941	Fig. 18. Ptilosphen insignis (Wiedemann, 1830). A–B. Living ♀ and ♂, Brazil (INPA). C–D. Living ♀ and ♂, Bolivia (DEBU). E. ♂, abdomen, ventral view, French Guiana (DEBU). F. Spermathecal complex and left side of oviscape, Peru (DEBU). G. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork), Guyana (DEBU). H. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, Guyana (DEBU).	Fig. 18. Ptilosphen insignis (Wiedemann, 1830). A–B. Living ♀ and ♂, Brazil (INPA). C–D. Living ♀ and ♂, Bolivia (DEBU). E. ♂, abdomen, ventral view, French Guiana (DEBU). F. Spermathecal complex and left side of oviscape, Peru (DEBU). G. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork), Guyana (DEBU). H. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, Guyana (DEBU).	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FF83664FFDEEFE44E41F394D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764915/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764915	Fig. 12. Ptilosphen elongatus Marshall sp. nov., holotype, ♂, Costa Rica (MNCR). A–B. Habitus. C. Abdominal apex, left lateral view. D. Terminalia, left lateral view. E. Detail of left postgonite. Abbreviations: ab =anterior bridge of hypandrium; ba= basiphallus; bdp= basal distiphallus; db =dorsal bridge of hypandrium; ddp= distal distiphallus; e = epandrium; ea= ejaculatory apodeme; h= hypandrium; pb =phallic bulb; pg =postgonite; ph =phallapodeme; pp = phallic plate.	Fig. 12. Ptilosphen elongatus Marshall sp. nov., holotype, ♂, Costa Rica (MNCR). A–B. Habitus. C. Abdominal apex, left lateral view. D. Terminalia, left lateral view. E. Detail of left postgonite. Abbreviations: ab =anterior bridge of hypandrium; ba= basiphallus; bdp= basal distiphallus; db =dorsal bridge of hypandrium; ddp= distal distiphallus; e = epandrium; ea= ejaculatory apodeme; h= hypandrium; pb =phallic bulb; pg =postgonite; ph =phallapodeme; pp = phallic plate.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FF85664CFD9DFC2FE3D239D2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764917/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764917	Fig. 13. Ptilosphen enderleini Cresson, 1930, Ecuador (DEBU) unless otherwise indicated. A. Living ♀. B–C. Spermathecae and associated structures. D. ♂, head. E, Holotype, ♂, Peru (CUIC). F–H. ♂, terminalia, left lateral and left dorsolateral views detail. I. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). J. ♂, wings. K. ♂ (right), with larger ♂ Pt. crassus Marshall sp. nov. (left). Abbreviations: bc =bursa copulatrix; bdp= basal distiphallus; cd = common duct; db= dorsal bridge; ddp= distal distiphallus; pb = phallic bulb; pd =paired (primary) spermathecal duct; ps =paired spermatheca; sd= single (secondary) spermathecal duct; ss= single spermatheca.	Fig. 13. Ptilosphen enderleini Cresson, 1930, Ecuador (DEBU) unless otherwise indicated. A. Living ♀. B–C. Spermathecae and associated structures. D. ♂, head. E, Holotype, ♂, Peru (CUIC). F–H. ♂, terminalia, left lateral and left dorsolateral views detail. I. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). J. ♂, wings. K. ♂ (right), with larger ♂ Pt. crassus Marshall sp. nov. (left). Abbreviations: bc =bursa copulatrix; bdp= basal distiphallus; cd = common duct; db= dorsal bridge; ddp= distal distiphallus; pb = phallic bulb; pd =paired (primary) spermathecal duct; ps =paired spermatheca; sd= single (secondary) spermathecal duct; ss= single spermatheca.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FF85664CFD9DFC2FE3D239D2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764982/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764982	Fig. 30. Sequenced species of Ptilosphen Enderlein, 1922, with Grallipeza nebulosa (Loew, 1866) as outgroup. A. Neighbour-joining analysis. B. Maximum likelihood analysis. Order of information is species name, process id and barcode index number (BIN). Bootstrap values>50% are noted on the ML tree. Scale bars show percentage difference (0.1 =10%).	Fig. 30. Sequenced species of Ptilosphen Enderlein, 1922, with Grallipeza nebulosa (Loew, 1866) as outgroup. A. Neighbour-joining analysis. B. Maximum likelihood analysis. Order of information is species name, process id and barcode index number (BIN). Bootstrap values>50% are noted on the ML tree. Scale bars show percentage difference (0.1 =10%).	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FF866652FD95FBBAE0753DA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764929/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764929	Fig. 14. Ptilosphen facetus Enderlein, 1922, Ecuador (DEBU except holotype). A. Holotype, ♂ (MNBG). B. Living ♂. C. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. D. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). E–F. Living ♀. G. ♀, head and thorax, dorsal view. H. ♀, head and foreleg. I. Spermathecae and associated structures.	Fig. 14. Ptilosphen facetus Enderlein, 1922, Ecuador (DEBU except holotype). A. Holotype, ♂ (MNBG). B. Living ♂. C. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. D. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). E–F. Living ♀. G. ♀, head and thorax, dorsal view. H. ♀, head and foreleg. I. Spermathecae and associated structures.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FF866652FD95FBBAE0753DA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764982/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764982	Fig. 30. Sequenced species of Ptilosphen Enderlein, 1922, with Grallipeza nebulosa (Loew, 1866) as outgroup. A. Neighbour-joining analysis. B. Maximum likelihood analysis. Order of information is species name, process id and barcode index number (BIN). Bootstrap values>50% are noted on the ML tree. Scale bars show percentage difference (0.1 =10%).	Fig. 30. Sequenced species of Ptilosphen Enderlein, 1922, with Grallipeza nebulosa (Loew, 1866) as outgroup. A. Neighbour-joining analysis. B. Maximum likelihood analysis. Order of information is species name, process id and barcode index number (BIN). Bootstrap values>50% are noted on the ML tree. Scale bars show percentage difference (0.1 =10%).	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FF9B6650FD89FE84E2C33997.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764933/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764933	Fig. 15. Ptilosphen fulvus (Walker, 1849). A. Holotype, ♀, Brazil, lateral view (NHMUK). B. Holotype, ♀, dorsolateral view. C. Syntype of Pt. ochraceus Enderlein, 1922, Brazil (MNBG). D. Spermathecae and associated structures, French Guiana (MNHN).	Fig. 15. Ptilosphen fulvus (Walker, 1849). A. Holotype, ♀, Brazil, lateral view (NHMUK). B. Holotype, ♀, dorsolateral view. C. Syntype of Pt. ochraceus Enderlein, 1922, Brazil (MNBG). D. Spermathecae and associated structures, French Guiana (MNHN).	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FF9D6655FD8EFE84E3D53D43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764937/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764937	Fig. 16. Ptilosphen gentilis Cresson, Costa Rica (DEBU). A–B. Living ♀. C–D. Spermathecae and associated structures with detail of paired spermathecae. E. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. F. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, detail to show basal distiphallus, phallic bulb, postgonite. G. Living ♂. H. ♀, head and thorax. I. ♂, abdomen, lateral view. J. ♀, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bdp= basal distiphallus; ddp = distal distiphallus; pb = phallic bulb; pd = paired (primary) spermathecal duct; ps = paired spermathecae; sd =single (secondary) spermathecal duct; ss =single spermatheca.	Fig. 16. Ptilosphen gentilis Cresson, Costa Rica (DEBU). A–B. Living ♀. C–D. Spermathecae and associated structures with detail of paired spermathecae. E. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. F. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, detail to show basal distiphallus, phallic bulb, postgonite. G. Living ♂. H. ♀, head and thorax. I. ♂, abdomen, lateral view. J. ♀, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bdp= basal distiphallus; ddp = distal distiphallus; pb = phallic bulb; pd = paired (primary) spermathecal duct; ps = paired spermathecae; sd =single (secondary) spermathecal duct; ss =single spermatheca.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FF9E665BFDC1FE84E58A3C06.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764939/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764939	Fig. 17. Ptilosphen inconveniens Marshall sp. nov., holotype, ♀, Brazil (INPA). A. Habitus. B–C. Head. D. Wing. E. Abdomen, dorsolateral view. F. Spermathecae and associated structures.	Fig. 17. Ptilosphen inconveniens Marshall sp. nov., holotype, ♀, Brazil (INPA). A. Habitus. B–C. Head. D. Wing. E. Abdomen, dorsolateral view. F. Spermathecae and associated structures.