identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C687F1FFFD256FDD99C331FBA9D05F.text	03C687F1FFFD256FDD99C331FBA9D05F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oxybia Rebel 1901	<div><p>Oxybia Rebel, 1901</p><p>Oxybia Rebel in Staudinger &amp; Rebel, 1901 [May]: 22</p><p>type species: Phycis transversella Duponchel in Godart &amp; Duponchel, 1836: 182–183, pl. cclxxviii, fig. 6; [1837:] 355, pl. cclxxxiv, fig. 10 [by monotypy]</p><p>= Oxybia Hampson in Ragonot &amp; Hampson in Romanoff, 1901 [November]: viii, 110 [homonym and objective synonym]</p><p>type species: Phycis transversella Duponchel in Godart &amp; Duponchel, 1836: 182–183, pl. cclxxviii, fig. 6; [1837:] 355, pl. cclxxxiv, fig. 10 [by monotypy]</p><p>Diagnosis. The representatives of the formerly monotypic genus Oxybia are difficult to distinguish from other Phycitini Zeller, 1839 with a prominent yellow ante-medial band. However, they are separated by a distinctive, bicoloured ante-medial band on a grey or grey-yellow forewing. This line consists of an inner, wide yellow band and an outer, thin black line, the latter often diffusing medially and breaking up into spots. The yellow band sometimes has wedge-shaped projections in its medial part, both basally and distally. This combination of features, along with the indistinct costa that is paler than the ground colour, forms the defining pattern of the forewing.</p><p>Wing venation is similar to a number of genera, such as Pempelia, Pempeliella and Psorosa (Ragonot &amp; Hampson 1901; Sinev 1986); however, a characteristic feature for Oxybia on the forewings is that vein R 2 and the common stalk of veins R 3 and R 4+5 are closely approximated, having an almost coincident origin (Figs 1–2). In Pempelia, these veins are noticeably separated. Furthermore, veins M 2 and M 3 are slightly separated, whereas they are arising from a single point in the related genera ( Psorosa).</p><p>A characteristic feature of the antennae in males is the lack of any modification to the first segments. The subrounded scapus is 1.3–1.5× thicker than the flagellum which is slightly flattened. In representatives of similar genera, the male antennae are curved near the base with a tuft of scales in the sinus ( Pempelia, Psorosa), or they are strongly pubescent or short-ciliate ( Thospia, Pempelia compositella Tr.). The maxillary palps are scaled, thickened, and pressed against the frons. In related genera, the maxillary palps are tufted and enclosed within the labial palps (pressed against them) ( Pempelia), or they are filiform ( Psorosa, Pempelia compositella Tr.).</p><p>In the male genitalia, the valva is thin and short. A transverse sclerotized fold is present medially, slightly projecting (in O. transversella it may noticeably project beyond the costal margin) and visually dividing the valva into two parts. The proximal half is strongly sclerotized and bears a longitudinal ridge along the costal margin. The distal half is covered with long setae and is marked solely by the sclerotized costa. The aedeagus is short and stout, cylindrical (in O. sergienkoi sp. nov.) or conical, and is armed with one to several cornuti, which are either short and robust, or long and slender, occurring singly or in combination.</p><p>Female genitalia are characterized by a broad, sclerotized, subtrapezoidal antrum and an equally broad, short ductus bursae, which may exhibit highly variable sclerotized areas.The corpus bursae is distinctive and asymmetrical, being bipartite and divided by a large, oblong signum that is densely covered with long, slender spines. The ductus seminalis departs in the anal direction, the appendix bursae departs caudally; the latter is broad and often exhibits a conical sclerotization at its base.</p><p>Redescription. Adult. Head, patagium, tegulae and thorax covered with pale yellow to pale yellow-brown scales.Head smooth, frons with conical scale tuft.Labial palpi length approximately 2–2.5× eye diameter; bicoloured, alternating pale yellow and pale brown (Figs 3, 6); strongly up-curved at base, straight towards apex. Maxillary palpi pale yellow, covered with scales, shorter than segment III of labial palpi (Fig. 7). Proboscis well developed, base covered with pale yellow scales. Antennae filiform, slightly flattened (Figs 4, 8), covered with yellow-brown to grey scales, densely ciliated in male; cilia very short, visible only under magnification (Figs 5, 9). Scapus slightly enlarged, globular-ovate. Basal flagellomeres in male without any modifications.Antennal segments approximately quadrangular, base smooth, distal margin sharply produced, acutely angled laterally, proximal margin rounded. Wingspan 16.5–24 mm. Ground colour of forewing grey, greyish yellow or yellowish grey. Costa lighter than ground, often white or pale yellow, with scattered dark scales. Apex immediately beneath costa marked with a distinct, broad, oblique brown streak. Wing base pale yellow in posterior third, greyish-brown in median third. Antemedial band wide, yellow, laterally with black scales forming spots or lines. Discal spot prominent in O. transversella and O. koothrappali sp. nov. Postmedial line weakly visible, postmedial area in some species yellow or with yellow markings. Terminal line consisting of black dots. Three fringe scale rows brownish or greyish, apices white. Underside pale greyish or brownish 2/3–1/2 anteriorly, lighter 1/2–1/3 posteriorly. Forewing venation: R 2 and common stalk of R 3 and R 4+5 closely approximated at origin; M 2 and M 3 slightly separated. Hindwing white, almost hyaline to greyish-brown. Terminal line dark grey or pale brown. Fringe broad, white; base brownish, 1/3–1/4 width. Underside as upperside. Hindwing venation: M 2 and M 3 fused and closely approximated to Cu 1 at base. Legs white to light-grey. Abdomen mostly greyish.