Parapsyche almota Ross 1938

Givens, Donald R., 2015, Parapsyche species (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae: Arctopsychinae) of western North America, Zootaxa 4057 (4), pp. 451-489 : 453-457

Parapsyche almota Ross 1938

Figs. 1a–c ; 2a–c; 10; 14; 19a, b; 23; 27; 28; 29; 34a–c.

Parapsyche almota Ross 1938 , 119, pl. 12 figs. 5, 5A, male and female. Holotype male: Almota , (Whitman Co.) Washington (INHS), Allotype female: Along Seymour Creek, Vancouver, B.C. July 20, 1936, H. H. Ross (INHS). Ross (1944, 293, inclusion in checklist); Denning (1949b, 116, distribution); Ross & Spencer (1952, 46 distribution); Denning (1956, 252 figs. 10 and 22a, distribution); Smith (1968, 105, 106 fig. 4, 107, descriptions of larva, pupa, distribution); Givens & Smith (1980, 4–5, 18 figs. 9a and b, 19 figs. 12a–c, 22 fig. 30, 23 fig. 32, 24 fig.33, descriptions of larval gills, pupa, male, female, distribution); Nimmo (1987, 14–15, 17, 19, descriptions of male, female, distribution).

Arctopsyche oregonensis Ling 1938 , 65, male. Ross (1944, 293, synonym).

Male. Description: See Ross (1938, 119, pl. 12 figs. 5, 5A); Givens & Smith (1980, 4, 18 figs. 9a, b); Nimmo (1987, 14–15, 19 figs. 25–28).

Female. Diagnosis. The female of P. a l m o t a is distinguished from P. extensa , P. turbinata , and P. spinat a by the shape of tergite IX. In both P. extensa and P. turbinata , the lateral regions of tergite IX are each divided by a vertical suture into anterior and posterior sections ( Figs. 5a , 8a ). This suture is absent in P. a l m ot a ( Fig. 1a ). Unlike P. spinata , tergite IX of P. a l m ot a curves outward posteriorly ( Fig. 1a ), whereas the dorsal posterior margin of P. spinata curves inward anteriorly ( Fig. 6a ). The narrow dorsal cap of P. al m o t a separates the P. almota female from that of P. e l s i s, which has a broad dorsal cap and a very narrow stem extending into the pleurosternum ( Fig. 3a ). The shape of the internal sclerotized structure (ist) within the fused sterna IX and X, best seen in cleared specimens, is also diagnostic for P. almota and P. elsis females ( Fig. 1a, 1b , 3a, 3b ).

Description. See Ross (1938, 119); Givens & Smith (1980, 4, 19 figs. 12a–c); Nimmo (1987, 14, 19 figs. 29, 30).

Pupa. Diagnosis. The P. a l m ot a pupa is distinguished from the pupae of P. elsis and P. turbinata by the number of hooks on IIIp and Vp ( Fig. 28) and the form of the apical processes ( Figs. 2a, b ). In P. elsis the apical processes curvature is greater than 90° to the longitudinal axis and have long tubular yellow setae ( Figs. 4a, 4b ). The apical processes of P. a l m o t a more closely resemble the apical processes of P. turbinata . However, the bifid apices of P. al m o t a processes in ventral view are acute ( Figs. 2b, 2c ), whereas the apices of P. turbinata processes are less acute ( Fig. 9b ). The form of the caudoventral and anal areas of the apical processes of the male pupa will also separate these 2 species ( Figs. 2b , 9b ). The anal area of the female pupa is different in appearance (fig. 2c). The P. spinata pupa has rounded, blunt, and unequal apices and lacks spines on the lateral surface of the apical processes ( Figs. 7a, 7b ), unlike P. al mota and P. turbinata . Parapsyche almota usually has 8–14 hooks on each hook plate IIIp, whereas P. spinata usually has 6–9 hooks on each IIIp ( Figs. 23 , 25 , 28). Parapsyche almota lacks a pair of hook plates on IVp, whereas P. turbinata has a pair of small sclerotized plates, without hooks, at position IVp ( Figs. 23 , 26 ) as well as a greater number of hooks on hook plate IIIp and Vp ( Fig. 28).

