Paurocephala species

Mifsud, D. & Burckhardt, D., 2002, Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Old World jumping plant-louse genus Paurocephala (Insecta, Hemiptera, Psylloidea), Journal of Natural History 36 (16), pp. 1887-1986 : 1894-1927

Thorax. All Paurocephala species possess a horn on metascutellum (gure 2G–H). It is shallow in species such as P. urenae and P. wilderi , basally wide and short as in P. brevicephala and distinctly long as in P. psylloptera , P. chonchaiensis and P. elegans . The length and density of setiferation on the dorsum of thorax is of speci c importance. Long setae are present in P. setifera , whereas P. gossypii has short setae.

Abdomen. On the sides of the rst visible abdominal tergite, a patch of small inconspicuous to relatively long spines represents an autapomorphy of the Paurocephalinae. In some species, such as P. setifera and P. maculipennis , it forms a stalked process which is forward directed. This structure is considerably larger in males than in females (gure 4A, B). A horn-like structure is present on each tergite in a few species as P. russellae . On the tergites short simple setae are generally present laterally whereas in P. lucida stout setae are present on the rst four visible tergites (gure 5I).

Genitalia. As in other psylloids, genitalia oVer a multitude of good diagnostic and phylogeneticall y informative characters. The male proctiger is simple and tubular (gures 14A–F, 30A–C), as in P. brevicephala , and P. wilderi , but in the majority of cases it bears distinctly subdivided plates posteriorly (gures 7A–C, 23). Setae on the inner surface of the paramere may be simple as in P. brevicephala , stout and short (gure 15D) as in P. wilderi , and P. psylloptera , stout and long (gure 15B) as in P. artocarpae or massive and peg-like (gure 7D, E) as in P. gossypii . The number and position of these setae are important for species determination. The apex of the proximal segment of the aedeagus is often in ated and longer postero-ventrally than antero-dorsally. The apical part of distal portion is usually well diVerentiated from the stem (gure 10C, D), as in P. kleinho ae; it is less diVerentiated (gure 32I–N) in species such as P. brevicephala . In most cases, the female genitalia are cuneate and relatively long (gure 3A) as in P. setifera , but in some species they are short FIG. 3. Paurocephala spp. : (A, B, E, H) P. psylloptera ; (C, D) P. martini ; (F, I) P. gossypii ; (G) P. artocarpae . (A, C) Female genitalia, lateral view; (B, D) apex of female genitalia with lateral valvula; (E, F) paramere, posterior view; (G–I) stout and peg-like seta on inner surface of paramere. Scale bar: A, C, 0.1 mm; B, D, F, 0.05 mm; E, 0.03 mm; G, I, 0.005 mm; H, 0.003 mm.

and upturned apically (gure 3B) as in P. brevicephala . The circumanal ring can be oval (gure 6C) or cruciform (gure 6D) and the number of pore rows can be two or reduced to one (gure 16C, D, F) as in P. wilderi . The lateral valvulae are usually membranous (gure 3C) but in a few species, such as P. brevicephala and P. mathuri , they are highly sclerotized with ventral serrations (gure 3D).

Fifth instar larva. The antenna is often distinctly 3-segmented as in P. urenae

FIG. 4. Paurocephala spp. : (A–C, F, I, K, L) P. psylloptera ; (D, G) P. hollisi ; (E, H, J) P. cf. brevicephala ; (M) P. chonchaiensis ; (N) P. sulawesiana . (A, B) Patch on rst visible abdominal tergite, lateral view (A, B); (C–E) metatibia, lateral view; (F–H) apex of metatibia; (I, J) metacoxa, lateral view; (K) fth instar larval tarsal arolium, dorsal view; (L–N) fth instar larval tarsal arolium, ventral view. Scale bar: A, B, G, K–N, 0.01 mm; C, E, I, J, 0.1 mm; D, F, H, 0.05 mm.

and P. brevicephala , but in P. setifera and other species the agellum is incompletely subdivided. Only in P. boehmeriae and P. maculipennis proper segmentation is present. Presence and shape of sectasetae, simple setae or lanceolate setae on diVerent parts of the dorsum are also important in de ning species. Most larvae do not have a humeral lobe, but this is developed (gure 45) in species such as P. brevicephala . The shape of the caudal plate is rounded in species as P. brevicephala and relatively long in others, while all Afrotropical species have distinct long tubercle-like extensions marginally (gures 35, 36). The position of the anus can be either ventral (gure 35) as in P. gossypii Russell or terminal (gures 39, 40) as in P. artocarpae . The outer circumanal ring is composed of one row of pores (gure 35), which in

FIG. 5. Paurocephala spp. : (A, E) P. abutili ; (B, F) P. gossypii ; (C, G) P. urenae ; (D, H, I) P. lucida . (A–D) Female genitalia, lateral view (A–C including section of female circumanal ring, outer pores above); (E–H) forewing; (I) third visible abdominal tergite, lateral view. Scale bar: a, A–D, I; b, E-G; c, H.