</p><p>Male genitalia. Uncus as broad as long, subtrapezoidal (transversely elongated, subrhomboid in O. koothrappali sp. nov.), margins sparsely covered with long setae, apex slightly depressed. Gnathos strongly sclerotized, candle-flame shaped, 2/3 uncus length. Gnathos arms thickened, 1.3–1.4× gnathos length. Tegumen subtrapezoidal, about 2× gnathos length. Transtilla broad with indistinct apex. Anellus broad, dorsoposterior margin arcuate. Juxta thin, broadly U-shaped, several long setae at apices. Valva narrowly subtriangular, short; transverse sclerotized fold medially, slightly projecting, visually dividing valva into two equal parts; proximal half strongly sclerotized, distal half covered with long setae. Costa straight, thin distally, thick proximally, strongly sclerotized. Cucullus ill-defined, rounded. Sacculus strongly sclerotized, 1/2 valva length, anterior margin convex, long-setose. Vinculum elongate, strongly sclerotized, 1.3–2× tegumen length.Saccus depressed medially, forming two thickened, rounded projections. Aedeagus very large, cylindrical (in O. sergienkoi sp. nov.) or conical, about 2/3 genital capsule length; armed with one to several cornuti, which are either short and robust, or long and slender, occurring singly or in combination. Cornuti combinations as follows: (1) single long slender cornutus ( O. sergienkoi sp. nov.); (2) single short robust cornutus ( O. koothrappali sp. nov.); (3) two short, robust, curved cornuti ( O. transcapimontella sp. nov.); (4) one long slender and one short cornutus, with 1–3 additional robust cornuti on single base ( O. transversella). Culcita short, subrhomboidal; medially with longitudinal sclerotization widening towards anterior margin, subcruciform near middle; anterior margin convex, sometimes with slight median incurvation; bearing paired tufts of long, dense androconial scales.</p><p>Female genitalia (based only on O. transcapimontella sp. nov. and O. transversella). Papillae anales subtriangular, laterally slightly concave, covered with long setae, apex rounded. Both pairs of apophyses moderately short and thin. Posterior apophyses 1.4–1.9× papillae anales length. Anterior apophyses about as long as posterior, slightly thickened. Segment VIII transverse, sides parallel (on micropreparations sometimes conical); about 1.3× shorter than papillae anales; posterior margin straight, fringed with long setae; sternum VIII with conical unsclerotized area; anterior margin of tergum VIII straight, protruding. Antrum sclerotized, short, broad as segment VIII, 2/3 segment VIII length, widening towards ostium (much more distinct in O. transcapimontella sp. nov.); in posterior third with convex thickening parallel to posterior margin. Ductus bursae short, broad as antrum. Corpus bursae bipartite: primary lobe elongate, situated medially, arising from ductus bursae and terminating in appendix bursae; secondary lobe subovate, situated to the right of primary lobe, with ductus seminalis originating posteriorly. Signum lying between lobes, shaped as elongate plate covered with long slender spines. Transition area between ductus bursae and corpus bursae occasionally with fragmentary sclerotizations in both species. Similar sclerotization present at base of appendix in O. transversella, conical in shape and appearing as extension of signum. Appendix bursae rather broad and short, roundly widened at apex. Corpus bursae and base of ductus seminalis sparsely covered with very minute spines.</p><p>Biology. The host plant and early stages are known only for O. transversella . The records from India and Southern Africa suggest that the species have several generations, or potentially continuous development throughout the year due to favourable tropical conditions. Given that a closely related Mediterranean species, O. transversella, feeds on Bituminaria bituminosa ( Fabaceae), it is highly probable that the remaining species utilize locally available Fabaceae species that remain available during these periods.</p><p>Distribution. Western Palaearctic (Macaronesia, Mediterranean, South of Eastern Europe, Transcaucasia, Middle East), Southern Afrotropics (Namibia, South Africa), Western Oriental (India).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687F1FFFD256FDD99C331FBA9D05F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yepishin, Viktor	Yepishin, Viktor (2026): Three new species from the Afrotropical and Oriental regions expand the formerly monotypic genus Oxybia Rebel, 1901 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Zootaxa 5785 (3): 445-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.3.2
03C687F1FFF9256CDD99C495FE99D53A.text	03C687F1FFF9256CDD99C495FE99D53A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oxybia Hampson 1901	<div><p>Dichotomous keys to the species of the genus Oxybia</p><p>On the forewing, the yellow colour predominates over the grey, especially in the post-medial area... O. koothrappali sp. nov.</p><p>Forewing ground colour varies from light to dark - greyish... 2</p><p>The post-medial area is grey, without distinct yellow... O. transversella</p><p>The post-medial area contains yellow inclusions, often forming longitudinal streaks and a triangular spot in the posterior distal half of the wing; the ground colour is grey or, if yellow inclusions are absent, milky-grey... 3</p><p>The ante-medial line widens in the anterior third, extending to the costa, which is distinctly thicker and yellow... O. transcapimontella sp. nov.</p><p>The ante-medial line without costal widening and clearly distinct from the costa, which is noticeably paler... O. sergienkoi sp. nov.</p><p>Only a single cornutus is present in the aedeagus... 2</p><p>- More than one cornutus is present in the aedeagus... 3</p><p>The cornutus is robust, claw-shaped, half the length of the aedeagus... O. koothrappali sp. nov.</p><p>- The cornutus is thin, very long, equal in length to the aedeagus... O. sergienkoi sp. nov.</p><p>Two almost identical, robust, falcate cornuti are present, half the length of the aedeagus... O. transcapimontella sp. nov.</p><p>More than two cornuti are present, among which is one thin cornutus, nearly the length of the aedeagus; one short cornutus, 1/2 to 1/3 the length of the aedeagus; and a common base bearing one to three cornuti... O. transversella</p><p>The base of the appendix bursae is sclerotized, the sclerotization often being cone-shaped... O. transversella</p><p>The base of the appendix bursae is not sclerotized... O. transcapimontella sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687F1FFF9256CDD99C495FE99D53A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yepishin, Viktor	Yepishin, Viktor (2026): Three new species from the Afrotropical and Oriental regions expand the formerly monotypic genus Oxybia Rebel, 1901 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Zootaxa 5785 (3): 445-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.3.2