Description. See Smith (1968, 105). A supplementary description follows: Length 9–16 mm, N=10 (7 males, 3 females). Hook plates present anteriorly on abdominal segments III–VII, and posteriorly on segments III and V. Each hook plate IIIa with 6 ̶13 hooks; IIIp with 8 ̶14; IVa with 1 ̶3; Va with 1 ̶3; Vp with 9 ̶13; VIa with 2 ̶6; and VIIa with 3 ̶5. Hook plates Vp and IIIp oval ( Fig. 23 ). Pupal apical processes bifid, apices acute, V-shaped, recurved anterodorsad 70–80o to axis of body ( Figs. 2a–c ); caudal inner surfaces concave, clothed with numerous spines. Spines present over much of lateral surfaces of apical processes, greater in number dorsally on posterior lateral surfaces. Bases of apical processes each with tuft of reddish-tan ls setae ( Figs. 2a–c ).

Pupal Case. See Givens & Smith (1980, 5, 22 fig. 30) and Fig. 29 .

Larval Retreat. The retreat is generally constructed of vascular plant detritus or other plant material. A typical capture net is constructed with square mesh ( Wallace 1975). The larval retreat has 2 separate, more or less parallel chambers, with water flowing through both the larger anterolateral chamber with the capture net, and the smaller posterolateral chamber with the larva; the anterior opening for the larger chamber is in front of the capture net and the anterior opening for the smaller chamber is near the capture net. In the creek flowing out of Lake Grace, 2.57 km south east of Shingletown, Shasta Co., CA, sampled in 2011, unusual retreats were constructed primarily of algal filaments, in which the capture net was constructed of silk mesh attached to a circular net frame of algal strands. The retreats were less structurally defined and less rigid than those constructed of vascular plant detritus.

Larva. Diagnosis. The shape of the ventral apotome is diagnostic; the posterior marginal area is flanged, with the width of the mesal area narrower than the width of the posterior margin ( Fig. 14 ). The ventral apotome in early instars is similar; however the ventral apotome is less quadrate, often 5–6× as long as wide mesally, somewhat resembling the ventral apotome of P. spinata . The ventral apotome of the first instar is very narrow, similar to that of P. e l s i s. The ventral apotome of P. turbinata and P. spinata has parallel margins without mesal indentations and posteriorly does not flare laterally. The absence of fluted scale hair (f-sh) setae on the dorsal surface of the abdomen will separate P. almota from P. turbinata . The P. a l m ot a larva, like that of P. e l s i s, is without gills on abdominal sternum VIII; gills are present on abdominal segment VIII in the other 3 species of western Parapsyche . Tergum IX has lateral areas lightly to heavily sclerotized, with 1 black primary seta and appressed hl setae as occurs in P. extensa . Lateral areas of tergum IX in P. s pi na t a are lightly to heavily sclerotized, each with a single black primary seta, frequently with 1 sl seta and appressed hl setae; in P. turbinata the lateral dorsal areas of abdominal segment IX are without evident sclerotization and with black primary setae and appressed hl setae scattered over the dorsal surface. Uniquely, the anal tuft of each proleg of P. a l m o t a consists of 15–35 (average of 22) thin setae; Each anal tuft of the other western North America Parapsyche have only 3–14 (average of 8) stout setae.

Description. Smith (1968, 105). A supplementary description follows: Length (fourth and fifth instars) 14–22 mm (N=25). Head: Head concolorous brown, but frequently with dorsum mottled or with anchor-shaped, yellowbrown area offset by dark brown muscle scars; anterior margin convex. Primary reddish setae in positions 7, 9, 12, and 14. Pale, translucent (whitish), short seta in positions 16 and 17. Frontoclypeus with single pair of pale, translucent (whitish) seta in position 5, near tentorial pits. Parietals with tp setae. Two pairs of primary setae, positions 2 and 3, originating from near anterolateral margin of frontoclypeus. Surface of head sculptured, with pitted appearance due to many setal sockets of bl setae. Lateral surfaces of parietals with appressed hl setae. Muscle scars distinct both anteriorly and posteriorly on frontoclypeus. Ventral surfaces of parietals rugulose, with transverse striations serving as a file for sound production ( Wiggins 1996). Submental sclerite reddish-brown; anterolateral corners each with 2 black ls setae; anterior margin straight. Labrum reddish brown; primary setae in positions 5 and 6. Labial surface clothed with long, dark ap setae. Clear ls setae forming setal brushes at anteriorlateral margins, setae curving mesad. Anterior margin of labrum with dark fringe of hl setae. Ventral apotome reddish brown, lateral margins parallel with slight curvature posteriorly such that posterior margin wider than mesal width. Length of ventral apotome 2–3½× mesal width.

