Parapsyche extensa Denning 1949a

Givens, Donald R., 2015, Parapsyche species (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae: Arctopsychinae) of western North America, Zootaxa 4057 (4), pp. 451-489 : 463-467

Parapsyche extensa Denning 1949a

Figs. 5a–c , 16 , 22 , 27, 31 , 36a–e .

Parapsyche extensa Denning (1949a , 40, 43 figs. 4, 4a, male). Holotype male: California, Shasta Co., Lassen National Forest, King's Creek Meadows, elevation 7500 feet, July 6, 1947, (C. P. Alexander); type no. 16279, (CASC). Givens & Smith, (1980, 7, 18 figs. 10a–c, male genitalia).

Male. Description. See Denning (1949a: 40, 43 figs. 4, 4a); Givens & Smith (1980, 7, 18 figs. 10a–c).

Female. Diagnosis. The female of P. extensa is most similar to that of P. t u r bi na t a, with the lateral regions of tergite IX each divided by a vertical suture, but the ventrolateral narrowing of tergite IX distinguishes P. extensa from P. turbi nat a, with tergite IX narrower dorsally and wider ventrolaterally in P. turbinata ( Figs. 5a , 8a ). The females of the 2 species vary in color, black in P. extensa , tan to brown in P. turbinata . The division of the sides of tergite IX by a vertical suture separates the females of P. e xt e ns a and P. turbinata from those of P. e l s i s, P. a l m o t a and P. spinata . The fused sterna IX and X of P. ext ensa and P. turbinata have a similar pair of internal sclerotized structures (ist) that are sigmoid in appearance when viewed ventrally ( Figs. 5b , 8b ). The vertex of tergum IX of P. extensa viewed caudally always has a medial declivity (md), although the declivity may be shallow. The caudal view of the vertex of tergum IX of P. turbinata may be convex or with a medial declivity that may be distinct or just slightly indented.

Description. Overall appearance of female similar to male in color and markings. Mean length of female from vertex of head to end of folded forewings 15.7 mm (range 15–16 mm, N=5), larger than male mean length 13.9 mm, (range 13–15 mm, N=16). Antennae stout, brown, pubescent. Antennal segments banded brown and tan, with narrow black band separating brown and tan portions of each segment. Maxillary palps with segments 1 and 2 subequal; segment 3 twice as long as 1; segment 4 subequal to 3; segment five 4–4.5× longer than segment 4, annulate, tapering and flexible, typical of the family. Dorsum of head black with 2 tan occipital setal warts. Pronotum black, with pair of tan elliptical medial pronotal setal warts bearing many long tan hairs. Tegulae pubescent with long tan hairs. Mesonotum black with single large tan ovoid wart on scutellum bearing many long, tan hairs. Single glabrous linear wart present on scutellum of black metanotum. Head, pro- and mesonota pubescent with long, tan hairs. Coxae, trochanters and femora of pro-, meso-, and metathoraces gray to black; tibiae and tarsi of all legs light brown; tarsal segments with paired spines along anteroventral surface. Wings brown, sub-hyaline, lightly mottled along anal marginal area, pubescent. Forewings each with costal margin fringed with setae, basal anal area with long black setal hairs, anal margin with dense fringe of very short black hairs. Hind wings pubescent with appressed black hairs; each with anal margins clothed with fringe of long, black hairs. Tarsal spur formula 2, 4, 4. Genitalia ( Figs. 5a–c ). Tergite VIII dark brown, large, extending ventrolaterad past dorsal longitudinal midline, concave mesally in dorsal view. Sternum VIII smaller than preceding sterna and much smaller than tergum VIII, anterior and posterior margins straight with ventrolateral angles rounded, pleural margins sinuate, slightly concave, with anterodorsal angles each acute and projecting anterodorsad into pleural region; in ventral aspect sternites VIII appearing ovoid, angles rounded, except for anterodorsal angles projecting into pleural region ( Fig. 5b ); pair of sternal plates separated and joined by membrane, extending beneath sternum IX; ventrolateral surfaces of sternites with sparse short hl setae, many hl setae present along caudal margin of sternum VIII. Intersegmental membrane between tergites VIII and IX well developed. Tergum IX sclerotized, its lateral regions each with vertical suture extending ventrad from heavily sclerotized dorsal cap, giving appearance of anterior and posterior regions to tergum IX, with anterior area somewhat more sclerotized; anterodorsal margin of anterior region arcuate, broadest mesally ( Fig. 5c ); posterodorsal margin straight or slightly concave, with acute caudal projection midway, curving sinuously laterally, ventrolateral angle rounded, this anterior region of tergum IX becoming attenuated ventrolaterally, forming narrow anteroventral stem on each side; in lateral view, dorsal cap of anterior region narrow, rounded, angled slightly posterad and 1/5 as long as height of tergum IX; in caudal view, vertex of anterior region with medial declivity ( Fig. 5b , md); posterior region with pair of setal tufts of long, fine ls setae on dorsocaudal margins and 1 or 2 setae on lateral surfaces; dorsal caudal margin (vertex) projecting onto membrane between tergites IX and X, expanding into 3 acute triangular points ( Fig. 5b ). Tergum X tridigitate, with 3 pairs of lobes; dorsal and ventral lobes thumb-like, apices rounded; middle lobe narrow, apex acute, bearing single terminal spicule; tergum X lightly sclerotized with dorsal sclerotized area short (transversely narrow), longer (widening) ventrally and curving caudad, overlapping lateral plates; anterolateral margins sinuate, somewhat convex; posterolateral margins concave, with ventrolateral angles rounded; ventroposterior margin broad, roughly quadrate, with short, opaque setae along caudoventral margin ( Fig. 5a ). Lateral plates each with hl setae along posterior margin. Sterna IX and X fused, with lightly sclerotized basal half, membranous distal half. Pair of sclerotized internal structures (ist) visible in cleared specimens above fused sterna IX and X ( Fig. 5b ).