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FF91665FFDF2F9E5E5BC39B7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764941/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764941	Fig. 18. Ptilosphen insignis (Wiedemann, 1830). A–B. Living ♀ and ♂, Brazil (INPA). C–D. Living ♀ and ♂, Bolivia (DEBU). E. ♂, abdomen, ventral view, French Guiana (DEBU). F. Spermathecal complex and left side of oviscape, Peru (DEBU). G. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork), Guyana (DEBU). H. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, Guyana (DEBU).	Fig. 18. Ptilosphen insignis (Wiedemann, 1830). A–B. Living ♀ and ♂, Brazil (INPA). C–D. Living ♀ and ♂, Bolivia (DEBU). E. ♂, abdomen, ventral view, French Guiana (DEBU). F. Spermathecal complex and left side of oviscape, Peru (DEBU). G. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork), Guyana (DEBU). H. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, Guyana (DEBU).	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FF95665CFD96FC57E334396A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764946/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764946	Fig. 19. Ptilosphen manu Marshall sp. nov., ♂, Peru (MUSM). A. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. B. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view detail to show basal distiphallus, phallic bulb, postgonite. C. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). D. Spermathecae and associated structures. E. H.W. Bates specimen from Brazil, sex unknown. F. ♀, left lateral view, Peru. G. ♀, right lateral view, Peru.	Fig. 19. Ptilosphen manu Marshall sp. nov., ♂, Peru (MUSM). A. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. B. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view detail to show basal distiphallus, phallic bulb, postgonite. C. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). D. Spermathecae and associated structures. E. H.W. Bates specimen from Brazil, sex unknown. F. ♀, left lateral view, Peru. G. ♀, right lateral view, Peru.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FF966622FD97FCF0E3303D6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764949/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764949	Fig. 20. Ptilosphen mimicus Cresson, 1930, Bolivia (DEBU) A. Living ♀. B. ♀, head and anterior thorax. C. Spermathecae and associated structures. D. Living ♂. E. ♂, right lateral view. F. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). G. Aedeagus and associated structures.	Fig. 20. Ptilosphen mimicus Cresson, 1930, Bolivia (DEBU) A. Living ♀. B. ♀, head and anterior thorax. C. Spermathecae and associated structures. D. Living ♂. E. ♂, right lateral view. F. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). G. Aedeagus and associated structures.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFEB6627FDACFE84E5213F3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764951/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764951	Fig. 21. Ptilosphen notatus Marshall sp. nov., French Guiana (MNHN) except for E and F. A. ♂. B. Head. C. Genital fork (male sternite 5), epandrium, aedeagus. D. Spermathecae and associated structures. E. Living ♀, Brazil (INPA). F. Living ♂, Brazil (not collected).	Fig. 21. Ptilosphen notatus Marshall sp. nov., French Guiana (MNHN) except for E and F. A. ♂. B. Head. C. Genital fork (male sternite 5), epandrium, aedeagus. D. Spermathecae and associated structures. E. Living ♀, Brazil (INPA). F. Living ♂, Brazil (not collected).	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFEB6627FDACFE84E5213F3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764941/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764941	Fig. 18. Ptilosphen insignis (Wiedemann, 1830). A–B. Living ♀ and ♂, Brazil (INPA). C–D. Living ♀ and ♂, Bolivia (DEBU). E. ♂, abdomen, ventral view, French Guiana (DEBU). F. Spermathecal complex and left side of oviscape, Peru (DEBU). G. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork), Guyana (DEBU). H. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, Guyana (DEBU).	Fig. 18. Ptilosphen insignis (Wiedemann, 1830). A–B. Living ♀ and ♂, Brazil (INPA). C–D. Living ♀ and ♂, Bolivia (DEBU). E. ♂, abdomen, ventral view, French Guiana (DEBU). F. Spermathecal complex and left side of oviscape, Peru (DEBU). G. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork), Guyana (DEBU). H. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view, Guyana (DEBU).	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFED6625FD99FADDE2CD3C36.