identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C66269FF8A660EFCCDFB58FBF44B2F.text	03C66269FF8A660EFCCDFB58FBF44B2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cephalopoda	<div><p>SYSTEMATIC PALAEONTOLOGY</p><p>Wąwał statolith</p><p>(Fig. 2; Appendix 1)</p><p>MATERIAL. — Single (ZPAL B.II/1) well preserved specimen from the Valanginian, Lower Cretaceous of Wąwał, central Poland. Its surface is brown and shiny and similar in this respect to otoliths from the same locality.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>The general shape is close to minor arc in right lateral view. Lateral lobe is slightly wider on one end than the rostrum on the other end. Rostrum is triangular, flattened on two sides with anterior part narrow, acute on its edge. The surfaces of rostrum are inclined to the rest of statolith with rostral angle of approximately 140°. Lateral lobe triangular, pointed posteriorly, edges blunt. Clearly delimited from lateral dome on the right side with well-developed subjugation. On the left side, the lateral lobe passes continuously into flat left side of the statolith’s mid part. Lateral dome located on the right side merged with ventral dome, delimited only by weakly expressed border line. Ventral margin, narrow, acute and uninterrupted from rostrum to lateral lobe. The lateral dome is moderately convex and passes continuously into ventral dome. The edge of ventral dome (ventral margin) is narrow and acute. The anterior part of ventral margin is equipped with well-developed bilobate spur which overhangs slightly to the left. Posterior lobe is wider and blunter while the anterior lobe is smaller and knob-like. The ventral edge of the spur is narrow and acute. The left side of the statolith is moderately convex and bears no recognizable features.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>The statolith described above is the only one found in the locality of Wąwał in spite of an extensive collecting effort (Kaim 2001). Morphology of the left side of the statolith resembles the Jurassic morphotype A of Clarke &amp; Fitch (1975), while the right side of the statolith displays unique characteristics unknown from any other statoliths to date. The lateral lobe bears no subsidiary lobes and it is small in comparison to all the other morphotypes of Mesozoic statoliths known to date. The subjugation described in Wąwał statolith occurs also in the specimens of the Jurassic morphotype A of Clarke &amp; Fitch (1975), and it is interpreted as a feature of subadult specimens (Clarke 1978). The morphology of the spur is well developed and more complex than in other statoliths. Row of furrows on the right side of the rostrum is probably of taphonomic origin. The morphology of the posterior part of the Wąwał statolith is similar to subadult specimens of the Jurassic morphotype A of Clarke &amp; Fitch (1975), and suggests that this morphotype belongs to a not fully grown cephalopod. However, the spur of the statolith is too well developed for a subadult decabrachian. Lack of other specimens from Wąwał renders it impossible to argue about its ontogeny any further. Judging from the morphological distinctiveness of this specimen and the gap in occurrence between the last Jurassic and the first Cretaceous statoliths, it is most plausible to argue that the Wąwał statolith most likely represents a different species and genus of a cephalopod and it is only remotely related to the species represented by the Jurassic statoliths of Clarke (1978).</p><p>Speeton statolith 1 (SS1)</p><p>(Fig. 3A)</p><p>MATERIAL. — A single well preserved specimen (ZPAL B.II/2) from the Aptian, Lower Cretaceous of Speeton, Yorkshire, United Kingdom. Its surface is cream-white, brighter than in otoliths from the same locality.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>The general shape is close to an eggplant in right lateral view, with small pointed rostrum on the anterior, and large wide lateral lobe on the posterior side. The lateral lobe is wide and blunt on the edge. The lateral lobe passes continuously on both sides into flat lateral and ventral domes. The rostrum is thin, small, flattened on the left side, and acute on the edge. The axis of the rostrum is inclined to the rest of the statolith with the rostral angle approximately 155°. The dorsal margin is sigmoidal in dorsal view, with a flattened edge, and uninterrupted from the lateral lobe to the rostrum. The lateral and ventral lobes are slightly convex, narrower towards the rostrum. The ventral margin is narrow and blunt, equipped on the edge with a minor arc-shaped, thin and narrow spur.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>The morphology of this statolith is very similar to the Jurassic morphotype C of Hart et al. (2015) from the Oxford Clay Formation of southern England. It differs in having a smooth lateral lobe, while the one reported by Hart et al. (2015) bears a leaf-like ornamentation. Inner side of the SS1 statolith is flattened, while in the Jurassic morphotype C it is rounded. An additional difference between SS1 and the Jurassic morphotype C is the presence of a spur on the former, and its absence on the latter. The star-shaped structure located under the rostrum on the right side of SS1 is most likely of taphonomic or diagenetic origin. Overall the similarity of SS1 to the Jurassic morphotype C of Hart et al. (2015) suggests a close taxonomic relationship of both statolith-bearing cephalopods or a convergent evolution of this structure.