Philodoria splendida Walsingham, 1907

Kobayashi, Shigeki, Johns, Chris A. & Kawahara, Akito Y., 2021, Revision of the Hawaiian endemic leaf-mining moth genus Philodoria Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): its conservation status, host plants and descriptions of thirteen new species, Zootaxa 4944 (1), pp. 1-175 : 39-42

Philodoria splendida Walsingham, 1907

Figs. 9A, B , 26D, E , 41J, K , 42I, J , 43I, J , 56K , 64G–I , 66C, D , 73B, C , 82 .

Philodoria splendida Walsingham, 1907: 719–720 , pl. 25, fig. 23; Swezey 1913b: 223; Zimmerman 1978a: 718, figs. 466, 471, 477, 481.

Type locality. Lanai, 2000ft.

Type material. Lectotype ♂, Lanai, 3000ft, ii.1894, Perkins 26452 |♂ genitalia on slide 101, Oct.17.1940| Philodoria splendida ♂ Wlsm PARATYPE 2/9| Fauna Hawaiiensis Collection| No. 34284 Hawaiian Coll. BISHOP Museum in BPBM (here designated). Paralectotype 2 (1♂, 1 sex unknown). 1 (sex unknown), Lanai, 2000ft, vii.1894, Perkins 26493 | Philodoria splendida Wlsm PARATYPE 3/9| in BPBM; 1♂, Kauai Mts., 3000–4000ft, vi.1894, Perkins 27188, | Philodoria splendida ♂ Wlsm PARATYPE 9/9| in BPBM. Described from ten specimens: ‘type ♂ (26430) and nine ‘paratypes’ from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai and Lanai. Given the manner in which the descriptions were written, Walsingham likely considered them as the holotype and paratypes, as indicated on their specimen labels. However, because a holotype was not specified in the description, the so-labeled types and paratypes are to be considered syntypes under Article 73.2 of the Code ( ICZN 1999), and any one of them is thus eligible for designation as lectotype under Article 74 of the Code ( ICZN 1999). We could not find ‘type ♂ (26430)’ from 2000 ft., Lanai, xii.1894 and six syntypes: 1 (sex unknown), Halemanu, 4000 ft, Kauai, v.1895; 1 (sex unknown), Waianae Mts., 2000 ft., iv.1892, beaten from “Lefua” ( Metrosideros polymorpha ?); 1 (sex unknown), Mts., near Honolulu, 2000 ft., 25.x.1892; 1 (sex unknown), Kalae, 1500 ft., v.1893; 1 (sex unknown), Mts., about 4000 ft., 9.vi.1893; 1 (sex unknown), 3000 ft., Lanai, ii.1894. Zimmerman (1978a: 701, fig. 466) provided the last photograph for the ‘holotype’ (=type ♂ (26430)) in the NHMUK. The current curator of NHMUK, D.C. Lees informed us that the ‘holotype’ of P. splendida is not stored in the designated location of the NHMUK. We selected a lectotype from three syntypes ( Fig. 9A ), and the remaining syntypes are paralectotypes.

