Agnorimus pictus ( Moser, 1902 )

Qiu, Jian-Yue, Xu, Hao & Chen, Li, 2019, Coloration variability of the Oriental genus Agnorimus Miyake & Iwase, 1991 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae) with synonymic notes, Zootaxa 4585 (3), pp. 531-545 : 533-543

Agnorimus pictus ( Moser, 1902)

( Figs. 1–59 )

Gnorimus pictus Moser, 1902: 531 (type locality: Montes Mauson, Tonkin [=Mount Mẫu SƠn, Lạng SƠn, N. Vietnam]); Schenkling 1922: 20; Mao 1937: 1109; Paulian 1961: 24; Miyake 1989: 41 ( Thailand: Chiang Mai), fig. 15 ♀; Ma 1992: 454 ( China: Hunnan), fig. 1388 ♂; Ricchiardi 1993: 8 ( Thailand: Chiang Mai); Ma 1995: 170, text-figs. 142, 143 elytra & tibiae; plate V, fig. 30 ♂; Ma 2002: 383 (Fujian), fig. 27-541 tibiae.

Gnorimus pictus pictus Moser : Smetana 2006: 309.

Agnorimus pictus (Moser) : Miyake & Iwase 1991: 189 ( Vietnam: Tam Dao), text-fig. 3-1 parameres; plate 11, fig. 3 ♂; Krajčík 1999: 50; Krikken 2009: 14; Keith & Li 2009: 163 (Hainan Island); Krajčík 2011: 75 (Tam Dao, N. Vietnam); Krajčík 2012: 14; Zhang et al. 2014: 224 ( Cambodia: Preah Vihear?); Bezděk 2016: 404.

Aleurostictus pictus (Moser) : Tauzin 2000: 245, figs. 12 ♂, 13 mesometasternal process, 14a parameres; Tauzin 2004: 84 (Fujian), figs. 13 ♂, 14 ♀.

Gnorimus pictus var. yunnanus Moser, 1908: 257 (type locality: Yunnan, China); Schenkling 1922: 20; Mao 1937: 1109; Bezděk 2016: 404 (in synonymy). Synonymized with Agnorimus pictus (Moser) by Krajčík 2011: 75.

Agnorimus pictus var. yunnanus (Moser) : Krajčík 1999: 50.

Aleurostictus pictus yunnanus (Moser) : Tauzin 2000: 247; Tauzin 2004: 84 ( Taiwan), figs. 15 ♂.

Gnorimus pictus yunnanus Moser : Smetana 2006: 309.

Agnorimus pictus yunnanus (Moser) : Krajčík 2012: 14.

Gnorimus tibialis Chûjô, 1938: 444 (type locality: Tyakon, Taihoku-syu, Formosa [=Zhayakong, Wulai, Taipei, Taiwan]), fig. ♀; Miwa & Chûjô 1939: 94; Hirayama 1940: 51, plate 22, fig. 4 ♂; Tagawa 1941: 16; Hwang 1952: 153; Kobayashi 1980: 30,; Kobayashi & Yu 1993: 80 ( Taiwan: Taoyuan, Nantou, Pingtung), figs. 1B parameres, 2B–C protibiae, 3B–C mesotibiae, 4D–G habitus; Kobayashi et al. 1995: 183; Yu et al. 1998: 182, plate 7 ( Taiwan: Taoyuan, Nantou), figs. 2a–e ♂ & ♀; Tauzin 2004: 84 (in synonymy); Smetana 2006: 309 (in synonymy); Krikken 2009: 13 (in synonymy); Bezděk 2016: 404 (in synonymy). Synonymized with Agnorimus pictus yunnanus (Moser) by Tauzin 2000: 247.

Agnorimus tibialis (Chûjô) : Miyake & Iwase 1991: 189 ( Taiwan: Rarasan & Roroko), text-figs. 1-2a head, 2-2b mid tibia, 2-2c hind tibia, 3-2 parameres; plate 11, figs. 1 ♂ & 2 ♀; Li & Yang 1999: 162 ( Taiwan: Kaoshung, Hsinchu); Krajčík 2012: 14.

Agnorimus pictus tibialis (Chûjô) : Krajčík 1999: 50 (subspecies rank in catalogue).

Agnorimus hayashii Miyake & Iwase, 1991: 190 (type locality: Doi Pui, Chieng Mai Prov., N. Thailand), text-fig. 3-3 parameres, plate 11, fig. 4 ♀; Krajčík 2012: 14. New synonym.

Agnorimus pictus hayashii Miyake & Iwase : Krajčík 1999: 50 (subspecies rank in catalogue).

Aleurostictus pictus hayashii (Miyake & Iwase) : Tauzin 2000: 249 (demoted to subspecies rank), fig. 14b parameres; Tauzin 2004: 84 ( Thailand), fig. 16 ♂.