Pupa Unknown.

Pupal case. Caste exuviae of P. extensa larva found within pupal case from King's Creek, LVNP, California, validating pupal case association. Pupal case ( Fig. 31 ) constructed entirely of loose matrix of small to large pebbles, gravel, and grains of sand attached by silk strands, with length of 16.0 mm (N=1), and midlength diameter of 6.0 mm (N=1). Case cylindrical, ends rounded and case material easily dislodged.

Larval retreat. Larval retreat funnel-shaped to cornucopia-shaped, 2-chambered, and constructed of plant detritus. Retreat with large anterior opening and narrow posterior opening for outflow of water. Silk-mesh capture net attached to reinforced circular ring of long strands of plant material formed into net frame. Larva residing in smaller adjacent chamber. Retreat similar to those of A. grandis and A. irrorata Banks ( Wallace 1975) . Capture net mesh rectangular, length of each opening 2–2½× width with net mesh near periphery of frame more nearly square (length and width dimensions following those of Wallace & Malas 1976). Retreats collected in June and July constructed primarily of plant detritus, with occasional retreat in mid-July using pebbles and gravel attached to retreat. In early August and into early September, retreats composed of increasing amount of gravel and pebbles attached to exterior of retreat. Retreats collected in early September being converted into pupal cases with a single enclosure, constructed almost entirely of loosely attached stone and little plant material.

