Mysmena, SIMON, 1894

Lopardo, Lara & Hormiga, Gustavo, 2015, Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 173 (3), pp. 527-786 : 784-785

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.1111/zoj.12199

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7005037

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03832D77-1147-9262-FC24-E28FFBD6591E

treatment provided by

Felipe

scientific name

Mysmena
status

 

MYSMENA SIMON, 1894 View in CoL View at ENA

( FIGS 28–44 View Figure 28 View Figure 29 View Figure 30 View Figure 31 View Figure 32 View Figure 33 View Figure 34 View Figure 35 View Figure 36 View Figure 37 View Figure 38 View Figure 39 View Figure 40 View Figure 41 View Figure 42 View Figure 43 View Figure 44 , 51 View Figure 51 , 52 View Figure 52 , 65A View Figure 65 , 129C, G View Figure 129 , 130A–C, E, F View Figure 130 , 133A–F, H, I View Figure 133 , 134A–C View Figure 134 , 142D–L View Figure 142 , 143A–C, G–O View Figure 143 , 144O View Figure 144 , 147A, C View Figure 147 : CLADE C144)

Mysmena Simon, 1894: 588 View in CoL . Bishop & Crosby 1926: 177 (synonymized Microdipoena View in CoL ). Levi, 1956: 3 (synonymized with Calodipoena , Tamasesia , and Microdipoena View in CoL ). Forster, 1959: 303–307; 1977: 129. Gertsch, 1960b: 13. Kraus, 1967: 388. Loksa, 1973: 283. Saaristo, 1978: 125 (rejected synonymy with Microdipoena View in CoL ). Hickman, 1979: 74. Brignoli, 1980: 729 (rejected synonymy with Calodipoena , Tamasesia , and Microdipoena View in CoL ). Wunderlich, 1980b: 267; 1986: 218. Davies, 1985: 91 (transfer to Calodipoena by Brignoli, 1983 rejected). Snazell, 1986: 62. Trotta, 2005: 170. Ono, in Ono, Chang & Tso, 2007: 73. Lopardo & Dupérré, in Lopardo et al., 2008: 37.

Calodipoena Gertsch & Davis, 1936: 8 (type species by original designation C. incredula Gertsch & Davis, 1936 , type material in AMNH, not examined). Brignoli, 1983: 376 (transfer from Mysmena View in CoL because of alleged relationships with C. incredula Gertsch & Davis, 1936 ). New synonymy.

Itapua Baert, 1984 b: 604 (type species by original designation and monotypy I. tembei Baert 1984 , type material in MHNG, examined). New synonymy.

Calomyspoena Baert & Maelfait, 1983: 104 (type species by original designation and monotypy C. santacruzi Baert & Maelfait, 1983 , type material in IRSN, examined). New synonymy.

Tamasesia Marples, 1955: 476 (type species by original designation T. rotunda Marples, 1955 , type material in BMNH and MNHN, examined); Levi 1956: 3 (transfer from Tamasesiidae to Theridiidae View in CoL , synonymized with Mysmena View in CoL ); Brignoli, 1980: 730 (transfer to Mysmenidae View in CoL , rejected synonymy with Mysmena View in CoL ). New synonymy.

Kekenboschiella Baert, 1982: 303 (type species by original designation K. marijkeae Baert, 1982 , type material in IRSN, examined). Baert 1984a: 230. New synonymy.

Type species

Mysmena leucoplagiata (Simon, 1879) View in CoL by original designation, type material in MNHN, examined (see below, and also Kraus, 1967).

Synonymy justification

Relationships among and within mysmenine clades are highly unstable and poorly supported (see Results). Morphologically, these results are not surprising. In particular, homoplasy is widespread among the Mysmena representatives, and no notable synapomorphy characterizes this genus. The inclusion in the analysis of several undescribed mysmenid species with distinct and diverse morphology (especially genitalic morphology) might obscure relationships, producing an even more unstable pattern. In this case, although distinct undescribed species might possibly represent new genera (see comments below), to date the available data do not support such hypotheses. As circumscribed here, Mysmena includes a polyphyletic Calodipoena , the monotypic genera Itapua and Calomyspoena , and a (strictly) monophyletic Tamasesia , Kekenboschiella , and Mysmena s.s., although the latter three genera are supported by just one (or none in the case of Mysmena ) homoplastic character change, and no molecular transformations. In the absence of concise and unique diagnostic features for any of the aforementioned genera, we have re-circumscribed the genus Mysmena to avoid proliferation of monotypic genera and non-monophyletic taxa, losing phylogenetic information.

