Philodoria, Walsingham, 1907Philodoria, Walsingham, 1907

Kobayashi, Shigeki, Johns, Chris A. & Kawahara, Akito Y., 2021, Revision of the Hawaiian endemic leaf-mining moth genus Philodoria Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): its conservation status, host plants and descriptions of thirteen new species, Zootaxa 4944 (1), pp. 1-175 : 16-18

publication ID	https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4944.1.1
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:380D2F75-D4F9-4974-97E2-25E0C62CB3B0
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038087CB-FFE1-071F-FF75-91E7FC8AA04C
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Philodoria Philodoria
status

Treatment

Key to Hawaiian leaf mining moths including Philodoria

1. Tentiform mine.................................................................................................... Cremastobombycia lantanella Busck ¶ ( Gracillariidae , Lithocolletinae ), all Hawaii islands, host: Lantana spp.

- Short, tortuous linear, spiral mine, about ~ 30 mm length...................................................... 2

- Long (tortuous) linear or blotch mine..................................................................... 3

2. Mature larva (3rd~ instar) is external feeding, nibbling the leaf tissue and skeletonizing it.. Bucculatrix thurberiella Busck ¶ ( Bucculatricidae ), Oahu, host: Gossypium tomentosum (endemic Hawaiian cotton).

- Mature larva is leaf-mining, and mines leaf tissue forming several blotch mine............................................ Bedellia Stainton ( Bedelliidae ), all Hawaiian Islands, host: Convolvulaceae , Liliaceae , Poaceae , Urticaceae . Hawaiian Bedellia include many unnamed species ¶.

3. First instar larva is sap-feeding, forming whitish linear mine................................................... 4

- Larva tissue-feeding, forming linear or serpentine to blotch mines; cocoon usually situated outside of mine......................................................................... Philodoria Walsingham ( Gracillariidae , Ornixolinae )

4. Cocoon situated outside of mine, usually on surface of leaf.................................................... 5

- Cocoon situated within end of mine, larvae mining leaves of Rutaceae ( Citrus spp.)................................................................................... Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton ( Gracillariidae , Phyllocnistinae )

5. Late instar larva tissue feeding, cones created by rolling leaf.................................... Caloptilia H̹bner ¶

- On Diospyros hillebrandii and D. sandwicensis ( Ebenaceae ), Oahu.................... C. mabaella (Swezey) ( Fig. 73D View FIGURE 73 )

- On Myrica faya ( Myricaceae ), Hawaii (Big Island)............... Caloptilia sp. nr. schinella † (= coruscans (Walsingham))

- Late instar larva tissue feeder in blotch mine elongated along the leaf edge; the leaf edge at the blotch is narrowly folded down; on Terminalia catappa ( Combretaceae ), Oahu.................................................... Ketapangia sp.

* This key, where only mines and/or cocoons have been examined, but not larvae or adults, can serve only as a partial aid to determination.

¶ Zimmerman (1978a); † Markin (2002); Perreira and Yee (2016) §.

Key to adults

(Adults of Philodoria sp. 2 and P. sp. 3 are unknown and are thus excluded from this key.)

- Forewing shiny, metallic bronze with ocherous to orange patches ( Fig. 3A View FIGURE 3 )....................................... A

- Forewing brown to fuscous with orange patches and a white spot near middle of wing ( Fig. 3B View FIGURE 3 )....................... B

- Forewing brown with one to three costal white streaks and two to three dorsal white streaks ( Fig. 3C View FIGURE 3 ).................. C

- Forewing white with costal ocherous patches and three dorsal ocherous patches ( Fig. 3D View FIGURE 3 )............................ D

- Forewing brownish fuscous to black with white patches ( Figs. 12 View FIGURE 12 , 13 View FIGURE 13 )........................................... E

- Forewing leaden gray, externally with fuscous brown ( Fig. 7F View FIGURE 7 )............................................ P. kolea

(A).

1 Basal patch (bp) absent; basal half of forewing leaden gray color ( Fig. 8C–F View FIGURE 8 )............................... P. basalis

- bp present........................................................................................... 2

2 A bright orange transverse fascia (tf) at 3/ 4 in middle interrupted with blue patch; an orange medial transverse patch (tp), narrowing towards dorsum, ( Fig. 7C View FIGURE 7 )............................................................ P. kauaulaensis

- An orange transverse patch beyond middle to costal 3/4, narrowing towards dorsum, extending to dorsal 2/3, with white costal spot ( Fig. 7A, B, D, E View FIGURE 7 , 8A, B View FIGURE 8 , 9 View FIGURE 9 )......................................................................... 3

3 A black bp along costal fold; a fuscous patch near apex ( Figs. 7A, B View FIGURE 7 ).................................. P. succedanea

- An orange bp along costal fold, fringed with blackish scales ( Fig. 7E View FIGURE 7 ); a fuscous patch with dark orange scales at apex........................................................................................... P. auromagnifica

- An ocherous bp from near base of costal fold to dorsal 1/4 ( Fig. 9 View FIGURE 9 )...................................................................... P. splendida ( Fig. 9A, B View FIGURE 9 , 73B View FIGURE 73 ), P. lama sp. n. ( Figs. 9C View FIGURE 9 , 73E, F View FIGURE 73 ), P. napaliensis sp. n. ( Fig. 9D View FIGURE 9 ) § § It is difficult to identify three species: lama , napaliensis , and splendida from forewing pattern, see key to genitalia and diagnosis of species.

