Trypophloeini Nüsslin, 1911

Johnson, Andrew J., Hulcr, Jiri, Knížek, Miloš, Atkinson, Thomas H., Mandelshtam, Michail Yu., Smith, Sarah M., Cognato, Anthony I., Park, Sangwook, Li, You & Jordal, Bjarte H., 2020, Revision of the Bark Beetle Genera Within the Former Cryphalini (Curculionidae: Scolytinae), Insect Systematics and Diversity 4 (3), No. 1, pp. 1-81 : 24-25

Trypophloeini Nüsslin, 1911 stat. res.

=Trypophloeinae Nüsslin, 1911b: 375.

Type of tribe

Trypophloeus Fairmaire, 1864 .

Diagnosis

Tarsi with third segment cylindrical. Eye emarginated. Antennal funicle with 3–5 segments. Antennal club with or without sutures, and at most a partial septum. Hypomeron with single setae, or rarely mixed with a few bifurcating setae. Postnotum not fused with metanotum. Typically with scale-like interstrial bristles, and sparse interstrial ground vestiture.

Female

Eye emarginated just above the middle of the eye (or, rarely, entire in very small specimens). Antennae with three to five funicle segments. Antennal club usually flattened (conical in Trypophloeus ). Pronotum declivous, with serrations and asperities. Pronotal summit usually distinct, profile of pronotal disc (viewed laterally) not obviously concave in most species. Elytra and pronotum typically with extensive vestiture. Metanepisternum with posterior margin obscured, barely visible. Scutellum visible, flat, and triangular. Postnotum not fused to metanotum. Proventriculus sometimes with a more strongly developed apical plate, but never with multidentate crop spines or a tuft of setae beyond the masticatory brush.

Male

Usually similar to female, except dwarfed and flightless in Hypothenemus . Some genera have typically sexually dimorphic frons. Aedeagus with separate penis apodemes, typically as long as the penis body.

Distribution

Worldwide, with the highest generic diversity in Asia.

Remarks

This tribe includes about half of the contemporary genera of Cryphalini, sensu Wood (1986a) and Bright (2019). The original description of the tribe (as a subfamily) was based on nonsclerotized parts of male genitalia, which was not examined. The biology of most species is poorly known. In outbreeding species, the female initiates the gallery and is joined by a single male. For inbreeding species (all Hypothenemus ), a lone foundress produces multiple daughters and usually a single son which mate in their natal gallery before dispersal. Nuptial galleries in both inbreeding and outbreeding species are typically cave-like without egg niches, where eggs are laid communally. Larvae develop in independent tunnels made from feeding on phloem, or communally by extending the cave structure in bark and phloem ( Browne 1961, Furniss, 2004).

Included genera

Afrocosmoderes Johnson and Jordal gen. nov.; Atomothenemus Bright, 2019; Cosmoderes Eichhoff, 1878 ; Hypothenemus Westwood, 1834 ; Macrocryphalus Nobuchi, 1981 stat. res.; Microcosmoderes Johnson and Jordal gen. nov; Microsomus Bright, 2019 ; Pygmaeoborus Bright, 2019; Trypophloeus Fairmaire, 1864 .