Trichius sp.: Kato 1933: plate 18 ( Taiwan), figs. 3 & 4 ♂.

Type material. The number of the type specimens was not given in the original description of Gnorimus pictus Moser, 1902 , but both sexes were mentioned ( Moser 1902). Three males and one female found in MFNB are bearing the same label data as the original publication, and the coloration pattern also fits the original description. Hence, we treat all of them as syntypes of Gnorimus pictus Moser, 1902: 3 ♂♂, 1♀ (MFNB), Tonkin, Montes Manson, April, Mai 2 -3000’, H. Fruhstorfer (Figs. 44, 45).

Moser (1908) stated clearly that his new variety A. pictus var. yunnanus was described based on a single specimen from Yunnan. Dissected male labeled from Yunnan was found in MFNB, and the diagnostic characters matched the original description. Hence, this specimen is treated as holotype (by monotypy) of Gnorimus pictus yunnanus Moser, 1908: 1 ♂ (MFNB), Yunnan // gnorimus pictus ab. yunnanus Moser [handwritten], Dr. TESAŘ DET. 1970 (Figs. 46–48).

Gnorimus tibialis Chûjô, 1938 was described based on four Taiwanese specimens from Tyakon (i.e., Zhayakong or Chyakon, in Wulai, Taipei, E 121°29' 53", N 24° 45' 15") and Bandaisya (i.e., Wanda, in Ren’ai, Nantou Hsien), and the depositories were indicated as personal collections of Y. Izumi and K. Kodahira ( Chûjô 1938). The type series cannot be located (Chun-Lin Li, personal communication).

Agnorimus hayashii Miyake & Iwase, 1991 was described based on eight specimens from Thailand. Only three type specimens were found in NSMT and KSCJ; remaining types were not found in RIEB where Miyake’s collection is deposited in, and perhaps they are in the personal collection of Kazuo Iwase. The male holotype in NSMT is labeled: Doi Pui (1,000–1,500 m), Chiang Mai Prov., 07–V. 1984, K. Akiyama leg. // Holotype, Agnorimus hayashii , MIYAKE & IWASE, 1993 [sic!] (Figs. 49–51). Two female paratypes were examined in KSCJ: 1♀, Meo Village, Chiang Mai, N. THAILAND, 28. IV. 1981, Masao Ito leg. // Paratype, Agnorimus hayashii , MIYAKE & IWASE, 1993 [sic!]; 1♀, (Doi Pui), Chiang Mai, N. THAILAND, 4. May. 1984, M. Takakuwa leg. // Paratype, Agnorimus hayashii , MIYAKE & IWASE, 1993 [sic!] ( Fig. 8 ).