Larva. Diagnosis. The ventral apotome is narrower than in P. spi nata , P. a l m ot a and P. turbinata , similar in form to that of P. e l s i s, especially in early instars, but not as acuminate. The ventral apotome of early instars of P. extensa is acuminate, as in P. el sis, 5–6½× long as wide mesally. Near the posterior margin, the ventral apotome of P. extensa has a pair of slight lateral bulges that appears to be a consistent feature ( Fig. 16 ). The shape and number of lateral line gill filaments, will distinguish P. e xt e ns a from P. spinata , P. almota , and P. turbinata ( Fig. 27). In these latter 3 species, there may be as many as 4 lateral line gill filaments per stalk whereas P. extensa has no more than 2 gill filaments per stalk. The gill shape of P. extensa ( Fig. 21 ) also differentiates this species from the other Parapsyche species ( Figs. 19 a, 19b, 20). Unlike the lateral line gills of P. spi nat a, P. turbi nat a, and P. a l m o t a, which have a bulbous base from which the gill filaments arise, the lateral line gills of P. e xt e ns a more closely resemble those of P. elsis in that they are slender and lack a bulbous base; however in P. extensa 1 of the 2 filaments is a short branch of the slender-based primary gill filament ( Fig. 21 ). Early instars may or may not have lateral line gills. If there are lateral line gills, they may be single, not branched, and more nearly resemble those of P. e l s i s; however the early instars still have the abdominal scale hairs typical of the mature P. ext ensa larvae, and the pair of single gills on abdominal sternum VIII. Unlike larvae of P. e l s i s, P. almota , P. spinata , and P. turbinata , P. extensa larvae appear to lack anal gills. The presence of a pair of single gill filaments on sternum VIII, branched lateral line gills, and shape of the ventral apotome will separate P. extensa from P. e l s i s, which lacks gills on abdominal sternum VIII, has unbranched lateral line gills, and has a ventral apotome without a basal bulge. The variation in dorsal abdominal scale hairs will also serve to separate the 2 species; P. extensa has wide clavate sh setae ( Figs. 36a, 36d ) and P. elsis has narrow clavate sh setae ( Figs. 35c, 35d ).

Description. Head: Dark brown to reddish brown, quadrate. Dark primary setae consistently in positions 7, 9, 14. Primary seta occasionally observed in positions 10 and 12. Pale, translucent, (whitish) short primary seta, best seen in lateral view, in positions 16 and 17. Setae in position 17 frequently absent; primary setae at anterolateral corners of frontoclypeus in positions 2 and 3; frontoclypeus with pair of single, pale, translucent (whitish) setae in position 5, near tentorial pits. Dorsum of head somewhat sculptured on posterior area of parietals. Four prominent, dark muscle scars on anterior half of frontoclypeus adjacent to ocular areas around eyes. Posterior half of frontoclypeus with distinct dark muscle scars. Frontoclypeus with punctate appearance due to numerous setal sockets of brush-like (bl) setae; setae difficult to see, best seen from lateral aspect. Anterior lateral margins of head with tan secondary ls setae. Lateral surfaces of parietals with both appressed acuminate peg (ap) setae extending into yellowish ocular area and appressed hl setae. Ventrally, parietals adjacent to ventral apotome rugulose with transverse striations. Parietals with distinct muscle scars posterior to eyes, often occurring in 3 distinct longitudinal rows on each side. Anterior margin of submental sclerite concave, brown; 3 long slender (ls) seta located at each anterolateral corner. Surface of labrum clothed with clear to dark ap setae; primary dark ls setae in positions 5 and 6; color yellowish-brown; yellowish brush-like hairs arising from lateral margins of labrum, curving mesad. Anterior margin of labrum clothed with dark fringe of hl setae. Ventral apotome yellow brown, subrectangular, narrowing posteriorly, with slight longitudinal mesal indentation and slight lateral bulge near posterior margin, in mature larvae about 3–5× as long as wide mesally, acuminate and 5–6½× as long as wide mesally in early instars.

Thoracic nota: Dark brown to reddish brown; the pronota dark brown; mesonota brown; metanota yellowbrown. Pro-, meso-, and metanotal sclerites with appressed, dark, hair-like (hl) setae. Pronotum with 2 primary submesal setae at midlength. Single primary seta present in each sa 1 and sa 2 position on meso- and metathoracic sclerites, however, sa 1 setae on mesothoracic sclerite short, difficult to discern or possibly missing. Primary sa 2 setae of mesothorax and sa 2 and sa 3 setae of metathorax prominent, long, black, fine, and cylindrical.