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764955/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764955	Fig. 22. Ptilosphen rafaeli Marshall sp. nov., Brazil (INPA). A, C–D. Living ♀. B. Spermathecae and associated structures. E. Holotype (INPA), habitus. F. Holotype (INPA), head.	Fig. 22. Ptilosphen rafaeli Marshall sp. nov., Brazil (INPA). A, C–D. Living ♀. B. Spermathecae and associated structures. E. Holotype (INPA), habitus. F. Holotype (INPA), head.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFEF662AFDE6F9DBE3DA39CD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764957/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764957	Fig. 23. Ptilosphen ramosus Marshall sp. nov., Colombia (IAVH). A–B. ♂, lateral and dorsolateral views. C. ♂, wing. D. ♀, abdomen, posterior view. E. ♀, dorsal view. F. ♀, left lateral view. G. Spermathecae and associated structures. H. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. I. Phallus left lateral view.	Fig. 23. Ptilosphen ramosus Marshall sp. nov., Colombia (IAVH). A–B. ♂, lateral and dorsolateral views. C. ♂, wing. D. ♀, abdomen, posterior view. E. ♀, dorsal view. F. ♀, left lateral view. G. Spermathecae and associated structures. H. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. I. Phallus left lateral view.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFE0662FFDE8FBADE4293BD9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764961/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764961	Fig. 24. Ptilosphen tetrastigma (Schiner, 1868). A. ♀, dorsolateral view, Peru (DEBU). B. Syntype, ♀, Venezuela (NHMW), lateral view. C. Spermathecae and associated structures, Peru (DEBU; inset shows origin of secondary duct on side of bursa). D. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork), Brazil (TAUI). E. ♂, terminalia, lateral view, Brazil (TAUI; insert shows ejaculatory apodeme). F. ♂, wing, Brazil (TAUI). G. Distal distiphallus, Brazil (TAUI).	Fig. 24. Ptilosphen tetrastigma (Schiner, 1868). A. ♀, dorsolateral view, Peru (DEBU). B. Syntype, ♀, Venezuela (NHMW), lateral view. C. Spermathecae and associated structures, Peru (DEBU; inset shows origin of secondary duct on side of bursa). D. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork), Brazil (TAUI). E. ♂, terminalia, lateral view, Brazil (TAUI; insert shows ejaculatory apodeme). F. ♂, wing, Brazil (TAUI). G. Distal distiphallus, Brazil (TAUI).	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFE5662DFDF5FDBCE0A43E60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764966/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764966	Fig. 25. Ptilosphen xanthicoxa Marshall sp. nov., Colombia (IAVH). A–B. Spermathecae and associated structures (B within oviscape). C. ♀, right lateral view. D. ♂, left lateral view. E. ♂, left lateral view. F. ♂ head and thorax.	Fig. 25. Ptilosphen xanthicoxa Marshall sp. nov., Colombia (IAVH). A–B. Spermathecae and associated structures (B within oviscape). C. ♀, right lateral view. D. ♂, left lateral view. E. ♂, left lateral view. F. ♂ head and thorax.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFE76632FD94FB0BE3BB380E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764968/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764968	Fig. 26. Ptilosphen xestos Marshall sp. nov., Peru (MUSM). A. ♂, left lateral view. B. ♂, abdomen, right side. C. ♂, terminalia, lateral view. D. ♂, terminalia, anterior part, dorsal view. E. ♂, base of phallus, left lateral view. F. ♀, head, dorsal and anterior views. G. ♀, right lateral view. H. Spermathecae and associated structures (single spermathecal duct broken near base). Abbreviation: db= dorsal bridge of hypandrium.	Fig. 26. Ptilosphen xestos Marshall sp. nov., Peru (MUSM). A. ♂, left lateral view. B. ♂, abdomen, right side. C. ♂, terminalia, lateral view. D. ♂, terminalia, anterior part, dorsal view. E. ♂, base of phallus, left lateral view. F. ♀, head, dorsal and anterior views. G. ♀, right lateral view. H. Spermathecae and associated structures (single spermathecal duct broken near base). Abbreviation: db= dorsal bridge of hypandrium.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFE76632FD94FB0BE3BB380E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764982/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764982	Fig. 30. Sequenced species of Ptilosphen Enderlein, 1922, with Grallipeza nebulosa (Loew, 1866) as outgroup. A. Neighbour-joining analysis. B. Maximum likelihood analysis. Order of information is species name, process id and barcode index number (BIN). Bootstrap values>50% are noted on the ML tree. Scale bars show percentage difference (0.1 =10%).	