Additional material examined (167♂♂, 95♀♀). Pattern A (elytra black, with red markings; 69♂♂, 12♀♀): CHINA: Zhejiang: 1♂ ( QCCC), 11.VII.2017, Yujikeng, Jingning County, Yan-Dong CHEN & Yi-Xiang ZHANG leg.; Fujian : 4♂♂ ( MHNG), VII–VIII.[19]46, Kuatun [Guadun, Mount Wuyishan], Tschung-Sen leg. ; 1♂ ( QCCC), 26.VIII.2012, San’gang, Tongmu, Mount Wuyishan , Hai-Tian SONG leg .; 2♂♂ ( QCCC), 27.VIII.2012, Dazhulan, Mount Wuyishan, Nanping , Hai-Tian SONG leg .; 1♂ ( QCCC), 9–12.VII.2009, Guadun, Mount Wuyishan, 1200 m, Hao HUANG leg .; 1♂ ( QCCC), 10.VII.2009, Guadun, Mount Wuyishan, 1,200 m, Jian-Yue QIU leg.; Guangdong : 1♀ ( SYSM), 4.IX.1994, Mount Dadongshan, Lianxian [=Liangzhou City], Mei HE leg. ; 1♂ ( GXIP), VI.2000, Mount Nanling, Tao ZENG leg.; Hunan : 1♂ ( CCCC), 14.VII.2008, Mount Mangshan, Yizhang County, Chenzhou , Xiao-Yu ZHU leg .; 1♂ ( QCCC), 14. VII.2015, west to county seat of Linwu County, Chenzhou, Zhi-Wei QIU & Yong-Quan ZHAO leg.; Guizhou : 2♂♂ ( HBUM), 23–24.VI.2000, Getou, Leishan County, Yi-Ping LIU & Yong ZHOU leg .; 1♂ ( QCCC), 8.VI.2013, Nanping, Leishan County, Gui-Qiang HUANG leg.; Guangxi : 5♂♂ ( QCCC), 15–20.VII.2014, Heping, Tongmu , Jinxiu County, Yuan-Yong HUANG leg .; 3♂♂ ( QCCC), 3–7.VII.2014, Heping, Tongmu , Jinxiu County, Yuan-Yong HUANG leg .; 1♂, 1♀ ( QCCC & SWU), 23.VIII.2014, Mount Dayaoshan, Jinxiu County, 1,100 m, Jin-Teng ZHAO leg .; 2♂♂, 1♀ ( QCCC), 20– 25.VII.2014, Mount Dayaoshan, Jinxiu County, 1,100 m, Jin-Teng ZHAO leg .; 1♂ ( QCCC), 3–4. VII.2015, Mount Dayaoshan, Jinxiu County, 1,200 m, Jin-Teng ZHAO leg .; 3♂♂ ( QCCC), 20. VII.2015, Mount Dayaoshan, Jinxiu County, 1,100 m, Jing-Teng ZHAO leg .; 5♂♂ ( QCCC), 29.VII–3.VIII.2014, Mount Dayaoshan, Jinxiu County, 1,100–1,300 m, Jin-Teng ZHAO leg .; 3♂♂, ( QCCC), 17. VII.2015, Yinshan Park, Jinxiu County, 1,100 m, Lu QIU leg .; 1♂ ( QCCC), 14.VII.2010, Gaozhao, Huajiang , Xing’an County, Cheng-Lian GAO leg .; 1♂ ( QCCC), Mount Liaowangshan, Yachang , Leye County, Ming-Biao LI leg. ; 1♂ ( QCCC), 19.VIII.2012, Mount Damingshan , Wuming County, 1,200 m, Yan-Quan LU leg.; VIETNAM : 1♂ ( BMNH, Bourgoin coll.), Chapa, Tonkin, 21.V.1918 ; 2♂♂ ( MNHN), Tonkin, Montes Mauson, April–Mai 2–3000, H. Fruhstorfer ; 1♀ ( NHMB), Hanoi , Tonkin / Gnorimus pictus det. Tesar; 1♂ ( QCCC), VI.2014, Mount Tam Dao, Vhin Phu Prov. , native leg .; 1♂ ( QCCC), VII.2013, Mount Tam Dao , native leg .; 1♂, 2♀♀ ( NSMT), 14–18.V.1999, Mount Tam Dao, Vhin Phu Prov. , 900–950 m, S. Nomura leg. ; 1♂ ( KSCJ), 12.VI.1990, Tam Dao , N. Katsra leg. ; 1♂ ( KSCJ), VI.1993, Tam Dao, Vinh Phu Prov .; 2♂♂ ( KSCJ), 15.V.1993, Tam Dao , T. Miyashita leg. ; 2♂♂ ( KSCJ), V.1994, Tam Dao ; 2♂♂ ( KSCJ), 2.V.1994, Tam Dao , S. Nirasawa leg. ; 6♂♂, 3♀♀ ( KSCJ), VI.1995, Tam Dao ; 1♂ ( KSCJ), V.1997, Mount Tam Dao, Vinh Phu Prov .; 1♂ ( KSCJ), VI.2006, Tam Dao ; 1♀ ( KSCJ), V.2005, Ha Giang .; LAOS: 1♂ ( NHMB), 10.V–16.VI.2009, Ban Saluei to Phou Pane Mount , Houa Phan Prov., 20°12–13.5′ N, 103°59.5′– 104°01′ E, M. Brancucci & local collector leg.; 1♂ ( KSCJ), 16.IV–15.V.2004, Phu Pan, Ban Saleui , Houa Phan Prov.; 1♂ ( KSCJ), V.2007, Mount Phu-Pan , Hua Phan Prov.; THAILAND: 2♀♀ ( KSCJ), V.1988, Chiang Mai ; 1♂ ( KSCJ), 25.V.1992, Wiangpapao , Chiang Rai ; 1♂ ( NSMT), 29.IV.1982, Mount Doi Pui , Chiang Mai , 1,400–1,500 m, T. Shimomura leg.; 1♀ ( NSMT), IV.1988, Chiang Mai .