Thoracic nota: Pronotum dark brown. Meso- and metanota reddish-brown. All 3 notal sclerites with dark appressed hl setae. Pronotum and mesonotum each with single pair of primary setae positioned submesally on either side of longitudinal axis. Meso- and metanota each with single pair of primary setae in positions sa 1 and sa 2.

Legs: Foretrochantins reddish-brown, each with 5–10 setae, of which 1–3 are longer black ap setae. Foretrochantin sharply pointed ventrad at 45o angle. Posterior margin of each coxal sclerite with 10 black ls setae. Meso- and metatrochanters each with primary setae in positions 1, 2 and 3. Coxae, trochanters, femora, tibiae, and tarsi with numerous tan to reddish, long sl setae along apicoventral margins; row of 5–10 short reddish sl setae on posterolateral surface of each meso- and metathoracic tibia.

Abdomen: Four setal tufts of short, cylindrical setae on abdominal segments I–VII; 1 pair of setal tufts on segment VIII. Setal tufts each with 6–8 setae, frequently with 1–4 black, single, long ls setae. Abdominal segments with hl setae intermingled with short, dark to tan, erect, tubular, clavate sh setae (c-sh) and a few dark (black to reddish), long, erect, twisted sh setae (tw-sh) ( Figs. 34a, b ). Twisting of long erect sh setae not evident under light microscope. Venter of abdomen glabrous; sternum VIII with mesal yellow-brown, ovoid, sclerotized area with 11– 15 black ls setae on posterior margin. Tergum IX with lateral areas light to heavily sclerotized, with 1 pair of primary setae and appressed hl setae. Sternites IX somewhat triangular, yellow, with numerous dark to reddish sl setae; posterior margin of each sclerite with 15–25 black ls setae. Lateral line gills as in Figures 19 a, b. Abdominal sternum VIII without gills. Sternum VII with pair of short black primary setae positioned submesally.

Anal Proleg: Caudal lobe yellow, with dark appressed hl setae ventrally; dorsal surface glabrous. Basal tufts each with 15–35 reddish-black, thin ls setae. Numerous dark (tan to reddish) sl setae on lateral surface of each proleg, intermixed with numerous short appressed hl and dark, long ls setae. Frequently with 2–5 anal gills. Mesal surfaces of prolegs with many long, thin, black ls setae.

Distribution. Smith (1968), Givens (1976), Givens & Smith (1980), and Nimmo (1987). Parapsyche almota is sympatric with P. el s i s, A. grandis ( Banks 1900) , and A. californica Ling 1938 . Where P. a l m ot a occurs in association with P. e l s i s, A. grandis , and A. californica , the streams are often 2–9 m wide with a depth of 0.6–1.2 m. Flow is usually rapid and often turbulent. In only 1 stream collected by the author, P. almot a was sympatric with P. elsis , A. grandis , and A. californica .

Bionomics: Larvae of P. a l m o t a occur primarily in a cobble, sand, gravel substratum, with a matrix of small to medium rubble and woody snags. See Smith (1968), Givens (1976), and Givens & Smith (1980) for additional information.