Additional material. 28 (14 ♂, 11 ♀, 3 sex unknown). Kauai: 1♂, Kauai Na Pali, Kona Forest Reserve, Alakai Swamp trail, 3800’, 29ix.1973, K. & E. Sattler, B.M.1973-498, Philodoria sp. 12 (Kauai) Sattler Coll., color slide 140, D. C. Lees Sep. 2016, BMNH(E)1621068. Oahu: 1♂, Waianae, 5.i.1913, ex Metrosideros polymorpha, SK 697♂, BPBM 34316; 1♂, Waianae, 5.i.1913, ex Ohia (= M. polymorpha ) in USNM;1♂, 1♀, Lauiluli, 25.x.1914, “Ohia Lehua” (= M. polymorpha ), BPBM 34312; 3♂, 1♀, Malamalama, 8.x.1916, “Ohia Lehua”, 34293–34295, ♂ ♀ slide aB Aug26 1941 in USNM; 1♀, Konahuanui, 2300ft, 9.v.1943, Resting on Cladium, EC Zimmerman Collector, BPBM 34319; 1♀, Kalihi, Coll. O.H.S, “Ohia Lehua”, BPBM 34311; 1 (sex unknown), Olympus, Coll. O.H.S, no. “35” in USNM.1♂, Waialae, Nui, 16.ii.1919, Z-XII-19-62-20♂ in BPBM. 1 (sex unknown), Kaala Road, 23.iv.2013 (stored), C.A. Johns leg., Adult on Melicope clusiifolia , 21.iv.2013, CJ049, KT 982402 in BPBM; 1♂, 2♀, Kanahuanui, 30.i.& 4.ii.2014 (stored), C.A. Johns leg., host: M. polymorpha , 3.i.2014, CJ246ab, CJ247, SK780♂, 781♀, 773♀ in BPBM. In NHMUK: 1♂, Oahu 4000’, Waianae Range, Ma Kaala, 4.ix.1976, K. & E. Sattler, B.M.1976-605, Philodoria sp. 10D (Lanai, Mauai, Oahu) splendida ? Sattler Coll., D.C. Lees, Sep. 2016, BMNH(E)1621292; 1♀, Oahu 2200’, Waianae Range, above Makua Valley, 11.ix.1976, K. & E. Sattler, B.M.1976- 605, Philodoria sp. 10C cf lysimachiella (Oahu) Sattler Coll., D. C. Lees. Sep. 2016 , BMNH(E)1621295. Lanai: 1♂, 2750’, Munro Trail, 2.x.1976, Philodoria sp. 10D (Lanai, Mauai, Oahu) splendida? Sattler Coll., D. C. Lees Sep. 2016, BMNH(E) 1621678 in NHMUK; Maui: 1♂, Haelaau, 17.xii.1928, O.H. Swezey, 34289 in BPBM; 1♂, 1♀, 1 (sex unknown), Flemming Arboretum Trail, [3.v.2013 (stored), C.A. Johns leg., host: M. polymorpha , 12.iv.]2013, SK 621♀, SK696♂, CJ105 (sex unknown) / KT 982410 in BPBM. 1♀, W. Mauai, 3000’, W. Maui Forest Res., Kaulalewelewe (Puu Kukui Trail), 26.viii.1976, K. & E. Sattler, B.M.1976-605, Philodoria sp. 10D (Lanai, Mauai, Oahu) splendida? Sattler Coll., D. C. Lees Sep. 2016, BMNH(E) 1621208 in NHMUK; Syzygium sp., C.A. Johns leg., in BPBM: 2♀, Limahuli, Kauai, 21.vii.2015 (stored), 20.vi.2015, CJ488ab, SK 748♀, SK 752♀; 1♂, Waiaai Trail, Oahu, 30.vii.2014 (stored in RNAlater solution), 5.vii.2014, CJ312, SK747♂ (only abdomen).

Diagnosis. This species and P. lama sp. n. have a brownish ocherous basal oblique fascia on forewing ( Figs. 9A, B , 73B, C ). Genital features very similar to those of P. basalis and P. lama , but distinguished by a rather slender dorsal process of valva in male. Kauai specimens (CJ488, male unknown) on Syzygium sp. have similar forewing pattern ( Fig. 26D, E ) and female genitalia, but the Oahu specimen (CJ312, thorax sacrificed for molecular analysis) have thickened dorsal process with slightly curved dorsal side ( Fig. 41K ) and slender saccus ( Fig. 42J ).

Redescription: Adult ( Figs. 9A, B , 26D, E , 73B, C ). Wingspan 8–9 mm in type series; forewing length 4 mm in holotype, 3.9 mm in paratype. Head dark brown; frons white; maxillary palpus reduced; labial palpus white, externally fuscous at apical portion. Antenna grayish fuscous. Thorax leaden gray. Forewing shining, pale leaden gray with dark brownish ocherous patches enclosing gray fascia: bp from near base of costal fold to dorsal 1/4; tf from costal 1/3 to dorsal 1/2, tp after the middle to apical portion, distinctly narrowing in the dorsum, containing two short, shining, steel gray costal spot; apical portion with large jet-black terminal patch from tornus to apex, containing two upright steel-gray streaks near its opposite extremities; a single bright silvery dot in its middle; a very narrow ocherous line along the base of tornus; cilia shiny, leaden gray with a black fringe line; two white costal lines, long one extend apex; terminal cilia often black. Hindwing coppery brown; cilia tawny. Abdomen tawny brown, silver below. Legs grayish fuscous, with white spots on tarsal joints and at distal end of tibiae; spurs white.