Pattern B (elytra black, without red markings; 62♂♂, 19♀♀): CHINA: Fujian: 1♂ (QCCC), 27.VIII.2012, Dazhulan, Tongmu, Mount Wuyishan, Hai-Tian SONG leg.; Hunan: 1♂ (CCCC), 14.VII.2008, Mount Mangshan, Yizhang County, Chenzhou, Xiao-Yu ZHU leg.; Guangxi: 1♂ (QCCC), 20. VII.2015, Mount Dayaoshan, Jinxiu County, 1,100 m, Jing-Teng ZHAO leg.; 1♂ (QCCC), 5.VIII.2014, Mount Dayaoshan, Jinxiu County, 1,100 m, Jin- Teng ZHAO leg.; Guangdong: 1♂ (QCCC), 4.VIII.2008, Mount Dadongshan, Mount Nanling Natural Reserve, Jie LU leg.; Hainan: 1♀ (HBUM), 28–31.V.2011, Mount Bawangling, Cangjiang, Xiao-Qing YANG & Lin-Fei WANG leg.; 1♂ (QCCC), Mount Jianfengling, Ledong County, Zhong PENG leg., 3nd instar in rotten wood II.2015, adult emerged VI.2015; Taiwan: 2♂♂, 1♀ (QCCC), 29.VI.2009, Lijia forset road, Beinan, Taitung Hsien, Chang-Chin CHEN leg.; 2♂♂ (QCCC), 27.VI.2017, Lijia forset road, Beinan, Taitung Hsien, Wen-I CHOU leg.; 1♂ (KSCJ), 1.VI.1996, Meiyuan, Ren’ai, Nantou Hsien; 1♂ (KSCJ), 23.V.1987, Mount Nanfengshan, Kaohsiung; 1♀ (KSCJ), 24.VI.1970, Kenting Park, Pingtung Hsien, Y. Kishida leg.; 1♀ (KSCJ), 10.VIII.1989, Palin, Taoyuan Hsien; 1♀ (KSCJ), Pahsienshan, Taichung Hsien; 1♂ (NSMT), V.1951, Hori; 1♂ (NSMT), 13.V.1939, Seitozan, Nr. Hori; 1♂ (NSMT), 17.VI.1940, Kankei [=Ganxi], Nr. Hori; 1♀ (NSMT), 23.VI.1965, Yangmingshan, R. Ishikawa leg.; 1♀ (NSMT), 17.VI.1940, Ganxi, Puli; 2♀♀ (NSMT), 25.VI.1940, Ganxi, Puli; 1♀ (NSMT), 12.VII.1938, Wadashe, Taichung Hsien; 1♂, 1♀ (NSMT, Nomura coll.), 27.VI.1938, Xuanyuan, Hsinchu Hsien; 1♂ (NSMT, Nomura coll.), 21.VII.1942, Hori, K. Ohbayashi leg.; 1♂ (NSMT, Nomura coll.), 1964, Poli, H. Kawasaki leg.; 1♀ (NSMT, Nomura coll.), 20–21.VIII.1968, Penglai [Taiwan], H. Makehara leg.; 1♂, 1♀ (NSMT, Nomura coll.), 16.V.1941, Mount Sanjiaofeng; 1♀ (SEHU, Matsumura coll.), 10.VIII.2600 (Kōki) [=1940], Musha, Kamatani leg.; 1♂ (SEHU, Matsumura coll.), VI.2600 (Kōki) [=1940], Baibara; 2♂♂ (SEHU, Matsumura coll.), VI.2600 (Kōki) [=1940], Musha; 1♂, 1♀ (OMNH), 10.VIII.1935, Hokusanko, R. Tanaka leg.; 1♂ (OMNH), 19.VI.1933, Kuraru; 1♂ (OMNH), 16.V.1938, Wadashe; 1♂ (OMNH), 1.V.1938, Wadashe; 1♀ (OMNH), 17.V.1939, Wushe; 1♂ (OMNH), 12.VII.1939, Hokusanko, H. Endo leg.; 1♂ (OMNH), 10.VI.1939, Musha; 1♂ (MHNG), 1.V.1941, Musya; 1♂ (MHNG), V.1952, Puli; 1♂ (MNHN), V.[19]64, Wushe; 1♂ (MNHN), 4.V.1957, Puli; 1♂ (MNHN), V.1940, Musha; 1♂ (MNHN), V.1959, Hori / Gnorimus tibialis Chûjô, 1938 det. Y. Kurosawa; 1♂ (MNHN), 28.VI.1935, Chahon / Gnorimus tibialis Chûjô M. O. De Lisle det. 1969; VIETNAM: 1♂ (QCCC), VI.2014, Mount Tam Dao, Vhin Phu Prov., native leg.; 1♀ (KSCJ), VI.1995, Tam Dao; 1♀ (KSCJ), 30.V.1993, Tam Dao, S. Nakamura leg.; LAOS: 11♂♂ (NHMB), 10.V–16.VI.2009, Ban Saluei to Phou Pane Mount, Houa Phan Prov., 20°12–13.5′ N, 103°59.5′– 104°01′ E, M. Brancucci & local collector leg.; 1♂ (QCCC), VI.2011, Mount Phu Pane, Houa Phan Prov., native leg.; 3♂♂ (QCCC), V.2014, Mount Phu Pane, Houa Phan Prov., native leg.; 1♂ (QCCC), IX– X.2017, Feuang, near Nang Ha, Vientiane Prov., native leg.; 6♂♂, 1♀ (KSCJ), 16.IV– 15.V.2004, Phu-Pan, Ban Saleui, Houa Phan Prov.; 3♂♂ (KSCJ), V.2007, Mount Phu-Pan, Hua Phan Prov.; 1♂ (KSCJ), IV.2007, Xam Nua, Hua Phan Prov.