03C687F1FFFB2563DD99C08AFEF9D01E.text	03C687F1FFFB2563DD99C08AFEF9D01E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oxybia koothrappali Yepishin 2026	<div><p>Oxybia koothrappali sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 926F8B1E-93FB-49C3-A4C3-488B84FEE8FC</p><p>(Figs 2, 6–10, 26, 34)</p><p>Type material ( deposited in SMNK). Holotype ♂: India: “S.-Indien: Tamil Nadu | Iruttupallam (25km E [actually W] Coimbatore) | ca. 500m 10°57’N / 76°45’E | 18.–26. 12. 1982 | lg. E.+A. Bauer, Schliermann ”, “Slide | № 623.21 ♂ | V. Yepishin”, “Slide | № 623.21a 25 ♂ | V. Yepishin ”.</p><p>Diagnosis. Oxybia koothrappali sp. nov., which is smaller than the related species, exhibits a pronounced yellow pattern on the forewings, where yellow predominates over grey, particularly evident in the distal half of the wing. The hindwings are white, almost hyaline. The related species, O. transversella, is larger, with the general ground colour of the forewings being grey, often of a darker shade than that of the new species. Its hindwings are typically grey, and only occasionally tend towards white. In the male genitalia, a single robust cornutus is characteristic, whereas in the related species, there are, firstly, several (two solitary and three grouped) cornuti with attachment points to the vesica at different levels, and secondly, they are dissimilar (one long cornutus, 2/3 of the aedeagus length, with a curved base, is characteristic).</p><p>Description. Adult, female unknown (Figs 2, 6–10). Wingspan 16.5 mm. Head, patagium, tegulae and thorax covered with pale yellow to pale yellow-brownish scales. Labial palpi length approximately 2× eye diameter, with each segment pale yellow at the base and apex, pale brown medially (Fig. 6). Maxillary palpi pale yellow, shorter than segment III of labial palpi (Fig. 7). Frons with conical scale tuft, pale yellow with pale brown scales aggregated laterally into restricted groups (Fig. 6). Proboscis well developed, base covered with pale yellow scales. Antennae visually filiform (serrate in micropreparation), cross-section subtriangular, segment bases covered with yellow-brown scales, densely ciliated in male; cilia very short, visible only under magnification (Figs 8–9). Scapus globular-ovate, slightly wider than flagellum. Pedicel slightly narrower than flagellomere I. Antennal segments approximately quadrangular, base smooth, distal margin sharply produced, acutely angled laterally, proximal margin rounded. Flagellum with basal segments quadrangular, becoming square distally. Antennae consisting of 56 segments in total. Ground colour of forewing yellow-grey, with relatively large fragments of pure yellow (antemedial, postmedial and terminal areae) and grey (basal and medial areae); the first composed of pale yellow to yellow scales, the second of light-grey scales interspersed with brown (Fig. 10). Costa light-grey interspersed with yellow and brown scales, slightly darker distally. Apex immediately beneath costa marked with a distinct, broad, brown streak extending 1/3 wing length. Wing base pale yellow in anal third, greyish-brown in median third. Antemedial line wide, approximately head width, yellow; distal margin formed by anal and median brown spots. Two yellow streaks traverse wing longitudinally from antemedial line to termen, dividing wing into approximately three equal portions; four short streaks in the terminal area between them; all six streaks terminate in brown dots on the termen. Discal spot brown, intersected by subcostal yellow streak. Postmedial line weakly visible, paler than yellow streaks, into which it merges. Terminal line consisting of black dots. Three fringe scale rows pale brownish, apices white. Underside light-brown 2/3 anteriorly, light-grey 1/3 posteriorly. Hindwing white, almost hyaline, greyish-brown scales sparsely sprinkled in apical third of wing. Terminal line pale brown. Fringe broad, white; base brownish, 1/3 width. Underside white. Legs white. Abdomen yellowish-brown (possibly darkened due to greasing), last segment paler.</p><p>Male genitalia (Figs 26, 34). Uncus transversely elongated, subrhomboidal, margins sparsely covered with long setae, apex slightly depressed. Gnathos strongly sclerotized, candle-flame shaped, 2/3 uncus length. Gnathos arms thickened, 1.3× gnathos length. Tegumen subtrapezoidal, 2× gnathos length. Transtilla broad with indistinct apex.Anellus broad, dorsoposterior margin arcuate. Juxta thin, broadly U-shaped, several long setae at apices. Valva subtriangular, thin and short; transverse sclerotized fold medially, slightly projecting, visually dividing valva into two subtriangular parts; proximal half strongly sclerotized, distal half covered with long setae (Fig. 26a). Costa straight, thin distally, thick proximally, strongly sclerotized, long-setose. Cucullus ill-defined. Sacculus strongly sclerotized, 1/2 valva length, long-setose. Vinculum elongate, strongly sclerotized, 2× tegumen length. Saccus depressed medially, forming two thickened, rounded projections.Aedeagus very large, conical proximally, expanded distally, 2/3 genital capsule length. Single cornutus very robust, claw-shaped, apex acute, 1/3 aedeagus length (Fig. 34). Culcita short, slight longitudinal sclerotization medially; anterior margin projecting, sinuate; bearing paired tufts of long dense androconial scales (Fig. 26b).