</p><p>Speeton statolith 2 (SS2)</p><p>(Fig. 3B)</p><p>MATERIAL. — Three specimens (ZPAL B.II/3-5), all with broken rostral edges, from the Aptian, Lower Cretaceous of Speeton, Yorkshire, United Kingdom. The surface in all specimens is cream-white, lighter than in otoliths from the same locality.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>The shape of the preserved parts is close to an eggplant, with a lateral lobe on the posterior side. The statolith is strongly convex on the right side. The lateral lobe is round on the ventral side, narrow on the dorsal side, and equipped with a multilobate edge that overhangs slightly to the right. The lobes are located on the edge in decreasing order from the dorsal to the ventral side. The lobes are merged with lateral and ventral domes on the right view of SS2. The dorsal and ventral margins are narrow and acute. The left side of the statolith is moderately flat and bears no recognizable features. Rostra are missing in all available specimens.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>There are no complete statoliths of this morphotype at our disposal. The damage most likely occurred during wet sieving of the sediment. The morphology of the lateral lobe is similar to the Jurassic morphotype B of Clarke &amp; Fitch (1975). The subjugation on the SS2 is located between the multilobate edge of the lobe margin and the lateral lobe, while in the statolith reported byClarke &amp; Fitch (1975) this feature is absent. The lack of the spur and rostrum renders it impossible to provide a full description, but the general shape and the time gap between the last Jurassic morphotypes of Clarke &amp; Fitch (1975) and Hart et al. (2015) and SS2 suggests that the latter belongs to a separate, though closely related taxon.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C66269FF8A660EFCCDFB58FBF44B2F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pindakiewicz, Maciej K.;Hryniewicz, Krzysztof;Janiszewska, Katarzyna;Kaim, Andrzej	Pindakiewicz, Maciej K., Hryniewicz, Krzysztof, Janiszewska, Katarzyna, Kaim, Andrzej (2022): First Cretaceous cephalopod statoliths fill the gap between Jurassic and Cenozoic forms. Comptes Rendus Palevol 21 (36): 801-813, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a36, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a36
03C66269FF88660FFC89FB59FE94488B.text	03C66269FF88660FFC89FB59FE94488B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Idiosepius pygmaeus Steenstrup 1881	<div><p>Statolith of Idiosepius pygmaeus Steenstrup, 1881</p><p>(Fig. 4A; Appendix 3)</p><p>MATERIAL. — Two paired statoliths in an undissected Recent specimen (ZPAL B.II/6) from Tsukumo Bay, Sea of Japan, scanned in a micro-CT scanner.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>The general shape is reniform in right lateral view with a strongly widened lateral lobe on one end and a thin rostrum on the other end. The rostrum is rectangular, flattened on the right side, and with an acute edge. The rostrum axis is inclined to the rest of the statolith with a rostral angle of approximately 139°. The lateral lobe is oval, rounded, and posteriorly convex on both sides. The lateral dome is convex, clearly overhanging to the right. On the right side of the statolith, the lateral dome is delimited from the ventral dome by a weakly developed subjugation. Both sides of the lateral dome pass continuously into the ventral margin. The spur is convex, triangular, with an elongated lobe, and its edge is rounded and blunt. The left side of the statolith is strongly convex and bears no recognizable features.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>The morphology of the statoliths in the Idiosepiidae Appellöf, 1898, has been poorly known so far (Jackson 1989). Therefore, we investigated a pair of statoliths in a two-toned pygmy squid ( Idiosepius pygmaeus Steenstrup, 1881) collected from sea grass in Tsukumo Bay, Sea of Japan, in order to get details of the statolith morphology in this group. It appears that the morphology of idiosepiid statoliths is unique among Recent cephalopods. Its lack of a wing and the concave spur is reminiscent of statoliths in Mesozoic cephalopods. The main difference is that the spur is small and not visible from the left side of the statolith, unlike in the Mesozoic statoliths, where it is well developed and visible from both sides. The lateral lobe is simple as in the Wąwał statolith and smaller than in other Recent cephalopods. The rostrum of the I. pygmaeus statolith is larger than the ones in any other known cephalopods. On the other hand, the rostrum is straight rather than twisted as it is known from the Mesozoic statoliths. The morphology of the I. pygmaeus statoliths displays a mixture of characteristics of statoliths known from Mesozoic and Recent cephalopods, but in gross morphology they are more similar to the Mesozoic forms. This may suggest that idiosepiids are more closely related to Mesozoic stem cephalopods than to the Recent crown decabrachians.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C66269FF88660FFC89FB59FE94488B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pindakiewicz, Maciej K.;Hryniewicz, Krzysztof;Janiszewska, Katarzyna;Kaim, Andrzej	Pindakiewicz, Maciej K., Hryniewicz, Krzysztof, Janiszewska, Katarzyna, Kaim, Andrzej (2022): First Cretaceous cephalopod statoliths fill the gap between Jurassic and Cenozoic forms. Comptes Rendus Palevol 21 (36): 801-813, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a36, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a36