Pattern C (elytra black and green, with red markings; 29♂♂, 23♀♀): CHINA: Fujian : 1♀ ( BMNH), 1927, San Chiang, Foochow [=Fuzhou], C. H. Hope ; 18♂♂, 3♀♀ ( MHNG), VII–VIII.[19]46, Kuatun, Tschung-Sen leg. ; 1♀ ( MNHN), 15.VIII.1938, Kuatun (2,300 m) 27 , 40n. Br. 117. 40ö. L. J. Klapperich ; 1♀ ( MNHN), 21.VIII.1938, Kuatun (2,300 m) 27 , 40n. Br. 117. 40ö. L. J. Klapperich ; 6♂♂, 2♀♀ ( QCCC), 26.VIII.2012, San’gang, Tongmu, Mount Wuyishan , Hai-Tian SONG leg .; 1♂ ( QCCC), 1–10.IX.2009, Guadun, Mount Wuyishan , 1,200 m, Hao HUANG leg .; Jiangxi: 2♂♂ ( HLSC), Mount Huanggangshan to Tongmuguan, Shangrao , 1,160–2,158 m, Da- Kang ZHOU leg .; 1♂ ( SDEI), 2.X. [19]46, Kuatun [=Guadun, in Mount Wuyishan], Tschung-Sen leg. ; Zhejiang: 1♂ ( ZJUH), 20.VIII.1982, Longquan, Lishui ; Guangxi: 1♀ ( QCCC), 3–7.VII.2014, Heping, Tongmu , Jinxiu County, Yuan-Yong HUANG leg . 2♀♀ ( QCCC), 15–20.VII.2014, Heping, Tongmu , Jinxiu County, Yuan-Yong HUANG leg .; 4♀♀ ( QCCC), 3–4. VII.2015, Mount Dayaoshan , Jinxiu County, 1,200 m, Jin-Teng ZHAO leg .; 3♀♀ ( QCCC), 29.VII–3.VIII.2015, Mount Dayaoshan , Jinxiu County, 1,100–1,300 m, Jin-Teng ZHAO leg .; 1♀, ( QCCC), 17. VII.2015, Yinshan Park , Jinxiu County, 1,100 m, Lu QIU leg .; 1♀ ( QCCC), 6.VIII.2015, Yangmeiao , Hechi, Ling-Xiao CHANG leg .; 2♀♀ ( QCCC), 15.VIII.2012, Mount Damingshan , Wuming County, 1,200 m, Yan- Quan LU leg. ; LAOS: 1♀ ( NHMB), 10.V–16.VI.2009, Ban Saluei to Phou Pane Mount, Houa Phan Prov. , 20°12– 13.5′ N, 103°59.5′– 104°01′ E, M. Brancucci & local collector leg .

Pattern D (elytra black and green, without markings; 1♂, 6♀♀): CHINA: Fujian : 1♀ ( MHNG), VII– VIII.[19]46, Kuatun, Tschung-Sen leg. ; 1♂ ( MHNG), VII–VIII.[19]46, Kuatun, Tschung-Sen leg.; Gaungxi : 1♀ ( QCCC), 20–25.VII.2014, Mount Dayaoshan, Jinxiu County, 1100 m, Jin-Teng ZHAO leg .; VIETNAM: 1♀ ( BMNH, Bourgoin coll.), Chapa, Tonkin, 5.VI.1918 ; 1♀ ( QCCC), VI.2014, Ha Giang, native leg .; LAOS: 1♀ ( NHMB), 10.V–16.VI.2009, Ban Saluei to Phou Pane Mount, Houa Phan Prov. , 20°12–13.5′ N, 103°59.5′– 104°01′ E, M. Brancucci & local collector leg .; 1♀ ( KSCJ), 16.IV–15.V.2004, Phu-Pan, Ban Saleui, Houa Phan Prov .