</p><p>Remark 1. Due to the presence of only a single specimen, it is difficult to precisely establish the possibility of deciduous cornuti in this species. However, as previously stated, such robust cornuti with a broad (socketed) base are typically non-deciduous, and no typical scars following the loss of the cornuti are visible on the vesica in the examined specimen (Fig. 34a).</p><p>Distribution. South India.</p><p>Remark 2. Two observations from South India (17 April, 2023 Mukkavar, Manimuthar, Tamil Nadu State) on the iNaturalist citizen science platform, evidently referring to the same individual, are highly likely conspecific with the present species (Nandagopal 2023a, b).</p><p>Biology. Unknown. Probably with several generations; adults have been recorded in late April and late December.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet, “koothrappali ” /ˌkuːθrəˈpⱭːli/, is named after Dr Rajesh Koothrappali, the fictional astrophysicist from the acclaimed television series The Big Bang Theory. This naming is particularly apt as both the new species and the character originate from India. The epithet is treated as a noun in apposition and invariable.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687F1FFFB2563DD99C08AFEF9D01E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yepishin, Viktor	Yepishin, Viktor (2026): Three new species from the Afrotropical and Oriental regions expand the formerly monotypic genus Oxybia Rebel, 1901 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Zootaxa 5785 (3): 445-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.3.2
03C687F1FFF42561DD99C2A0FBF1D03A.text	03C687F1FFF42561DD99C2A0FBF1D03A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oxybia sergienkoi Yepishin 2026	<div><p>Oxybia sergienkoi sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: CC375D1D-896E-4B02-B680-659A7D7D9BF6</p><p>(Figs 14–15, 30–31, 35–36)</p><p>Oxybia transversella sensu Balinsky, 1991: 18, figs 24, 24a–b (male genitalia)</p><p>Type material (deposited in DMSA). Holotype ♂: Republic of South Africa: “ CAPE TOWN | 13.III.19 57 | CGC. Dickson ”, “gen. slide | 514/25♂ | O. Bidzilya ” . Paratype ♂: Republic of South Africa: “ Cape Town | 19/12/36. | C.G.Dickson. ”, “1640a”, “gen. slide | 512/25♂ | O. Bidzilya ” .</p><p>Diagnosis. This species is difficult to distinguish from relatives by external characters alone. The forewing is characterized by a prominent triangular yellow spot, as the termination of an indistinct post-medial band. The postmedial area displays alternating longitudinal pale white and grey-brownish lines in the upper2/3;in O.transcapimontella sp. nov., this area is characterized only by conspicuous creamy lines. The most important distinguishing character in the male genitalia is a single, slender but long cornutus, which is equal in length to the aedeagus.</p><p>Description. Adult, female unknown (Figs 14–15). Wingspan 20.5–22 mm. Head, patagium, tegulae and thorax pale yellow to yellow-brownish. Labial palpi length approximately 2× eye diameter, segment II pale brown with narrow pale white ring at 1/3 and pale white apex, inner surface pale white, segment III pale brown with pale white base and apex, slightly narrower and about 1/2 length of segment II. Frons smooth, white to pale yellow. Proboscis well developed, base covered with pale yellow scales. Antennae filiform, slightly flattened, covered with yellow-brownish scales, densely ciliated; cilia very short, visible only under magnification. Scapus slightly enlarged, globular-ovate. Basal flagellomeres without any modifications. Ground colour of forewing greyish interspersed with brown scales, veins whitish. Costa light-greyish in basal 1/3–2/3. Apex marked by dark-brown patch. Wing base pale yellow in anal third, remainder greyish-brown. Antemedial line wide, yellowish; distal margin with conical projection above distinct black-brown spot. Discal spot brownish, sometimes absent. Postmedial area with alternating whitish and light-brownish thin longitudinal lines. Postmedial line indistinct, with subtriangular yellow spot in posterior third (Fig. 14). Terminal line consisting of black dots. Three fringe scale rows greyish-brownish, apices white. Underside light-brown 2/3 anteriorly, light-grey 1/3 posteriorly. Hindwing pale white-brownish, anal area pale brown. Terminal line pale brown. Fringe broad, white-brownish; base darker, 1/4 width. Underside light-grey. Legs covered with brown scales tipped with white, inner surface pale white to pale yellow. Abdomen pale yellowish.</p><p>Male genitalia (Figs 30–31, 35–36). Uncus subtrapezoidal, margins sparsely covered with long setae, apex slightly depressed. Gnathos strongly sclerotized, candle-flame shaped, 2/3 uncus length. Gnathos arms thickened, 1.4× gnathos length. Tegumen subtrapezoidal, 2.3× gnathos length. Transtilla slightly sclerotized, thin. Juxta thin, broadly U-shaped, several long setae at apices. Valva subtriangular, thin and short, covered with long setae; transverse sclerotized fold medially, slightly projecting, visually dividing valva into two parts; proximal half strongly sclerotized with longitudinal ridge that may project beyond the valval margin (Figs 30a, 31a). Costa straight, strongly sclerotized. Cucullus slightly widened, rounded. Sacculus strongly sclerotized, about 1/2 valva length, long-setose. Vinculum elongated subtrapezoidal, 1.4–1.7× tegumen length. Saccus depressed medially, forming two thickened, rounded projections. Aedeagus large, parallel-sided, slightly S-shaped, slightly longer than half of genital capsule length. Single cornutus thin and long, nearly as long as aedeagus, slightly sinuous (Figs 35–36). Its base not expressed (Fig. 35a). Culcita transverse, with slight subrhomboidal sclerotization medially; anterior margin prominently convex, bearing bunches of long and wide dense androconial scales (Figs 30b, 31b).</p><p>Remark 3. The illustration of the male genitalia published by Balinsky (1991: 18, figs 24, 24a–b) and labelled as O. transversella originates from Cape Town and undoubtedly belongs to O. sergienkoi sp. nov.