Familial placement, composition, and re-circumscription

Mysmena was transferred to Symphytognathidae from Theridiidae by Forster (1959), and to Mysmenidae from Symphytognathidae by Forster & Platnick (1977). In the proposed phylogenetic hypothesis, Mysmena comprises a large clade distally within the Mysmeninae lineage ( Fig. 160 View Figure 160 ; for synonymies and new combinations, refer to Fig. 161B View Figure 161 ). The re-circumscribed Mysmena comprises a total of 42 described species: 23 from Mysmena , ten from Calodipoena , four from Kekenboschiella , three from Tamasesia , and one from each of the two monotypic genera Calomyspoena and Itapua (Platnick, 2014). Mysmena is here represented by 11 described plus 18 undescribed species (12 of the latter undescribed were species scored only for molecular data): M. leucoplagiata , M. leichhardti , M. tasmaniae , M. mootae comb. nov. (from Calodipoena ), M. incredula comb. nov., M. santacruzi comb. nov., M. tembei comb. nov., M. acuminata comb. nov. (from Tamasesia ), M. rotunda comb. nov., M. awari comb. nov. (from Kekenboschiella ), M. marijkeae comb. nov., Mysmena- MYSM-011-ARG, Mysmena- MYSM-014- THAI, Mysmena- MYSM-(015 018)-MAD, MYSM-(005 038–042)-ARG, MYSM-(007 010)- MEX, MYSM-(013 035–037)-THAI, and MYSM-028-MAD.

Monophyly and diagnosis

Ambiguously optimized synapomorphies for Mysmena , shared by most of the taxa, include the spermatic duct switchback SB I distally bending at a right angle [ Figs 133D–F View Figure 133 , 134A, B, E View Figure 134 ; straight in Mysmena- MYSM-015-MAD, Mysmena (= Tamasesia ) rotunda and MYSM-005-ARG, Fig. 133A, B, H, I View Figure 133 ], and the presence of a long ventral scapus ( Figs 29C View Figure 29 , 31G View Figure 31 , 37C View Figure 37 , 42C View Figure 42 , 129C, G View Figure 129 , 130B View Figure 130 ) and weakly sclerotized fertilization ducts, with a distinguishable wall ( Figs 42D View Figure 42 , 49A View Figure 49 , 51D View Figure 51 , 129C, G View Figure 129 , 130A View Figure 130 ; independently membranous, translucent in Itapua tembei , Mysmena leucoplagiata , and MYSM-034- MAD). Mysmena monophyly is also supported by 265 molecular synapomorphies.

Because of its previous placement within Theridiidae , and its recurrent synonymies with Calodipoena , Tamasesia , and/or Microdipoena , the previous diagnoses of Mysmena include features that are currently considered synapomorphic for the subfamily Mysmeninae or even Mysmenidae (see e.g. Simon, 1894; Levi, 1956; Forster, 1959; Gertsch, 1960a; Kraus, 1967). Also, because of the mislabelling of the vial containing the type specimen of Mysmena leucoplagiata , which also included specimens of Mysmenella jobi , the diagnosis of Mysmena has been rather confusing and inaccurate (vial examined; see also Kraus, 1967). For example, the type species Mysmena leucoplagiata has been correctly redescribed by Kraus (1967) and Wunderlich (1980b), whereas Mysmenella jobi was mistakenly redescribed as Mysmena leucoplagiata by Levi (1956) and Loksa (1973). Furthermore, diagnostic features of the here-synonymized genera are also largely broad for the family or at least Mysmeninae (Gertsch & Davis, 1936; Marples, 1955; Baert, 1982, 1984a), except for a few diagnostic features of Calomyspoena (Baert & Maelfait, 1983) .

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Arthropoda

Class

Arachnida

Order

Araneae

Family

Mysmenidae

Loc

Mysmena

Lopardo, Lara & Hormiga, Gustavo 2015
2015
Loc

Mysmena

Bishop & Crosby 1926: 177
Levi, 1956: 3
Forster, 1959: 303–307
1977: 129
Gertsch, 1960b: 13
Kraus, 1967: 388
Loksa, 1973: 283
Saaristo, 1978: 125
Hickman, 1979: 74
Brignoli, 1980: 729
Wunderlich, 1980b: 267
1986: 218
Davies, 1985: 91
Snazell, 1986: 62
Trotta, 2005: 170
Chang & Tso, 2007: 73
Lopardo & Dupérré, in Lopardo et al., 2008: 37
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