Fig. 30. Sequenced species of Ptilosphen Enderlein, 1922, with Grallipeza nebulosa (Loew, 1866) as outgroup. A. Neighbour-joining analysis. B. Maximum likelihood analysis. Order of information is species name, process id and barcode index number (BIN). Bootstrap values>50% are noted on the ML tree. Scale bars show percentage difference (0.1 =10%).	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFF86637FD99FDEEE52F3BF2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764972/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764972	Fig. 27. Ptilosphen yasuni Marshall sp. nov., Ecuador (DEBU) A. ♂, left lateral view. B. ♂, abdomen and wing. C. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). D–E. Head, dorsal and anterolateral views. F. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. G. ♀, right lateral view. H. Spermathecae and associated structures.	Fig. 27. Ptilosphen yasuni Marshall sp. nov., Ecuador (DEBU) A. ♂, left lateral view. B. ♂, abdomen and wing. C. ♂, sternite 5 (genital fork). D–E. Head, dorsal and anterolateral views. F. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. G. ♀, right lateral view. H. Spermathecae and associated structures.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFF86637FD99FDEEE52F3BF2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764982/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764982	Fig. 30. Sequenced species of Ptilosphen Enderlein, 1922, with Grallipeza nebulosa (Loew, 1866) as outgroup. A. Neighbour-joining analysis. B. Maximum likelihood analysis. Order of information is species name, process id and barcode index number (BIN). Bootstrap values>50% are noted on the ML tree. Scale bars show percentage difference (0.1 =10%).	Fig. 30. Sequenced species of Ptilosphen Enderlein, 1922, with Grallipeza nebulosa (Loew, 1866) as outgroup. A. Neighbour-joining analysis. B. Maximum likelihood analysis. Order of information is species name, process id and barcode index number (BIN). Bootstrap values>50% are noted on the ML tree. Scale bars show percentage difference (0.1 =10%).	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFFD6634FD95FD98E33F3BF4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764974/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764974	Fig. 28. Ptilosphen yauae Marshall sp. nov., Peru (MUSM) A. ♂, abdominal apex, right lateral view. B. ♂, right lateral view. C. ♂, head, dorsolateral view. D. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. E. Spermathecae and associated structures. F. Oviscape containing stained spermathecal complex. G. ♀, left dorsolateral view. Abbreviations: bc= bursa copulatrix; bdp= basal distiphallus; c =cercus; ddp= distal distiphallus; e = epandrium; epi = epiphallus, gf = genital fork; h = hypandrium; pb = phallic bulb; pd = paired spermathecal duct; ps = paired spermatheca; ph = phallapodeme; pp= phallic plate; sd = single spermathecal duct; ss =single spermatheca; st =spermathecal stem; S7 =sternite 7.	Fig. 28. Ptilosphen yauae Marshall sp. nov., Peru (MUSM) A. ♂, abdominal apex, right lateral view. B. ♂, right lateral view. C. ♂, head, dorsolateral view. D. ♂, terminalia, left lateral view. E. Spermathecae and associated structures. F. Oviscape containing stained spermathecal complex. G. ♀, left dorsolateral view. Abbreviations: bc= bursa copulatrix; bdp= basal distiphallus; c =cercus; ddp= distal distiphallus; e = epandrium; epi = epiphallus, gf = genital fork; h = hypandrium; pb = phallic bulb; pd = paired spermathecal duct; ps = paired spermatheca; ph = phallapodeme; pp= phallic plate; sd = single spermathecal duct; ss =single spermatheca; st =spermathecal stem; S7 =sternite 7.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
03C08792FFFE663AFD9FFD97E40239FD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/20764978/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20764978	Fig. 29. Ptilosphen zonalis Marshall sp. nov., holotype, ♂, Brazil (ZMUH) A. Wing. B. Left lateral view. C. Abdomen, dorsal view. D. Abdomen, ventral view. E. Abdomen, right lateral view. F. Head and thorax.	Fig. 29. Ptilosphen zonalis Marshall sp. nov., holotype, ♂, Brazil (ZMUH) A. Wing. B. Left lateral view. C. Abdomen, dorsal view. D. Abdomen, ventral view. E. Abdomen, right lateral view. F. Head and thorax.	2026-05-26	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.		Zenodo	biologists	Marshall, Stephen A.;Paiero, Steven M.			