Legs: Foretrochantins brown, each with 4–10 setae, of which 1–3 black, acuminate; procoxae each with dark primary seta in position 1; metacoxae each with primary seta in positions 2 and 3. Coxal sclerites each with 6–17 black ls setae at posterior margin. Foretrochanters each with primary setae in positions 2 and 3, occasionally observed in position 5. Meso- and metatrochanters each with black to reddish primary setae in positions 2 and 3. Trochanters, femora, tibiae, tarsi with tan to reddish sl setae along distal ventral margins of meso- and metathoracic legs. Posterolateral surfaces of meso- and metathoracic tibiae each with row of 5–10 short reddish sl setae. Femora of pro-, meso-, and metathoracic legs each with black primary seta in positions 2, 3, and 4; primary seta in position 4 sometimes difficult to discern. Legs yellow.

Abdomen: Segments I–VII each with 2 pairs of sa 2 and sa 3 tufts of long black truncate, cylindrical setae and segment VIII with 1 pair of tufts of similar long black setae, each abdominal setal tuft consisting of 8–18 setae surrounding single, long, black primary seta ( Fig. 36b ). Segments I–VIII, covered with numerous, black appressed hl setae, intermingled with numerous long, thin, cylindrical, black to reddish, erect sh setae (ls-ts) ( Fig. 36a ), these with sculptured, striated surfaces, ( Fig. 36c ) (not visible under a light microscope), more numerous on abdominal segments I–VI ( Fig. 36a ). Abdominal terga also with numerous short, dark (reddish), basally tapered (clavate) tubular semi-erect sh setae (c-sh) ( Figs. 36a, 36d ). Abdominal sterna with scattered hl setae, not numerous, except on venter of segment VIII. Sternum VII with 2 or 3 short black ls setae lateral to meson, apparently primary setae. Sternum VIII with mesal ovoid sclerite having 11–16 dark ls setae on posterior margin; sclerite may be lightly sclerotized, indistinct. Tergum IX with lateral areas lightly to heavily sclerotized, with 1 ls seta and appressed hl setae; hair-like (hl) setae also present between these lateral sclerite areas. Sternum IX with dark ls setae on posterior margins of pair of sclerites lateral to glabrous membranous mesal area between sclerites. Clear sl setae present over entire surfaces of sclerites. Lateral line gills on abdominal segments III–VII ( Fig. 27), each side with single gill on segment III, generally 2 gills on segments IV–VI, each usually with 2 gill filaments, and single, 2- filament gill on segment VII. The lateral line gills of P. extensa consisting of either single gill filament or 2 subequal filaments, 1 arising from slender base, other much shorter than first ( Fig. 21 ). Sternum VIII with pair of single, submesal gill filaments. Apparently lacking anal gills.

Anal prolegs: Brown to yellowish brown; each with basal tuft of 6–8 black, stout ls setae; proleg sclerotized; lateral sclerite clothed with short appressed hl setae. Dark, long ls setae present on lateral surfaces. Caudal lobe membranous, glabrous. Appressed black hl setae on basal area of ventral surface of caudal lobe, and on dorsal, lateral and mesal areas of proleg. Presence or absence of sl setae on lateral surfaces variable.

Distribution. Parapsyche extensa is known only from Lassen Volcanic National Park (LVNP), California ( Givens 2014). The type specimen was collected by C.P. Alexander in 1947 from King's Creek Meadow, LVNP. Extensive collecting in LVNP in 2011 and 2012 did not yield specimens of adults or larvae of P. extensa from other streams within the Park. However, in 2013, adults and larvae were collected from several small tributaries of King’s Creek. In 2013, larvae were also collected from a small creek in the Hat Creek drainage, about 1.6 km up the trail to Paradise Meadow, LVNP ( Givens 2014). Specimens deposited in the EMEC and CASC determined as P. extensa are actually P. turbinata ( Givens 2014) . Literature records for P. extensa outside of LVNP are probably also erroneous. Parapsyche extensa is known to be sympatric only with P. elsis .