Pattern E (elytra green, with red markings; 3♂♂, 29♀♀): CHINA: Zhejiang : 1♀ ( QCCC), Mount Baishanzu , Qingyuan County, 1,000 m, Yang HE leg. ; Fujian: 2♀♀ ( HLSC), Tongmuguan to San’gang, Mount Wuyishan , 740– 1,160 m, Da-Kang ZHOU leg .; 12♀♀ ( MHNG), VII–VIII.[19]46, Kuatun, Tschung-Sen leg. ; 1♀ ( MNHN), 22.VIII.1938, Kuatun (2,300 m) 27 , 40n. Br. 117. 40ö. L. J. Klapperich ; 1♀ ( QCCC), 25.VIII.2012, Taoyuanyu, Mount Wuyishan , Hai-Tian SONG leg .; 1♂, 4♀♀ ( QCCC), 26.VIII.2012, San’gang, Tongmu, Mount Wuyishan , Hai-Tian SONG leg .; 1♂, 1♀ ( QCCC), 27.VIII.2012, Dazhulan, Mount Wuyishan , Hai-Tian SONG leg .; 1♂ ( QCCC), VII.2014, Mount Jinjishan, Youxi , Sanming, Liang GUO leg .; 1♀ ( QCCC), Tongmu, Mount Wuyishan , Yang HE leg. ; Guangdong: 1♀ ( QCCC), 4.VIII.2008, Mount Dadongshan, Mount Nanling Natural Reserve , Jie LU leg. ; Guangxi: 1♀ ( QCCC), 29.VII–3.VIII.2015, Mount Dayaoshan , Jinxiu County, 1,100–1,300 m, Jin-Teng ZHAO leg .; 1♀ ( QCCC), 20–25.VII.2014, Mount Dayaoshan , Jinxiu County, 1,100 m, Jin-Teng ZHAO leg .; 1♀ ( QCCC), 3–7.VII.2014, Heping, Tongmu , Jinxiu County, Yuan-Yong HUANG leg .; 1♀ ( QCCC), VII.2013, Mount Damingshan , Wuming County, 1,200 m, Yan-Quan LU leg. Guizhou: 1♀ ( QCCC), Queniao, Fangxiang , Leishan County, 1,170 m, Ming-Zhi ZHAO leg .

Pattern F (elytra green, without markings; 1♂, 5♀♀): CHINA: Fujian : 1♀ ( QCCC), 27.VIII.2012 , Dazhulan, Tongmu, Mount Wuyishan , Hai-Tian SONG leg .; Zhejiang: 1♀ ( QCCC), 27.VII.2007 , Mount Fengyangshan , Longquan, Lishui, Hao-Wen JIANG ; 1♀ ( QCCC), 11.VII.2017 , Yujikeng, Jingning County, Wolfe CHEN ; Sichuan: 1♀ ( BMNH), 22.VI.1957 , Qingyin’ge, Mount Emeishan , 800– 1,000 m, Ke-Ren HUANG leg .; Chongqing: 1♂ ( QCCC), 7. VII.2015 , Mount Simianshan Nature Reserve , Jiangjin, Si-Yao HUANG leg .; Guangxi: 1♀ ( QCCC), 3–7.VII.2014 , Heping, Tongmu, Jinxiu County, Yuan-Yong HUANG leg .

Pattern G (elytra almost entirely red; 2♂♂, 1♀): Taiwan: 1♂ ( KSCJ), 1.VI.1996, Meiyuan, Ren’ai, Nantou Hsien ; 1♀ ( NSMT, Nomura coll.), 24.V.1941 , Mount Sanjiaofeng ; 1♂ ( OMNH), 1.VI.1941, Horisha [Puli of Nantou] .

Redescription. Length 15.6–24.5 mm, width 7.5–10.5 mm; Body convex, black and dark green, with white or yellow maculae in dorsal and ventral sides; dorsal surface mat, densely punctured. Clypeus with green to wine-red

metallic reflections ( Figs. 1, 3 , 29 , 31); flat, narrowed anteriorly; anterior margin deeply bisinuate, not raised. Antennal club short, not longer than segments 2–7 combined. Pronotum with 2 white tomentous spots on both sides of disc ( Figs. 5, 6 , 15–18 ), sometimes absent ( Figs. 3, 4 ); 3 white tomentous markings along lateral margin ( Figs. 3–6 ); widest of pronotum near basolateral angle; posterior margin of pronotum slightly arcuate. Scutellum green, subtriangular. Elytron dark green to black, disc with or without red markings; with 13 to 15 several small, white, tomentous maculae ( Figs. 3–6 , 9–14 ); widest near the middle; sutural costa and discomedian costa distinct; surface with densely set punctures except for costae. Mesometasternal process distinct, long. Mesepimeron and metepisternum clad with white tomentum ( Figs. 2 , 10, 13 , 22 ). Pygidium convex, clad with white or yellow tomentum except for median portion; tomentous area larger in male ( Figs. 1, 3, 7 ); clad with more setae in female. Ventral surface and legs with green to wine-red metallic reflections; clad with yellow setae ( Figs. 2 , 10, 13 , 22 ). Postprosternum, metasternum, abdomen, metatrochanters, and metafemora with white markings. Protibia bidentate, with a developed spur; mesotbia with two distal spurs; male mesotibia strongly curved inward, expand distally, without external protrusion ( Figs. 1 , 9, 11 ); female mesotibia slightly curved, with a distinct external protrusion ( Figs. 5, 8 , 12 ). Metatibia with a distinct external protrusion, and two distal spurs; male metatibia inflexed, inner side with a cluster of long, yellow setae in medial ( Figs. 1 , 9, 11 ); straight in female. Segment 1 of male mesotarsus distinctly elongated, with dense, setae ( Figs. 1 , 9, 11 ). Parameres slightly broaden near distal portion in apical view; sides nearly parallel; outer margin sharply protrude outward in apex (Figs. 37–43).