Material examined. CALIFORNIA: Alameda Co., Strawberry Canyon, Berkeley Hills, 16-iv-1956, 2 M ( EMEC). Alpine Co., West Fork Carson R. (Hwy. 89), Kit Carson State Park, 21-vi-2006, 1 F (BK and RB) ( CSUC). Contra Costa Co., Russelman Park, N Slope Mt. Diablo, 02-iv-1960, 1 M (JP) ( EMEC). Humboldt Co., Freshwater Cr., ca. 12 km S Arcata, 29-ix-2000, 1 M P (JL) ( DGPC); Redwood Cr., Chezam Rd., mile marker 3.93 (6.3 km), 28-v-2008, 1 L, (JL) ( JLPC). Los Angeles Co., Millard Canyon Cr., 34o 22.642'N 118o 14.268'W, 24-vi- 2015, 1 M P, 10 L (RW) ( DGPC). Marin Co., Inverness Ridge, 12-vii-1999, 1 M (JP) ( EMEC); Inverness Ridge, Barn area, 16–19- x-1998, 1 M (JP) ( EMEC). Mendocino Co., Mill Cr., tributary to S Fork Eel R., E Talmage, 12- vii-2005, 5 L (JL) ( JLPC). Modoc Co., Fork of Fitzhugh Cr., South Warner Mts., 05-ix-1974, 21 L (RW) ( CSUC); Middle Fork Pine Cr., S Warner Mountains, 09-x-1976, 12 L (RW) ( CSUC); North Fork Shields Cr., Warner Mountains, 09-x-1976, 5 L (RW) ( CSUC); Middle Fork Fitzhugh Cr., Rd. 40 North Rd. 2Y, 22-v-2007, 1 L (BK and RB) ( CSUC). Mono Co., creek, cliff face, pond, Route 196, E Sonoma Pass, 05-viii-1985, 1 M (RW) ( CSUC); 1.6 km E Mono Mills, 06-viii-1994, 1 M, 1 F (W. D. Shepard) ( EMEC). Monterey Co., North Fork Big Cr., 09- viii-2004, 1 L (RW) ( CSUC). Plumas Co., King's Cr., 21.7 km NW Chester (Chester Warner Valley Rd.), Lassen Nat'l. Forest, 24-vii-2012, 1 L (DRG) ( DGPC); Willow Cr., 10.6 km NW Chester, (Stump Ranch Rd.), Lassen Nat'l. Forest, 20-vii-2012, 1 L (DRG) ( DGPC). Santa Cruz Co., Rocky Cr., Big Sur, 31-viii-2008, 1 L (RW) ( CSUC). Shasta Co., Hatchet Cr., 23 km S Big Bend (Hillcrest Rd., Co. Rd. 7 MO1), 15-vii-2012, 1 M (DRG) ( DGPC); small creek discharging from Lake Grace, 2.6 km SE Shingletown, 28-vii-2011, 15 L (DRG) ( DGPC). Siskiyou Co., small stream at entrance to Castle Crags State Pk., 18-iii-1986, 3 L (RW) ( CSUC). Tehama Co., North Fork Battle Cr., 11.6 km S Shingletown (Wilsonhill Rd.), 25-vii-2011, 1 L (DRG) ( DGPC); North Fork Deer Cr., 19.5 km NW Chester, (Hwy. 36/89), 04-vii-2013, 8 L (DRG) ( DGPC); Battle Cr., 2.25 km W Mineral (Hwy. 36), Battle Cr. Cmpgd., Lassen Nat'l. Forest, 04-vii-2013, 1 F (DRG) ( DGPC). Trinity Co., 11.3 km SW Hay Fork, 24-v-1973, 2 L (S.L. Szelig) ( EMEC); Mule Cr., 31.7 km NW Weaverville (Hwy. 3), Shasta-Trinity Nat'l. Forest, 12-vii-2012, 2 L (DRG) ( DGPC). Tulare Co., Potwisha, 4.8 km NE Ash Mt. HQ, 03-v-1979, 3 M (JP) ( EMEC); Potwisha, 4.8 km NE Ash Mt. HQ, 04-v-1979, 1 M (JP) ( EMEC). COLORADO: Boulder Co., Sm. Cr., 2.7 km N Rollinsville, 08-ix-2014, 3 L (DRG) ( DGPC); Douglas Co., seep entering S Platte R. from east in Cheeseman Canyon, T. 9S, R. 70W, sec. 29, 13 -vi-1982, 1 M, 1 L (DER) ( DRPC); spring just N of Community House, Rifle Cr. State Pk., Rifle, 02-v-1978, 4 L (DER) ( DRPC). Gilpin Co., Beaver Cr., 2.09 km N Beaver Cr. Rd. x County Rd. 11, (4.8 km S Rollinsville), 07-ix-2014, 1 L, (DRG) ( DGPC). IDAHO: Boise Co., 43o 36.322'N 115o 54.53'W, 17-ix-2008, 4 F (C. D. Ferris) ( CSUC). MONTANA: Ravelli Co., Lick Cr., 1.6 km N Como Lk., 17-ix-2004, 1 L (R. Durfee) ( CSUC). Lewis and Clark Co., Marysville Creek, 26-iv-1973, 1 L (G. Roemhild) ( MTEC). NEVADA: White Pine