Bionomics. See Givens & Smith (1980, 7). Larvae and adults have been collected from King's Creek and smaller tributaries in close proximity to King's Creek. The habitat is variable, ranging from a rapid cascading steep gradient stream to laminar flow reaches of King's Creek through Upper King's Creek Meadow. Where P. extensa is sympatric with P. el s i s, the current is swift, often turbulent. Parapsyche extensa is a high altitude species, with populations recorded from elevations of 2,196–2,288 m. Adults have not been collected in August or September. Based on limited collection data made over a 3 year period, P. extensa appears to be univoltine, with emergence commencing in June and continuing into late July; larvae overwintering, maturing and pupating the following spring. The width of the creek and tributary streams at the higher altitudes is 0.305–1.83 m, with depth less than 6.1 cm. At lower reaches of the creek, beyond King's Creek Falls, at the southeast corner of the park, the stream is wide, slow with a cobble, gravel, and sand substratum. The upper elevation of the creek has a cobble, gravel and sand substratum with a small to mixed rubble and wood matrix. Parapsyche extensa has not been collected at the lower end of King's Creek. However, P. a l m o t a has been collected from this southeastern stretch at 1,625 m near the confluence with Warner Creek in Plumas County. Water temperatures at the higher altitudes, 2,196–2,288 m in late June, averaged 5o C, July water temperatures averaged 6o C, and in August and early September they averaged 7o C. Lower King's Creek, prior to joining Warner Creek, was recorded at 15.5o C in late July. Through King's Creek Meadow the riparian vegetation is composed of grasses. In the more rapid stretches the riparian community includes greenleaf manzanita ( Arctostaphylos patula Green ), grasses, lupine, and various Asteraceae . The creek drains a mixed coniferous forest, dominated primarily by red fir ( Abies magnifica A. Murray ), western white pine ( Pinus monticola Douglas ), mountain hemlock [ Tsuga mertensiana (Borgard) Carriere ], and lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Douglas ) (National Park Service 2014; Pinder 1997). In 2013, P. extensa was collected from a small creek in the Hat Creek drainage. The creek, about 1.6 km up the trail toward Paradise Meadow, is a tributary to the West Fork of Hat Creek, shallow, less than 20.3 cm in depth, narrow, 0.30–0.6 m. wide. The creek flows (at times trickles) through alder thickets, with moss and grasses along the shoreline. The creek is heavily filled with woody debris and substrate of small cobble, gravel, sand, and mixed debris. Several small pools are formed behind logjams. The temperature of the water in September was 5.6°C at an altitude of 1,983 m.