Variability. Body size of the specimens from southern China and northern Vietnam (length usually 19.6–23.0 mm, Figs. 1–6 ) are distinctly larger than that from Thailand (length usually 15.6–16.0 mm, Figs. 7, 8 , 49). The white tomentous markings along the lateral margin of pronotum connected in some individuals ( Figs. 7, 8 , 12 ), and some small white spots on the elytra are occasionally absent ( Figs. 9 , 30 ). The parameres slightly vary in shape ( Figs. 35 –41). Pronotum color of the specimens from the Asian continent changes from green to yellowish green ( Figs. 1, 3–6 , 14, 15 ), but that of Taiwanese specimens is green ( Figs. 9, 11, 12 ). Legs of the specimens from the Asian continent with green to wine-red metallic reflections ( Figs. 1–3, 7, 8 ), while legs of Taiwanese specimens usually have green metallic reflections ( Figs. 10, 13 ).

The color of elytra is highly variable: black elytra (pattern B) specimens can be found in most of the locations; individuals with red elytra (pattern G) only occur in Taiwan Island ( Fig. 52 ); individuals having elytra green or partially green (patterns C, D, E, F) usually occur in the mountain ranges in southern China and northern Vietnam ( Figs 52 , 55), and more females are green (Fig. 56). Especially, A. pictus is extremely rare in western China ( Figs. 27, 28 ), and only two specimens were collected from this region around the Sichuan Basin; both have whole green elytra (Figs. 31, 32).

All individuals from Taiwan Island lack red marking on elytra except very few individuals with red elytra (93.5%, Fig. 51), and most of Laotian specimens also lack red marking (88%, Fig. 54), while that of individuals from the mountain ranges in southern China and northern Vietnam (3% + 5%, Fig. 55) are few.

Distribution. China: Chongqing (new record), Fujian, Guangdong (new record), Guangxi (new record), Guizhou (new record), Hainan Island, Hunnan, Jiangxi (new record), Sichuan (new record), Taiwan Island, Yunnan, Zhejiang (new record); Vietnam; northern Laos (new record); northern Thailand.

Natural history. A mature larva was found in a stand rotten wood in Mount Jianfengling in Hainan Island in February 2015 (Zhong Peng, personal communication, Fig. 57 ), and the adult emerged in June 2015. According to the label data, adults usually occur in southern China from middle July and later August, and in Taiwan Island from later June to early August, but in Laos and Thailand they come out as early as later April. Adults have been observed on the flowers of Hydrangea sp. in Mount Wuyishan in Fujian ( Figs. 58, 59 ) and Mount Dayaoshan in Guangxi, China (Hai-Tian Song & Lu Qiu, personal observation).

Remarks. The record of Gnorimus pictus from northern Thailand by Miyake (1989) represented the first record of the genus Agnorimus for Thailand. With the establishment of the genus Agnorimus by Miyake & Iwase (1991), the Thai specimens were treated as a new species, viz. A. hayashii . Differential diagnosis for A. hayashii with other known species was not given in the original publication, while Miyake & Iwase (1991) listed several distinguishing characters for it in the key: the elytra black but green between discomedian costa and sutural costa, mesometasternal process not widened anteriorly, and pygidium with a small depression before apex. These differences actually are given based on a comparison with only a single male of the variable species A. pictus ( Miyake & Iwase 1991) . Only one individual of all we examined types of A. hayashii has indistinct green hue on elytra (pattern C), while the other two type specimens and five additional specimens from northern Thailand are black with red markings (pattern A, Fig. 8 ). Both of the mentioned patterns are common in A. pictus ( Figs. 52 , 55). The depression on the pygidium is too indistinct and also can be found in some Chinese specimens. Moreover, the shape of the mesometasternal process and the parameres more or less vary (Figs. 37–43) in the examined specimens from southern China, northern Vietnam, and Laos. These facts reveal that no justification for keeping these Thai specimens as separate species or subspecies ( Tauzin 2000, 2004). Thereby we synonymize A. hayashii with A. pictus .

All Agnorimus specimens lack tomentum in the median portion of the pygidium. The holotype of A. pictus var. yunnanus , however, probably is an extreme which pygidium fully covered by yellow tomentum (Figs. 46, 47). This individual is the only known specimen of this genus from Yunnan, but it seems not to be mislabeled because several other specimens were collected from Chapa and Ha Giang in northern Vietnam where close to the border of Yunnan ( Fig. 52 ). As Krajčík (2011) claimed, specimens without red markings on elytra (pattern B) can be repeatedly found in the distribution area of A. pictus , namely, ranging from Fujian, China in the north and Vientiane, Laos in the south ( Fig. 52 ). Consequently, A. pictus yunnanus is definitely conspecific to A. pictus .