Co., Lehman Cr., 11.3 km W Baker, 16-vii-1981, 9 M (JP) ( EMEC). OREGON: Benton Co., Berry Cr., W Corvallis, 27-ix-1968, 6 M, 2 F (E. Evans) ( CSUC); Yew Cr. Jct. Hwy. 30, Mary's Peak, 20-iv- 2000, 1 F (S. Fitzgerald) ( CSUC); Cr., Lewisburg Saddle, Corvallis 44o 64.23'N 123o 28.92'W, 06-v-2013, 1 F, (S. Fitzgerald) ( CSUC); 23-iv-2014, 1 M, 1 F (S. Fitzgerald) ( CSUC); Malby Cr., 8.1 km SE of Alsea (Hwy 34), 05- viii-2013, 5 L (DRG) ( DGPC); King Cr., USFS Rd., 1684, 1.2 km SW USFS Rds. 1684 x 16 (19.3 km SW Unity), 14-vii-2014, 2 L (DRG) ( DGPC). Crook Co., stream, Ochoco Summit, Ochoco Nat'l. Forest, Route 26 x FS Rd., 27–28- vi-1984, 1 M, 2 F (RW) ( CSUC). Curry Co., Tuttle Cr., Brookings, (Port of Brookings Harbor), 02-vi- 2011, 2 L (DRG) ( DGPC). Grant Co., Deer Cr., 09-viii-1984, 1 L (RW) ( CSUC); Upper Spring Cr., Silvies River Basin, Silvies Valley Ranch, 20-ix-2012, 12 L (RW) ( CSUC). Harney Co., Roaring Springs, 24 km S French Glen, 19-v-1954, 4 L (J.D. Lattin) ( CSUC); Pike Cr., 30-vi-1984, 26 L (RW) ( CSUC); Cottonwood Cr., 11 km S Fields, 11-v-1985, 5 L (RW) ( CSUC); Pike Cr., 15-vi-1985, 11 M, 10 F (Funish) ( CSUC). Jackson Co., Clark Cr., 06-x- 1993, 2 L (RW) ( CSUC); Bear Gulch, 13-x-1994, 1 L (RW) ( CSUC). Lincoln Co., Flynn Cr., Drift Cr. & Alsea River Basin, v-1982, 12 M, 1 F, (RW) ( CSUC). Multnomah Co., small seep, 3.2–4.8 km E Troutdale, 25-vii-1964, 1 L, 4 P, (N. H. Anderson) ( CSUC). Union Co., Dry Cr., 16 km W of La Grande, (Old Hwy. 30 ca. 4.8 km SW of Hwy. 84), Wallowa-Whitman Nat'l. Forest, 45o 20.595'N 118o 14.412'W, 24-vii-2015, 1 M (DRG) ( DGPC). Wallowa Co., Tucannon Cr., 19-vi-1987, 1 F, 1 F P, 1 P, 1 PP (J. Carlson) ( CSUC). WASHINGTON: Benton Co., Rattlesnake Spring, 30-ix-1999, 1 F (D. Strenge) ( DRPC). Columbia Co., Sm. Cr. 51.5 km. S of Hwy. 12, USFS Rd. 4173 off Tucannon Rd. (Umatilla Nat'l. Forest) 46o 13.707'N 117o 43.440'W, 28-v-2015, 5 L (DRG) ( DGPC). Douglas Co., McCartney Cr., Moses Coulee, McCartney Creek Preserve, 01-x-2006, 6 L ( CSUC). King Co., Des Moines, Massey, McSorley Crs., 02-xi-1996, 19 L ( CSUC). Kitsap Co., Little Boston Cr., 27-ix-2010, 40 L ( CSUC); Beaver Cr., 29-viii-2011, 7 L ( CSUC); Dog Fish Cr., 02-viii-2012, 1 L ( CSUC); Johnson Cr., 12-ix-2012, 2 M P, 1 F P ( CSUC). Kittitas Co., small creek, Robinson Canyon, Ellensburg, 01-iii-1973, 1 L (DRG) ( DGPC). Okanogan Co., Frazer Cr., Hwy. 20, at mile 210.3 (338.4 km), 48o 22.243'N 119o 57.857'W, 15-viii-2010, 20 M, 3 F (D. W. Blinn) ( DRPC). Skamania Co., Cr., 22.2 km E of Stephenson, (Hwy. 14), 24-viii-2013, 3 L (DRG) ( DGPC). Spokane Co., Hangman Cr., Basin, Marshall, 13-viii-2003, 44 L ( CSUC). Thurston Co., Little McAllister Cr., at Meadows, 04-vii-2007, 32 L (RW) ( CSUC); 19-vii-2008, M, 1 L (RW) ( CSUC); Mission Cr., at Bethel NE, 06-vii-2010, 12 L ( CSUC); Indian Cr., Wheeler Street, 14-vii-2010, 8 L ( CSUC); Ellis Cr., Priest Point Pk., 22-vii-2010, 8 L ( CSUC). Whatcom Co., Anderson Cr., nr. seep, Hwy. 542 at mile marker 6.5 (10.5 km), 19- viii-2008, 2 L (D. W. Blinn) ( DRPC). Whitman Co., Whitman Cr., Almota Canyon 30 km SW Pullman, 19-ii- 1980, 19 L (K. Hosman) ( CSUC); creek, Wawawai Canyon, 24 km SW Pullman, 4-iii-1980, 1 L (K. Hosman) ( CSUC).