Material examined. CALIFORNIA: Shasta Co., King's Creek, King's Cr. Picnic site, 28 km S of NW entrance to LVNP (Lassen Park Rd.), 26-vii-2011, 1 M, 4 L (DRG) ( CSUC); 20-vii-2012, 1 L (DRG) ( CSUC); 21- vii-2012, 6 L (DRG) ( CSUC); 01-viii-2012, 1 L (DRG) ( CSUC); 27-vi-2013, 3 L (DRG) ( CSUC); 10-vii-2013, 1 L (DRG) ( CSUC); 09-ix-2013, 2 L (DRG) ( CSUC); small tributary to King's Cr., 28 km S of NW entrance to LVNP (Lassen Pk. Rd.), 12-vii-2013, 11 L (DRG) ( CSUC); King's Creek, 28.2 km S of NW entrance to LVNP (Lassen Pk. Rd.), 27-vii-2012, 13 L (DRG) ( CSUC); 01-viii-2012, 4 L (DRG) ( CSUC); 11-viii-2012, 11 L (DRG) ( CSUC); 11-vii-2013, 1 M, 1 L (DRG) ( CSUC); 19-vii-2013, 1 M, 14 L (DRG) ( CSUC); 09-ix-2013, 28 L (DRG) ( CSUC); small tributary to King's Creek, 28.2 km S of NW entrance to LVNP, (Lassen Pk. Rd.), 27-vi-2013, 1 M, 1 F, 2 L (DRG) ( CSUC); 28-VI-2013, 6 M, 3 L (DRG) ( CSUC); 29-vi-2013, 10 M, 2 F, 8 L (DRG); ( CSUC) 30-vi-2013, 11 M (DRG) ( CSUC); 01-vii-2013, 1 M, 1 F (DRG) ( CASC); 01-vii-2013, 11 L (DRG) ( CSUC); 07-vii-2013, 1 M, 4 L (DRG) ( CSUC); 11-vii-2013, 1 F, 16 L (DRG) ( CSUC); 19-vii-2013, 14 L; 09-ix-2013, 21 L (DRG) ( CSUC); 11- ix-2013, 11 L (DRG) ( CSUC); small tributary to King's Cr., 28.2 km S of NW entrance to LVNP, King's Creek Upper Meadow, (Lassen Pk. Rd.), 13-viii-2012, 8 L (DRG) ( CSUC); King's Cr., 28.3 km S of N entrance to LVNP (Lassen Pk. Rd.), 04-viii-2012, 1 L (DRG) ( CSUC); small creek about 1.6 km up the trail to Paradise Meadows (Trailhead 15 km S of NW entrance to LVNP), 13-vii-2013, 1 L (DRG) ( CSUC); 14-vii-2013, 2 L (DRG) ( CSUC); 17-vii-2013, 8 L (DRG) ( CSUC); 10-ix-2013, 8 L (DRG) ( CSUC).

Figures

FIGURE 22. Parapsyche extensa Denning, larval head, dorsal, with primary setae numbered.

FIGURES 5 a – c. Parapsyche extensa Denning, female genitalia. 5 a, left lateral; 5 b, caudoventral; 5 c, dorsal. Abbreviations: ist = internal sclerotized structure; lp = lateral plate; md = medial declivity; sp = setal patch; Xt = tergite X; IX & Xs = combined sterna IX + X.

FIGURES 14 – 21. Parapsyche spp., 14 – 18, larval ventral apotomes, 14, Parapsyche almota Ross; 15, Parapsyche elsis Milne; 16, Parapsyche extensa Denning; 17, Parapsyche spinata Denning; 18, Parapsyche turbinata, Schmid. 19 (a – b) – 21, lateral line gills, 19 a, 19 b, Parapsyche almota Ross; 20, Parapsyche elsis Milne; 21, Parapsyche extensa Denning.

FIGURES 29 – 33. Pupal cases. 29, Parapsyche almota Ross; 30, Parapsyche elsis Milne (from Givens & Smith 1980); 31, Parapsyche extensa Denning; 32, Parapsyche spinata Denning; 33, Parapsyche turbinata Schmid.

FIGURES 36 a – e. Parapsyche extensa Denning, larval abdominal tergal setae. 36 a, abdominal tergum VI; 36 b, setal tuft (st), abdominal tergum III; 36 c, tip of ls-ts; 36 d, close-up of hl & c-sh; 36 e, tip of c-sh. Abbreviations: c - sh = clavate scale hair, hl = hair-like seta, ls - ts = long slender tubular seta, ps = primary seta, st = setal tuft.

FIGURES 8 a – c. Parapsyche turbinata Schmid, female genitalia. 8 a, left lateral (from Givens & Smith 1980); 8 b, caudoventral; 8 c, dorsal.

FIGURES 35 a – e. Parapsyche elsis Milne, larval abdominal tergal setae. 35 a, abdominal tergum V; 35 b, abdominal tergum VI; 35 c, abdominal tergum V; 35 d, tip of c - sh; 35 e, tip of ls - ts. Abbreviations: c - sh = clavate scale hair, hl = hair-like seta, ls - ts = long slender tubular seta, ps = primary seta.