FIGURES 24, 25. The pattern D of elytral coloration (elytra black and green, without red markings) of Agnorimus pictus ( Moser, 1902) from different localities.

FIGURES 26. The pattern G of elytral coloration (elytra almost entirely red) of Agnorimus pictus ( Moser, 1902) from different localities.

Similarly, the pattern B cannot be used for distinguishing A. tibialis from A. pictus and A. pictus yunnanus . Although this pattern is proved as its stable character based on our examination of Taiwanese specimens. The other diagnostic character for A. tibialis was stated as the number of white maculae on elytron ( Chûjô 1938). According to the habitus figure in the original publication, Chûjô (1938) is believed to account the small white maculae which actually sometimes are indistinct, even disappeared. So, the external features of A. tibialis are also in the range of intraspecific variations of A. pictus , and the independence of A. tibialis is problematic. Agnorimus tibialis have been synonymized with A. pictus yunnanus and placed in subspecies rank ( Tauzin 2000). This treatment cannot be accepted because it is simply from a typological taxonomic standpoint and resulting in two subspecies sympatrically distributed in the Asian continent. Allopatric and diagnosable characters are essential for most modern subspecies definitions even though the concept of subspecies remains controversial ( Vinarski 2015). The examined specimens exhibit extensive coloration variations of A. pictus particularly with the elytra pattern; and the patterns in some geographical populations are likely uniform, such as in western China individuals having green elytra (Pattern F, green shadow area in Fig. 52 ), while specimens from Hainan Island with black elytra (Pattern B, orange shadow area in Fig. 52 ), and the elytra of Taiwanese specimens are either black or red (Patterns B and G, yellow shadow area in Fig. 52 ). It is, however, improper to name each population which merely bears different patterns. Agnorimus adults usually occurs in the forest at the elevation above 1,000 m, and the populations inhabit in discontinuous mountain ranges are geographically isolated by straits, long distances, and low altitude regions as well. These geographical barriers may block gene flow between individuals, which may be one of the reasons why this species has extensive variations. Furthermore, A. tibialis as a synonym of A. pictus was already accepted in some well-known works ( Smetana 2006; Krikken 2009; Bezděk 2016). To resurrect its subspecies status in the absence of convincing evidence such as combining morphological and molecular data may only cause unnecessary confusion. Consequently, the synonymy of A. tibialis and A. pictus is maintained in the present work.

FIGURES 31–34. The pattern F of elytral coloration (elytra green, without red markings) of Agnorimus pictus ( Moser, 1902) from different localities.

FIGURES 37–43. Variations of parameres of Agnorimus pictus ( Moser, 1902) .

FIGURES 44–51. Type specimens of Agnorimus spp. and associated labels. 44, 45, Male syntype of Gnorimus pictus Moser, 1902 ; 46–49, Male holotype of Gnorimus pictus var. yunnanus Moser, 1908 ; 49–51, Male holotype of Agnorimus hayashii Miyake & Iwase, 1991 .

Additionally, a female Agnorimus from Lam Dong in southern Vietnam with black pronotum that expressed the variation disagree with all individuals from more northern localities ( Figs. 35, 36 ). Its identity was not finally verified because no more specimens are available at present. A close distributional record of Agnorimus from Cambodia was presented by Zhang et al. (2014). This report probably based on the material originating from Chinese insect dealer Jing-Ke Li, and neither the identity nor the reliability of the locality information is certain.

FIGURE 53. Ratio of different elytral patterns of the individuals in Taiwan.

FIGURE 54. Ratio of presence of the red marking of the individuals in N. Laos.

FIGURE 55. Ratio of different elytral patterns of the individuals in S. China and N. Vietnam.

FIGURE 56. Sex ratio of each elytral pattern of the individuals in S. China and N. Vietnam.

Figures

FIGURE 52. Known distribution of Agnorimus pictus and its geographic variations. Question marks indicate records of uncertain specimens.

FIGURES 1–8. The pattern A of elytral coloration (elytra black, with red markings) of Agnorimus pictus (Moser, 1902) from different localities.

FIGURES 9–19. The pattern B of elytral coloration (elytra black, without red markings) of Agnorimus pictus (Moser, 1902) from different localities.

FIGURES 20–23. The pattern C of elytral coloration (elytra black and green, with red markings) of Agnorimus pictus (Moser, 1902) from different localities.

FIGURES 27–30. The pattern E of elytral coloration (elytra green, with red markings) of Agnorimus pictus (Moser, 1902) from different localities.

FIGURES 35–36. Habitus of Agnorimus sp. from S. Vietnam (female).

FIGURES 57–59. Habitat of larvae and adults of Agnorimus pictus (Moser, 1902). 57, Larvae found in a stand rotten wood (Mount Jianfengling, Hainan Island, photograph by Zhong Peng); 58, 59, Adults on flowers of Hydrangea sp. (Mount Wuyishan, Fujian, photograph by Hai-Tian Song).