FIG. 6. Paurocephala spp. : (A, F) P. hollisi ; (B, G) P. sinuata ; (C, H) P. boxi ; (D, I) P. medleri ; (E, J) P. insolita . (A–E) Female genitalia, lateral view; (F–J) forewing. Scale bar: a, A, B; b, C, D; c, E; d, F–J.

FIG. 7. Paurocephala spp. : (A, D, G, J) P. hollisi ; (B, E, H, K) P. sinuata ; (C, F, I, L) P. insolita . (A–C) Male genitalia, lateral view; (D–F) paramere, inner surface; (G–I) distal segment of aedeagus; (J–L) metacoxa, lateral view. Scale bar: a, A–C; b, D–I; c, J–L.

FIG. 8. Paurocephala spp. : (A, C, E, M) P. boxi ; (B, D, F, N) P. medleri ; (G) P. abutili ; (H) P. gossypii ; (I) P. urenae ; (J) P. hollisi ; (K) P. sinuata ; (L) P. insolita . (A, B) Male genitalia, lateral view; (C, D) paramere, inner surface; (E, F) distal segment of aedeagus; (G–N) antenna. Scale bar: a, A, B; b, C, D; c, E, F; d, G–I; e, J–N.

FIG. 11. Paurocephala spp. : (A, C, F, H) P. lienhardi ; (B, D, E, G, I) P. brendelli . (A, B) Male genitalia, lateral view; (C, D) paramere, inner surface; (E) third visible abdominal tergite, lateral view; (F, G) distal segment of aedeagus; (H, I) female genitalia, lateral view. Scale bar: a, A; b, B; c, C, D, F, G; d, E; e, H, I.

FIG. 12. Paurocephala spp. : (A, C, E, G, I) P. bifasciata ; (B, D, F, H, J) P. chonchaiensis . (A, B) Forewing (including detail of middle part of Rs vein, and surface spinules in cell m1); (C, D) male genitalia, lateral view; (E, F) paramere, inner surface; (G, H) distal segment of aedeagus; (I, J) female genitalia, lateral view. Scale bar: a, A, B; b, C, D; c, E–H; d, I, J.

some species is expanded laterally (gures 37, 38) as in P. curvata and P. chonchaiensis , or with additional pores at irregular intervals (gure 39) as in P. artocarpae . The arolium is distinctly expanded basally in several species (gure 4K–N).

FIG. 19. Paurocephala spp. : (A, I, K) P. maculipennis ; (B, J) P. longiantennata ; (C, G, L) P. psylloptera ; (D, H, M) P. muiri ; (E, N) P. papuana ; (F, O) P. distincta . (A-F) Paramere, inner surface; (G, H) distal segments of antenna; (I, J) antenna; (K–O) distal segment of aedeagus. Scale bar: a, A, C, G, H, K, L, O; b, B; c, D, E, M, N; d, F; e, I, J.

FIG. 24. Paurocephala spp. : (A, L) P. setifera ; (B, M) P. polaszeki ; (C, N) P. muta ; (D) P. dayak ; (E) P. oceanica ; (F) P. marginata ; (G) P. palawanensis ; (H) P. trematos ; (I) P. macrochaetis ; (J) P. sauteri ; (K) P. boehmeriae . (A–C) Male genitalia, lateral view; (D–N) distal segment of aedeagus. Scale bar: a, A, C; b, B; c, D, E, H–K, M, N; d, F, G, L.

FIG. 29. Paurocephala spp. : (A, D, G) P. lii ; (B, E, H) P. mathuri ; (C, F, I) P. stephaniella . (A–C) Forewing; (D –F) antenna; (G, H) metacoxa. Scale bar: a, A, B; b, C; c, D–F, I; d, G, H.

FIG. 30. Paurocephala spp. : (A, D, G) P. lii ; (B, E, H) P. mathuri ; (C, F) P. stephaniella . (A–C) Male genitalia, lateral view; (D–F) paramere, inner surface; (G, H) female genitalia, lateral view. Scale bar: a, A, B; b, C; c, D, E; d, F; e, G, H.

FIG. 32. Paurocephala spp. : (A, C, I) P. ambigua ; (B, D, J) P. pterospermi ; (E, K) P. martini ; (F, L) P. robusta ; (G, M) P. sulawesiana ; (H, N) P. brevicephala . (A, B) Forewing (including detail of middle part of Rs vein); (C–F) antenna; (G, H) antennal segments 7 and 8; (I–N) distal segment of aedeagus. Scale bar: a, A, B; b, C–F; c, G, H; d, I–N.