</p><p>Distribution. South-Western part of South Africa (Balinsky 1991: 19).</p><p>Biology. Unknown. Apparently in several generations; adults have been recorded in mid-March and mid-December.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet, “sergienkoi ”, is a patronym dedicated to Mr Vasyl Sergienko, a renowned Ukrainian lepidopterist and highly respected specialist in Macrolepidoptera, in appreciation of his significant contribution to the study of the region’s fauna, including his valuable support in organizing field expeditions and in collecting material. The epithet is a noun in the genitive case and is invariable.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687F1FFF42561DD99C2A0FBF1D03A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yepishin, Viktor	Yepishin, Viktor (2026): Three new species from the Afrotropical and Oriental regions expand the formerly monotypic genus Oxybia Rebel, 1901 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Zootaxa 5785 (3): 445-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.3.2
03C687F1FFF62566DD99C2C4FBA3D7BA.text	03C687F1FFF62566DD99C2C4FBA3D7BA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oxybia transcapimontella Yepishin 2026	<div><p>Oxybia transcapimontella sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 1886E7B5-67E4-409B-9254-939D1B5109CE</p><p>(Figs 11–13, 32–33, 37–39, 44–45)</p><p>Oxybia transversella sensu Balinsky, 1991: 18, fig. 24c (female genitalia)</p><p>Type material (deposited in DMSA and SMNS). Holotype ♂: Namibia: “ Abachaus | S W.A,July 44 | G.Hobohm ”, “gen. slide | 515/ 25♂ | O. Bidzilya ” . Paratypes: ♂, Namibia: “ Abachaus S W. | April 1940 | G.Meyer ”, “gen. slide | 508/ 25♂ | O. Bidzilya ” . 2♀, Namibia: “ Abachaus | S W.A,Feb 48. | G.Hobohm ”, “gen. slide | 509/ 25♀ | O. Bidzilya ”; “Abachaus S W. | Meyer, VI 42 | Coll Janse”, “gen. slide | 513/ 25♀ | O. Bidzilya ” (all DMSA). ♂, Republic of South Africa: “South Africa, Northern | Cape, Daniëlskuil, farm | Kramersfontein, | -28,13155 S / 23,558 8 E, | 1557 m. grassy karoo, | 03-08-2021, | leg. H. S. Staude ”, “gen. slide | 511/ 25♂ | O. Bidzilya ” (SMNS) .</p><p>Diagnosis. This species is difficult to distinguish by external characters, especially from O. sergienkoi sp. nov. However, the yellow ante-medial band is significantly widened and extends into the costa, retaining its colour, whereas in related species, such widening, if expressed, is pale. In the male genitalia, there are characteristically two almost identical, robust, slightly falcate cornuti, which are slightly less than 1/2 of the aedeagus length. Due to the great variability in the shape of the main signum and the number of accessory (minor) ones in the nominotypical species O. transversella, clear differential characters in the female genitalia of this species have not been found (see O. transversella Diagnosis section).</p><p>Description. Adult (Figs 11–13). Wingspan 18–20 mm. Head, patagium, tegulae and thorax pale yellow to yellow-brownish. Labial palpi length approximately 2× eye diameter, segment II pale brown with narrow pale white ring at 1/3 and pale white apex, inner surface pale white, segment III pale brown with pale white base and apex, slightly narrower and about 1/2 length of segment II. Maxillary palpi pale yellow, shorter than segment III of labial palpi. Frons smooth, white to pale yellow. Proboscis well developed, base covered with pale yellow scales. Antennae filiform, slightly flattened, covered with yellow-brownish to grey scales, densely ciliated in male; cilia very short, visible only under magnification. Scapus slightly enlarged, globular-ovate. Basal flagellomeres without any modifications. Ground colour of forewing greyish interspersed with brown scales. Costa pale yellow in basal 1/3–1/2. Apex marked by dark-brown patch. Wing base pale yellow in anal third, remainder pale grey to grey-brownish. Antemedial band yellowish, often widening towards costa (Figs 11, 13); in some specimens, featuring outer conical projection (Fig. 12). Outer margin with black-brown spot at dorsum. Discal spot indistinct. Postmedial area with alternating whitish and light-brownish thin longitudinal lines. Postmedial line indistinct; in some specimens with yellowish longitudinal streaks and spot in posterior third. Terminal line poorly defined, consisting of black dots. Three fringe scale rows greyish-brownish, apices white. Underside light-brown 2/3 anteriorly, light-grey 1/3 posteriorly. Hindwing grey-brownish, anal area and terminal line pale brown. Fringe broad, white; base brownish, 1/4 width. Underside white. Legs covered with brown scales tipped with white, inner surface pale white to pale yellow. Abdomen pale grey-yellowish.</p><p>Variation. Two males from Abachaus, including the holotype, are distinguished by a milky-grey ground colour of the forewing and almost invisible, faintly pinkish, longitudinal streaks of the postmedial line.</p><p>Male genitalia (Figs 32–33, 37–39). Uncus subtrapezoidal, margins sparsely covered with long setae, apex slightly depressed. Gnathos strongly sclerotized, candle-flame shaped, about 2/3 uncus length. Gnathos arms slightly thickened, 1.25× gnathos length. Tegumen subtrapezoidal, 2.5× gnathos length. Transtilla slightly sclerotized. Juxta thin, broadly U-shaped, several long setae at apices. Valva subtriangular, thin and short, covered with long setae; transverse sclerotized fold medially, slightly projecting, visually dividing valva into two parts; proximal half strongly sclerotized with longitudinal ridge. Costa slightly S-shaped, strongly sclerotized. Cucullus indistinct, rounded. Sacculus strongly sclerotized, about 1/3–1/2 valva length, long-setose, outer margin rounded. Vinculum elongated subtrapezoidal, about 1.2× tegumen length. Saccus depressed medially, forming two thickened, rounded projections. Aedeagus large, conical, widened distally, slightly longer than half of genital capsule length. Pair of robust claw-like cornuti, about same length, 2.25× shorter than aedeagus (Figs 37–39). Their bases quite large (Fig. 39a). Culcita transverse, with slight longitudinal sclerotization medially; anterior margin prominently convex, bearing bunches of long and wide dense androconial scales, about 2× culcita length.