- An ocherous to oraenge bp containing two longitudinal streaks................................................. 4

4 An ocherous-orange tf from costal 1/3 to dorsal 1/2; bp from base to 1/3 ( Figs. 8B View FIGURE 8 , 73A View FIGURE 73 )................ P. molokaiensis

- tf absent............................................................................................ 5

5 bp from base to 1/2; bb 2 completed ( Fig. 8A View FIGURE 8 ); Oahu............................................. P. lysimachiella #

- Basal 1/4 forewing unknown, but orange patch reach 1/2; bb 2 interrupted at middle by an orange patch ( Fig. 26G View FIGURE 26 ); Kauai................................................................................................. P. sp. A # P. sp. 7 has similar forewing pattern, but basal 1/4 of forewing missing and damaged.

(B).

1 ws at near middle of the wing, not reaching dorsal margin ( Fig. 3B View FIGURE 3 )............................................. 2

- ws reaching dorsal margin ( Fig. 74B View FIGURE 74 )..................................................................... 3

2 ws oval ( Fig. 10C View FIGURE 10 ).................................................................................... 4

- A small oblque ws at near middle of the wing; Oahu ( Fig. 11A–D View FIGURE 11 ).................................... P. pipturicola

3 ws large, about 3x in diameter than that of costalis ; w 2 widening toward the wing margin; Oahu ( Fig. 10B, C View FIGURE 10 )... P. pipturiella

- White spot small; two white bands almost the same size; Oahu ( Fig. 10A View FIGURE 10 )................................. P. costalis

4 ws almost erect line; Kauai ( Fig. 10F View FIGURE 10 ).......................................................... P. micropetala

- ws bent toward apex; Hawaii ( Big Island ) (and Maui) ( Figs. 10D, E View FIGURE 10 , 11E, F View FIGURE 11 )...................................... 5

5 cs and w 1 rather narrowing; Hawaii ( Big Island ) and Maui ( Figs. 10D, E View FIGURE 10 , 26M View FIGURE 26 )............................. P. floscula

- cs and w 1 rather broad; Hawaii ( Big Island ) ( Figs. 11E, F View FIGURE 11 , 26K, L View FIGURE 26 , 74 View FIGURE 74 )........................... P. haelaauensis sp. n.

(C).

1 A lemon-yellow streak from costal fold to 2/5, obliquely, at 3/5 to the middle ( Figs. 20C View FIGURE 20 , 77A View FIGURE 77 )................ P. hauicola

- Three white costal streaks (cs

1–3

) present; white streaks are very narrow ( Figs. 23A–C View FIGURE 23 , 77E, F View FIGURE 77 ).......... P. marginestrigata

- Two white costal streaks (cs 2 and cs 3) present ( Figs.14 View FIGURE 14 , 15 View FIGURE 15 ).................................................... 2

- One white streak (cs 3) present ( Figs.16–22 View FIGURE 16 View FIGURE 17 View FIGURE 18 View FIGURE 19 View FIGURE 20 View FIGURE 21 View FIGURE 22 )................................................................. 4

2 A white longitudinal streak in basal half of wing ( Fig. 14A View FIGURE 14 )......................................... P. dubauticola

- A broad white streak at costal fold; a transverse fascia at 3/4 (cs 3 + ds 3) ( Fig. 22A, B View FIGURE 22 ).................. P. keaenisis sp. n.

- Not so, ds 1 present or brown in basal half.................................................................. 3

3 ds

1 absent; cs

2 rather short, not reaching the middle of wing ( Figs. 14F View FIGURE 14 , 15A–E View FIGURE 15 )..................... P. alakaiensis sp. n.

- ds 1 present; cs 2 reaching the middle of wing ( Figs. 14B–D View FIGURE 14 , 15F, G View FIGURE 15 )............... P. dubautiella , P. limahuliensis sp. n. ** ** P. limahuliensis has more dark color forewing.

4 Three white dorsal streaks (ds

1–3) present respectvely......................................................... 5

- ds

2 connecting basal patch on dorsum (ds

1)................................................................. 8

- ds 1 absent; a small white costal spot at near base; blue to fuscous patch at apical portion ( Figs. 22D View FIGURE 22 , 75D–G View FIGURE 75 ).............................................................................................. P. platyphylliella sp. n.