Male genitalia ( Figs. 41J, K , 42I, J , 43I, J , 64G, I ) (n=3). Capsule 830 µm. Tegumen same length as valva and rather wide; valva 490 µm long, similar to P. basalis except dorsal process rather slender ( Fig. 41J ). Saccus broad and straight ( Fig. 42I ). Phallus 660 µm long, sinuous in lateral view; cornuti large and well developed apically ( Fig. 43I ).

Female genitalia ( Fig. 56K ) (n=4). 1400 µm long. Lamella antevaginalis 200 µm in length. Corpus bursae 800 µm long. Similar in the appearance to P. basalis .

Distribution. Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai ( Walsingham 1907), and Hawaii (Big Island) ( Zimmerman 1978a).

Host plants. Myrtaceae : Metrosideros polymorpha Gaudich. ( Walsingham, 1907) , Syzygium sp.: new record.

Biology. ( Figs. 66C, D , 82 ). Swezey (1913b: 223) reported the “taco” like cocoon and mature larval habit, which are similar to that of P. basalis . The biology is poorly studied, but it is presumably similar to that of P. basalis . In general, larvae form slender linear mine on the adaxial leaf surface ( Fig. 82E ), which gradually expands as lavae feed and grow ( Fig. 82A ). One or two mines per leaf. We often observed the fallen mined leaves under the host plant ( Fig. 66C, D ) with late instar larvae in the mine and/or pupae in a taco cocoon on or near the leaf.

Parasitoids. ( Fig. 101G, H ). Bethylidae : Sierola philodoriae Fullaway, 1920 ; Eulophidae : Pauahiana metallica Yoshimoto, 1965 ( Zimmerman 1978a) .

Remarks. We identified two adult moths (Coll ID CJ-049 / GenBank accession no. ID KT982402 and CJ-105 / KT982410 ) as P. splendida , based on the presence of a brown basal oblique fascia on forewing and host plant, from which whole bodies were sacrificed for molecular analysis ( Johns et al. 2016).

Figures

FIGURE 9. Adults of Philodoria species. A P. splendida Walsingham, 1907 lectotype male, B Female, Oahu, C P. lama sp. n. holotype male, D P. napaliensis sp. n. holotype (sex unknown). Scale bar 1 mm.

FIGURE 26. Forewing pattern variation in Philodoria. Specimens from recent collection efforts that were preserved in ethanol or RNA stabilization reagent, originally for molecular studies. Wings were placed without mountant under a coverslip. A P. succedanea (sex unknown, CJ419), B P. auromagnifica, male (CJ148/SK689), C P. basalis, female (CJ410), D P. splendida, female (CJ488a), host: Syzygium sp., E P. splendida (sex unknown, CJ488b), host: Syzygium sp., F P. molokaiensis, male (CJ509b/ SK667), G P. sp. A nr. P. lysimachiella, female (CJ346a/SK753), H P. lysimachiella, female (CJ530), lateral view, I P. pipturiella, female (CJ529), J Same species, male (CJ529), K P. haelaauensis, female (CJ209), L Same species, female (CJ216), M P. floscula, female (CJ426/SK845), N P. wilkesiella, male (CJ009/SK649), O P. epibathra, male (CJ506a/SK678), P Same species, female (CJ506b/SK681). Arrows point to diagnostic characters of species: black patch at base (A), basal fascia (D), transverse fasciae (tf) (F, G), white spot (ws) (I, J), white patch (K–M). Scale bar 1 mm.

FIGURE 41. Male valva of Philodoria, inner view. A–F, H–J, L, M: Left valva, G, K, N: Right valva. A P. succedanea, Maui, SK641, B P. auromagnifica, Hawaii (Big Island), SK800, C P. auromagnifica, Kauai, SK689, D P. kolea, holotype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK851, E P. lysimachiella, Oahu, SK656, F, G P. sp. 7, Kauai, SK754, H P. molokaiensis, Molokai, SK666, I P. basalis, Hawaii (Big Island), SK614, J P. splendida, Maui, SK696, K Same species, Oahu, SK747, host Syzygium sp., L P. lama, holotype, Maui SK744, M P. napaliensis, paratype, Kauai, SK767, N Same as L, paratype, Kauai, SK745.