</p><p>Female genitalia (Figs 44–45). Papillae anales subtriangular, laterally slightly concave, covered with long setae, apex rounded. Both pairs of apophyses moderately short and thin. Posterior apophyses 1.4–1.9× papillae anales length. Anterior apophyses nearly as long as posterior, slightly thickened. Segment VIII transverse, sides parallel; about 0.7–0.8× papillae anales length; posterior margin straight, fringed with long setae; sternum VIII with wide conical unsclerotized area; anterior margin of tergum VIII straight, protruding. Antrum sclerotized, short, broad as segment VIII, or slightly wider; about 2/3 segment VIII length, widening towards ostium; in posterior third with thickening parallel to rounded posterior margin. Ductus bursae short, broad as antrum. Corpus bursae bipartite: primary lobe elongate, situated medially, arising from ductus bursae and terminating in appendix bursae; secondary lobe subovate, situated to the right of primary lobe, with ductus seminalis originating posteriorly. Signum lying between lobes, shaped as elongate plate covered with long slender spines. Transition area between ductus bursae and corpus bursae occasionally with fragmentary sclerotizations (Fig. 44b). Appendix bursae rather broad and short, roundly widened apically. Corpus bursae and base of ductus seminalis sparsely covered with very minute spines.</p><p>Remark 4. The illustration of the female genitalia published by Balinsky (1991: 18, fig. 24c) and labelled as O. transversella originates from Pretoria and undoubtedly belongs to O. transcapimontella sp. nov.</p><p>Distribution. South Namibia, Central and North-Eastern parts of South Africa (Balinsky 1991: 19).</p><p>Biology. Unknown.Apparently in several generations; adults have been recorded in February and April, as well as from June to early August.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet, “transcapimontella ”, is a compound name derived from the Latin prefix trans- (meaning across or beyond), and a combination of the latinized geographical term Capi- (referring to the Cape region of South Africa) and a diminutive form of “montis” (meaning mountain). The name refers to the wide distribution of the species, which occurs beyond the mountainous Cape region. The epithet is treated as an adjective (feminine, singular, first declension) and must agree in gender with the generic name.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687F1FFF62566DD99C2C4FBA3D7BA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yepishin, Viktor	Yepishin, Viktor (2026): Three new species from the Afrotropical and Oriental regions expand the formerly monotypic genus Oxybia Rebel, 1901 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Zootaxa 5785 (3): 445-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.3.2
03C687F1FFF12578DD99C644FB8BD03A.text	03C687F1FFF12578DD99C644FB8BD03A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oxybia transversella (Duponchel 1836)	<div><p>Oxybia transversella (Duponchel, 1836)</p><p>(Figs 1, 3–5, 16–25, 27–29, 40–43, 46–48)</p><p>Phycis transversella Duponchel in Godart &amp; Duponchel, 1836: 182–183, pl. cclxxviii, fig. 6; [1837:] 355, pl. cclxxxiv, fig. 10. TL: France, Montpellier and Aix-en-Provence</p><p>= Myelois bituminella Millière, 1873: 8–9 . TL: France, Cannes (“la vallée du Cannet”)</p><p>= Oxybia transversella f. panormitanella Caradja, 1928: 25. TL: Sicily, “San Martino della Scala”</p><p>Material examined. Type material: Lectotype (designated below): ♂, “Type”, “ transversella | Montpellier [?]”, “ex coll. P. Rambur | ex coll. P. Mabille | coll. R. Oberthur ” (MNHN) . Other material: Canary Islands: 1♂, 1♀, Tenerife, Las Mercedes, 1–18. xi.1970, Pinker leg.; genitalia slide 484/ 25♂, 485/ 25♀, O. Bidzilya (SMNK) . Morocco: 2♂, Sahara, 10 km östl. Fan [Foum] El Hisn, 400 m, 5.iv.1997, A. Lingenhöle leg. and 1♂, same data but Lichtfang; coll. A. Scholz, Vöhringen, SMNS-Lep. 1999-09; genitalia slide 448/ 25♂, 489/ 25♂ O. Bidzilya (SMNS) . Spain: 2♂, 1♀, Andalusica, Province Granada, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-3.6747222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.737778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -3.6747222/lat 36.737778)">Almonecar</a>, N36°44’16”, W3°40’29”, 19–29.vi.2015, G. Jeppesen leg.; ex coll. G. Jeppesen SMNS 2024-L-02; genitalia slides 319/ 25♂, 450/ 25♂, 453/ 25♀, O. Bidzilya (SMNS) . Sicily: 2♀, Taormina, 5–21.x.1957, Ing. Glaser leg.; genitalia slide 490/ 25♀, O. Bidzilya (SMNK) . Sardinia: 1♂, 1♀, Umg. Siniscola, Prov. Nuaro, 8–14.vii.1981, Roesler leg.; genitalia slide 461/ 25♂, 462/ 25♀, O. Bidzilya (SMNK) . Greece: 1♀, Süd-Griechenland, Peleponnes, 8 km südl. Kardamilli, 100 m, 4.x.1993, Lingenhöle leg.; coll. A. Scholz, Vöhringen, SMNS-Lep. 1999-09 (SMNS) . 1♂, Kreta, Assites, 27.ix.1959, Reisser leg.; Oxybia tranversella Düp. det. U. Roesler; genitalia slide 478/ 25♂, O. Bidzilya (SMNK) . Ukraine: 1♂, 1♀, Crimea, Yalta distr., Gaspra, 142 m, 25.vi.2008, O. Andrianov leg.; antenna slide: 007a 25♂, V. Yepishin (VYe) . Türkiye: 1♀, 50 km östl. Istambul, 16.ix.1967, 50 m /ü. M., M. u. W. Glaser leg.; Oxybia tranversella Düp. det. U. Roesler; genitalia slide 479/ 25♀, O. Bidzilya (SMNK) .