5 ds

1 is small white patch ( Fig. 16C, D View FIGURE 16 ); ds

3 rather small.............................................. P. naenaeiella

- ds 1 is triangular-shaped streak ( Fig. 21E View FIGURE 21 ); ds 3 rather small (See also key of P. nigrella )................... P. touchardiella

- ds 1 reaching the middle of wing.......................................................................... 6

6 Base to apex of ds 1 and ds 2 are almost same in width; ds 3 is triangular-shaped white patch ( Fig. 19C–E View FIGURE 19 ) P. obamaorum sp. n.

- ds 1, 2 are slightly widend at dorsum; ds 3 is nearly triangular-shaped white patch ( Fig. 19A, B View FIGURE 19 ).............. P. neraudicola

- ds 1–3 are widened at dorsum ( Figs. 16A, B View FIGURE 16 , 17 View FIGURE 17 , 18 View FIGURE 18 , 75B, C View FIGURE 75 , 77B–D View FIGURE 77 , 78E, F View FIGURE 78 )....................................... 7

7 Rather narrowing ds:

- Apical portion orange with fuscous scales at center and a large as; ocherous color forewing ( Figs. 16A, B View FIGURE 16 , 77B–D View FIGURE 77 )................................................................................................... P. hibiscella

- Apical portion pale lemon-yellow with a small as; brounish fuscous to brown color forewing ( Figs. 20A, B View FIGURE 20 , 78E, F View FIGURE 78 )................................................................................................... P. urerana

- Rather wider ds from dorsum to the middle; apical portion with blue patch ( Figs. 17 View FIGURE 17 , 18 View FIGURE 18 , 75B, C View FIGURE 75 ).................................................................................. P. hesperomanniella sp. n., P. knudseniiella sp. n.

8 ds 1 is narrowing white band ( Figs. 20F View FIGURE 20 , 76 View FIGURE 76 )................................................................. 9

- ds 1 is weakly triangular ( Fig. 21B, D View FIGURE 21 ).................................................................... 10

9 A fuscous patch at dorsum 3/4; dark brown color forewing ( Fig. 76 View FIGURE 76 )........................................ P. sp. 1

- A fuscous patch at 3/4, not reaching dorsal margin; ocherous color forewing ( Fig. 20F View FIGURE 20 )................... P. keahii sp. n.

10 Apical portion fuscous; bronze brown color forewing ( Fig. 21A, B View FIGURE 21 )................................. P. funkae sp. n.

- Apical portion light ocherous brown, but damaged; light ocherous brown color forewing ( Fig. 21D View FIGURE 21 )......... P. pittosporella

(D).

1. A fuscous costal line from base to about 1/2 ( Fig. 25C, D View FIGURE 25 ).......................................... P. opuhe sp. n.

- cp 1 absent ( Figs. 25A, B View FIGURE 25 , 78D View FIGURE 78 )................................................................... P. ureraella

- cp 1 present; dp 1 indistinct, connecting mp (ds 2 connecting ds 1) ( Figs. 23D–G View FIGURE 23 , 24 View FIGURE 24 , 78A–C View FIGURE 78 )........................... 2

2 dp 2 and dp 3 not meeting..................... P. lipochaetaella ( Figs. 23D–G View FIGURE 23 , 24A View FIGURE 24 ), P. sciallactis ( Figs. 24B–G View FIGURE 24 , 78A–C View FIGURE 78 )

- dp 2 and dp 3 meeting at median line ( Fig. 24H View FIGURE 24 )......................................................... P. sp. B

(E).

1 An oval white spot about the middle of wing ( Fig. 12A–C View FIGURE 12 ).................................................... 2

- An oval white spot absent ( Figs. 12D View FIGURE 12 , 13 View FIGURE 13 ).................................................................. 3

2 A longitudinal white streak from base to 1/3; an oblique white costal spot at 2/3, recurves to the costa ( Fig. 12A–C View FIGURE 12 )................................................................................................. P. pipturiana

- A white costal spot at 2/3, not curve ( Zimmerman 1978a: fig. 467)....................................... P. spilota

3 Two or three costal spots ( Fig. 12D View FIGURE 12 )............................................................ P. wilkesiella

- A costal streak (cs 3) at 3/4 ( Fig.13 View FIGURE 13 )....................................................................... 4

4 Dorsal streaks (ds 1–3) rather wider at dorsal base; ds 1 indistinct or along dorsal margin ( Fig. 13A–C View FIGURE 13 ).......... P. epibathra

- ds 1–3 rather narrow; ds 1 reaching the middle of wing ( Fig. 13D, E View FIGURE 13 )........................................ P. nigrella

- ds 1–3 rather narrow; ds 1 is very small white patch ( Zimmerman, 1978a: fig. 466; Fig. 22C View FIGURE 22 )................ P. nigrelloides