Figures

FIGURES 1 a – c. Parapsyche almota Ross, female genitalia. 1 a, left lateral (from Givens & Smith 1980); 1 b, caudoventral; 1 c, dorsal (from Givens & Smith 1980).

FIGURES 5 a – c. Parapsyche extensa Denning, female genitalia. 5 a, left lateral; 5 b, caudoventral; 5 c, dorsal. Abbreviations: ist = internal sclerotized structure; lp = lateral plate; md = medial declivity; sp = setal patch; Xt = tergite X; IX & Xs = combined sterna IX + X.

FIGURES 8 a – c. Parapsyche turbinata Schmid, female genitalia. 8 a, left lateral (from Givens & Smith 1980); 8 b, caudoventral; 8 c, dorsal.

FIGURES 6 a – c. Parapsyche spinata Denning, female genitalia. 6 a, left lateral; 6 b, caudoventral; 6 c, dorsal.

FIGURES 3 a – c. Parapsyche elsis Milne, female genitalia. 3 a, left lateral (from Givens & Smith 1980); 3 b, caudoventral; 3 c, dorsal. Abbreviations: ist = internal sclerotized structure; dc = dorsal cap; dp = dorsal process; lp = lateral plate; pl = pleurosternum; sp = setal patch; Xt = tergite X; IX & Xs = combined sterna IX + X.

FIGURES 2 a – c. Parapsyche almota Ross, male pupal apical processes. 2 a, left lateral; 2 b, caudoventral; female apical process. 2 c, caudoventral.

FIGURES 4 a, b. Parapsyche elsis Milne, pupal apical processes (from Givens & Smith 1980). 4 a, left lateral; 4 b, caudoventral.

FIGURES 9 a – b. Parapsyche turbinata Schmid, male pupal apical processes. 9 a, left lateral; 9 b, caudoventral.

FIGURES 7 a, b. Parapsyche spinata Denning, male pupal apical processes. 7 a, left lateral; 7 b, caudoventral.

FIGURES 23 – 24. Parapsyche spp., pupal hook plates. 23, Parapsyche almota Ross; 24, Parapsyche elsis Milne; Abbreviations: III – VII = abdominal terga III – VII; a = anterior; p = posterior.

FIGURES 25 – 26. Parapsyche spp., pupal hook plates. 25, Parapsyche spinata Denning; 26, Parapsyche turbinata Schmid. Abbreviations: III – VII = abdominal terga III – VII; a = anterior; p = posterior.

FIGURES 29 – 33. Pupal cases. 29, Parapsyche almota Ross; 30, Parapsyche elsis Milne (from Givens & Smith 1980); 31, Parapsyche extensa Denning; 32, Parapsyche spinata Denning; 33, Parapsyche turbinata Schmid.

FIGURES 14 – 21. Parapsyche spp., 14 – 18, larval ventral apotomes, 14, Parapsyche almota Ross; 15, Parapsyche elsis Milne; 16, Parapsyche extensa Denning; 17, Parapsyche spinata Denning; 18, Parapsyche turbinata, Schmid. 19 (a – b) – 21, lateral line gills, 19 a, 19 b, Parapsyche almota Ross; 20, Parapsyche elsis Milne; 21, Parapsyche extensa Denning.

FIGURES 34 a – c. Parapsyche almota, larval abdominal tergal setae. 34 a, abdominal tergum IV; 34 b, tw - sh; 34 c, abdominal tergum V c - sh setae. Abbreviations: c - sh = clavate scale hair; hl = hair-like setae; st = setal tuft; tw - sh = twisted scale hair.