</p><p>Diagnosis. O. transversella is characterised by a generally grey ground colour of the forewings, often of a darker shade than in its relatives (except for populations from Morocco and the Canary Islands). The ante-medial band consists of an inner wider yellow band and an outer thinner black line, the latter often diffused medially, breaking up into two spots; in the related species ( O. sergienkoi and O. transcapimontella), only the posterior spot is present. The post-medial area never bears yellow. The male genitalia are characterised by the presence of cornuti: (1) a single long cornutus, often bent at 90 degrees at the base; (2) a single short but slightly thickened cornutus, approximately 1/2 the aedeagus length; (3) a group of several cornuti (1 to 3), ranging from 1/2 to 2/3 of the aedeagus length. In the female genitalia, the sclerotization at base of appendix (Figs 46a, 47a, 48a), conical-shaped, appearing as extension of signum is characteristic, absent in O. transcapimontella sp. nov. (Fig. 44a)</p><p>Redescription. Adult (Figs 3–5, 16–25). Wingspan 16.5–24 mm. Head, patagium, tegulae and thorax covered with pale yellow to pale yellow-brown scales. Head smooth, frons with conical scale tuft. Labial palpi length approximately 2.5× eye diameter; bicoloured, alternating pale yellow and pale yellow-brownish (Fig. 3); strongly up-curved at base, straight towards apex. Maxillary palpi pale yellow, covered with scales, shorter than segment III of labial palpi. Proboscis well developed, base covered with pale yellow scales.Antennae filiform, slightly flattened, covered with yellow-brown to grey scales, densely ciliated; cilia very short, visible only under magnification; male flagellum thicker. Scapus slightly enlarged, globular-ovate. Basal flagellomeres in male without any modifications. Antennal segments approximately quadrangular, base smooth, distal margin sharply produced, acutely angled laterally, proximal margin rounded (Figs 4–5). Ground colour of forewing grey or greyish-yellow, scattered with sparse black scales. Costa lighter than ground, with scattered dark scales. Apex immediately beneath costa marked with a distinct, oblique black-brownish streak. Wing base pale yellow in posterior third, greyish-brown in median third. Antemedial band yellow, wide, parallel-sided, sometimes with median conical protrusions (cf. Duponchel 1836: pl. cclxxxiv, fig. 10) laterally with black scales forming spots or lines. Discal spot black (if present). Postmedial line weakly visible, postmedial area with alternating whitish and light-brownish thin longitudinal lines. Terminal line consisting of black dots. Three fringe scale rows greyish-brownish, apices white. Underside pale greyish 2/3 anteriorly, lighter 1/3 posteriorly. Hindwing pale greyish-brownish. Terminal line pale or dark brown. Fringe broad, whitish; base brownish, 1/3 width. Underside as upperside. Legs white to light-grey. Abdomen mostly greyish.</p><p>Variation. Specimens from Foum El Hisn (Morocco), the collection locality of which is characterized by rocky desert, exhibit a pale ochreous tint of the forewings, while the antemedial band stands out against the general background by being slightly brighter yellow. (Fig. 24). Similar specimens are also found in the Canary Islands (Fig. 22); however, the apex of these specimens is marked with a distinct, oblique brownish streak (cf. Lepiforum 2008 –2026).</p><p>Male genitalia (Figs 27–29, 40–43). Uncus as broad as long, subtrapezoidal, margins sparsely covered with long setae, apex slightly depressed. Gnathos strongly sclerotized, candle-flame shaped, 2/3 uncus length. Gnathos arms slightly thickened, 1.2–1.4× gnathos length. Tegumen subtrapezoidal, about 2× gnathos length. Transtilla broad with indistinct apex. Anellus broad, dorsoposterior margin arcuate. Juxta thin, broadly U-shaped, several long setae at apices. Valva narrowly subtriangular, short; transverse sclerotized fold medially, slightly projecting, visually dividing valva into two equal parts; proximal half strongly sclerotized, distal half covered with long setae (Figs 27a–29a). Costa slightly curved due to the medial fold, strongly sclerotized. Cucullus rounded. Sacculus strongly sclerotized, 1/3–1/2 valva length, anterior margin convex, long-setose. Vinculum elongate, strongly sclerotized, 1.5× tegumen length. Saccus depressed medially, forming two thickened, rounded projections. Aedeagus very large, conical, about 2/3 genital capsule length; armed with 3 groups of cornuti: (1) single long cornutus, about 2/3 aedeagus length, often bent at 90 degrees at the base (Fig. 40a); (2) single short but robust cornutus, approximately 1/2 aedeagus length; (3) a group of several robust cornuti (1 to 3) on single base, ranging from 1/2 to 2/3 aedeagus length (Figs 41a–42a). Culcita short, subrhomboidal, medially with longitudinal sclerotization widening towards anterior margin, subcruciform near middle; anterior margin convex, sometimes with slight median incurvation; bearing paired tufts of long, dense androconial scales, 2× culcita length (Figs 27b–29b).</p><p>Female genitalia (Figs 46–48). Papillae anales subtriangular, laterally slightly concave or sinuate, covered with long setae, apex rounded. Both pairs of apophyses moderately short and thin. Posterior apophyses 1.5–1.8× papillae anales length. Anterior apophyses nearly as long as posterior, slightly thickened. Segment VIII transverse, sides parallel (on micropreparations sometimes conical); about 0.7–0.8× papillae anales length; posterior margin straight, fringed with long setae; sternum VIII with conical unsclerotized area; anterior margin of tergum VIII straight, protruding. Antrum sclerotized, short, as broad as segment VIII, 2/3 segment VIII length, widening towards ostium. Ductus bursae short, broad as antrum. Corpus bursae bipartite: primary lobe elongate, situated medially, arising from ductus bursae and terminating in appendix bursae; secondary lobe subovate, situated to the right of primary lobe, with ductus seminalis originating posteriorly. Signum lying between lobes, shaped as elongate plate covered with long slender spines. Transition area between ductus bursae and corpus bursae occasionally with fragmentary sclerotizations; left one sometimes markedly elongate (Figs 46b–48b). Similar sclerotization often present at base of appendix, conical, appearing as extension of signum (Figs 46a–48a). Appendix bursae rather broad and short, roundly widened at apex.