FIGURE 42. Genital capsule of Philodoria, excluding right portion of male genitalia, ventral view. A P. succedanea, Maui, SK641, B P. auromagnifica, Hawaii (Big Island), SK800, C P. auromagnifica, Kauai, SK689, D P. kolea, holotype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK851, E P. lysimachiella, Oahu, SK656, F P. sp. 7, Kauai, SK754, G P. molokaiensis, Molokai, SK666, H P. basalis, Hawaii (Big Island), SK614, I P. splendida, Maui, SK696, J Same species, Oahu, SK747, host Syzygium sp., K P. lama, holotype, Maui, SK744, L P. napaliensis, paratype, Kauai, SK745. Abbreviation: ta: tuba analis.

FIGURE 43. Phallus of Philodoria, lateral view. A P. succedanea, Maui, SK641, B P. auromagnifica, Hawaii (Big Island), SK800, C P. auromagnifica, Kauai, SK689, D P. kolea, holotype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK851, E P. lysimachiella, Oahu, SK656, F P. sp. 7, Kauai, SK755, G P. molokaiensis, Molokai, SK666, H P. basalis, Hawaii (Big Island), SK614, I P. splendida, Maui, SK696, J Same species, Oahu, SK747, host Syzygium sp., K P. lama, holotype, Maui, SK744, L P. napaliensis, paratype, Kauai, SK767.

FIGURE 56. Female genitalia of Philodoria. A P. succedanea, paralectotype, Maui, SK714, B Same species, Hawaii (Big Island), SK624, C P. auromagnifica, Hawaii (Big Island), SK623, D P. kauaulaensis, holotype, SK690, E Same species, lateral view, F P. kolea, paratype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK634, G P. lysimachiella, SK654, H P. sp. A, SK753, I P. molokaiensis, SK668, lateral view, J Same ventral view, K P. splendida, SK621, L P. lama, paratype, SK813.

FIGURE 64. BPBM genitalia slides prepared by E. C. Zimmerman. A–D: P. haelaauensis, paratype male, Maui, Z-XII-19-62- 23, E, F: P. pipturiella paratype female, Oahu, Z-XII-1962-22, G–I: P. splendida, male, Oahu, Z-XII-19-62-20. A Vinculum and valvae, tegumen broken, B, H Phallus, C Tegumen? D, I Abdominal segments, E Genitalia opened from left lateral side, F Abdominal segments II–VI, G Genitalia excluding phallus, ventral view.

FIGURE 66. Habitats and host plants of Philodoria on Kauai. A–D: Upper Limahuli, E, F: Waimea Canyon. A Mountains of Limahuli, B Habitat with senior (last) author collecting specimens, C Same location as B, leaves with mines, D Metrosideros polymorpha leaves with mine on the ground with active larva, E Hibiscus waimeae subsp. hannerae flowers and leaf mines, F Leaf mine on same host plant as E. Arrows point to mines or larvae.

FIGURE 73. Resting posture of adult Philodoria and Caloptilia. A P. molokaiensis, Molokai, CJ229, host: Lysimachia hillebrandii, B P. splendida, Oahu, CJ319, host: Metrosideros polymorpha, C Same species, Oahu, D Caloptilia mabaella, Lanai, CJ333, host: Diospyros sandwicensis, E P. lama, Maui, CJ190, F Same species, Maui, CJ194.

FIGURE 82. Philodoria splendida and its host plants. A, D, E: Metrosideros polymorpha, B, C, F: Syzigium sandwicensis. A: Maui, B–F: Oahu. A, B Leaf mine, C Cocoon and old mine, D, E Host plant with leaf mines, F Mine of late instar larva.

FIGURE 101. Parasitoid wasps (Chalcidoidea) that emerged from Philodoria basalis or P. splendida. A–F: from P. basalis or P. splendida on Metrosideros polymorpha. A, B CJ123-1, Maui, C, D CJ123-2, E, F CJ417, Hawaii (Big Island), G, H CJ515 from P. splendida on Syzygium sp., Kauai.