</p><p>Remark 5. In some published illustrations (e.g., Kemal et al. 2020: 48, figs 25–27) and online resources (Vandromme et al. 2020 –2026), a long slender cornutus is notably absent. This suggests that the structure is presumably deciduous and may be shed from the vesica during or after copulation, potentially leaving diagnostic scars as discussed above; however, such scars are not discernible in the cited photographs, probably due to their limited resolution or the specific orientation of the aedeagus in these illustrations.</p><p>Biology. The species is bivoltine or trivoltine, adults occur from January (Canary Is., Gibraltar) to November. The only known host plant is Bituminaria bituminosa ( Fabaceae). The larvae live among the spun basal leaves of the host plant. Pupation occurs in the same place. Millière (1869 –1874: 154–156) states that he found adults in the La Pape valley, where the aforementioned food plant was not detected. It is possible that B. bituminosa is not the only host plant for the larva, or that the adults are capable of migration. For detailed information, including a morphological description of the larva, refer to Ragonot &amp; Hampson (1901: 111) and Millière (1869 –1874: 154– 156, 1873: 8–9).</p><p>Distribution. Macaronesian-Mediterranean species. Cape Verde, Portugal, Spain, Canary Islands, France, Corsica, Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, Albania, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Ukraine (Crimea), Russia (Krasnodar reg.), Western Türkiye, Armenia, Israel and Palestinian territories, Syria, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, the Sahel (Ragonot &amp; Hampson 1901: 110; Staudinger &amp; Rebel 1901: 22; Caradja 1928: 25; iNaturalist 2026; Slamka 2019: 117, text fig. 129; Leraut, G. 2021; Šumpich et al. 2022: 297).</p><p>Remark 6. Reports of this species from Northern India by Staudinger &amp; Rebel (1901) and (apparently copied) by Sinev (1986: 301) are doubtful; O. transversella is primarily distributed in the Mediterranean, and confirmed records for Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan or Pakistan are lacking. These reports may refer to either O. koothrappali sp. nov. or an as yet undescribed species. Furthermore, there is no record of this species in the most recent and comprehensive catalogues of the Pyraloidea of India (Mathew 2006; Singh et al. 2022).</p><p>Remark 7. Phycis transversella was described based on an unspecified number of specimens from the vicinities of “Montpellier” and “Aix”, France. Regarding the illustrations of this species in the original description, there are some discrepancies across various resources and publications. In Duponchel’s work, two figures of this species are provided: the first as a supplement to the original description (Pl. 278, Fig. 6) and the second as an additional one, complementing the not very successful first one (Pl. 284, Fig. 10). Although both illustrations belong to the same species and represent its variability, some sources cite only the first figure (Lepiforum 2008 –2026), while others incorrectly dismiss it as erroneous, insisting that only the second one is taxonomically valid (Nuss et al. 2003 – 2024). This confusion likely stems from the fact that the author himself, on the species description page (p. 182), refers only to the illustration on Plate 278. However, since the volume was published in separate parts (livraisons), the chronology of which is quite difficult to establish (Joannis 1906), the illustration on Plate 278 appeared earlier (1836), whereas the illustration on Plate 284 was released in a later shipment (1837). Consequently, as noted in the Addenda (p. 355), Duponchel provided this “new figure” only later, explicitly stating that he did so because he found the first one to be “insufficient”.</p><p>The only known type specimen of Phycis transversella is a male with its original labels (Fig. 18) deposited in the MNHN. It should be noted that no specimen was designated as a holotype or by any other equivalent term in the original description, and the red “TYPE” label attached to the specimen was likely added subsequently by collectors or museum staff. As this label is not supported by any formal nomenclatural act, this specimen is here designated as the lectotype to ensure nomenclatural stability.</p><p>Myelois bituminella Millière, 1873 was described based on an unspecified number of adults reared from larvae found in mid-March on B. bituminosa, from “Cannes”, as indicated on page 8. On the following page, the author further clarified that the species is widespread throughout the entire Cannet valley (“la vallée du Cannet”). It should be noted that in a nearly contemporary work, Millière (1869 –1874: 154–156, pl. 115, figs 10–11) illustrated the adult and larva under the name Myelois transversella Dup. Since the text there indicates these specimens originated from both Barcelona and Cannes, it is impossible to determine with certainty whether these illustrations represent the type specimens of Myelois bituminella .</p><p>Oxybia transversella f. panormitanella Caradja, 1928 was established as a potential form (“Könnte als panormitanella fa. nov. gehen”) based on four specimens from Sicily (“San Martino della Scala”) in an article published in five parts in the journal Entomologische Rundschau, issues 5 (p. 18), 6 (pp. 21–22), 7 (pp. 25–26), 8 (pp. 29–31) and 9 (p. 36). At least three type specimens are deposited in the Muzeul Național de Istorie Naturală “Grigore Antipa” (MGAB) and their photographs are available on the website of the National Heritage Institute (2026). According to this resource, the type specimens were designated as a lectotype, allotype and paratype by Popescu-Gorj, while the genitalia of the lectotype were examined by Roesler (GU 6885).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687F1FFF12578DD99C644FB8BD03A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Yepishin, Viktor	Yepishin, Viktor (2026): Three new species from the Afrotropical and Oriental regions expand the formerly monotypic genus Oxybia Rebel, 1901 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Zootaxa 5785 (3): 445-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5785.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5785.3.2
