Brachysomus (Brachysomus) echinatus ( Bonsdorff, 1785 )

Yunakov, Nikolai, 2022, A review of the genus Brachysomus Schoenherr (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae), Zootaxa 5193 (1), pp. 1-165 : 22-23

Brachysomus (Brachysomus) echinatus ( Bonsdorff, 1785)

Figs. 1, 2, 4–8, 10–21 , 37, 38 , 87, 88 , 180 , 235A

Curculio echinatus Bonsdorff, 1785: 33 . Type locality: ‘Uplandia’ [=Uppland Province, Sweden]; Dalla Torre et al. 1937:

172; Arnoldi et al. 1965: 532 (fig. 148, 3 on p. 531); Smreczyński 1966: 84 (fig. 128 on p. 87); Dieckmann 1980: 259;

Podlussány 2001: 239; Łętowski et al. 2003: 236; Gosic & Łętowski 2003: 256. Curculio hirsutulus Fabricius, 1792: 468 . Type locality: Germany, Kiel Brachysomus hirsutus Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1958: 78 . syn. n. Type locality: Armenia, Tsakhkadzor Thricolepoides clavisetis O’Brien, 1979: 71 . Type locality: USA, Minnesota, Cormorant Lake

Redescription. Measurements: Body length 2.4–2.6 mm, width 1.5–1.7 mm. Vestiture: Body and head densely covered with small, either slender and C-shaped or broad and oval scales, setose. Scales not overlapping. Sides of pronotum covered with more dense scales ( Fig. 80, 82, 84, 86 ). Setae strongly erect, weakly spatulate, obtuse; evenly covering head and pronotum. Elytral interstiae with single row of long erect setae (each seta as long as width of interstria or longer). Antennae, legs and ventrites with thin pale hairs, lanceolate scales, and widened, obtuse, erect setae. Colouration: Integument dark-brown to black, appendages brown. Scales and erect setae uniformly pale, with slight pearly shine; spotted pattern not developed. Disc of pronotum covered with brown scales, but median line and sides with pale scales.

Head: Rostrum as long as wide, weakly narrowed apically, with lateral margins in line with lateral margins of temples. Pterygia not projecting from outline of rostrum. Antennal scrobes weakly visible in dorsal view, sharply developed, deep, directed to ventral margin of eye, not reaching ventral side of rostrum. Epistome separated from epifrons by thin V-shaped epistomal carina. Epifrons weakly narrowed apically, weakly convex longitudinally, with thin median carina, separated from vertex by shallow, weakly visible depression. Vertex weakly convex, finely striate and longitudinally punctate. Eyes oval, weakly convex, highest at middle (VW/ELD = 2). Antennae: Scape thin, gently curved, strongly widened along distal 1/3; funicular antennomeres: 1st elongate, 2.0–2.2x as long as wide, 2nd 1.5x longer than wide; 3rd–6th moniliform, as long as wide; 7th transverse; club oblong, egg-shaped.

Thorax: Pronotum transverse [PL/PW = 0.65–0.77 (0.69)], widest posteriad of mid length, gently and evenly convex at disc and sides, evenly constricted anteriorly and posteriorly, densely shallowly punctate. Disc weakly convex, without lateral depressions. Elytra: highly variable in shape, broadly oval to globose, strongly convex at disc and sides [EL/EW = 1.2–1.3]. Elytral interstiae weakly convex, 2x wider than striae. Spaces between punctures very weakly concave, somewhat narrower than diameter of puncture. Legs: Fore tibiae straight, apical external angle not protruding. Second tarsomere weakly transverse. Fifth fore tarsomere extending beyond apical lobes of 3rd by length of the lobes.

Abdomen: First ventrite with posterior margin deeply sinuate. Male 5th ventrite not examined. Female 5th ventrite flat, apical margin widely rounded. Male genitalia: Aedeagus slightly and evenly sclerotized, median lobe 0.75x as long as apodemes, parallel-sided; apex acute. Endophallus not examined. Ventral membranes triangular, slightly sclerotized. Parameres well developed, free, 0.5x as long as width of tegminal ring; posterior margin of basal piece sinuate. Spermatheca: ramus and collum connate at base, equal in length.

Diagnosis. Brachysomus echinatus is similar to B. ornatus and B. strawinskii , from which it differs by the presence of long erect setae and the overall sparser vestiture of the body, which includes slender C-shaped scales. The parameres are distinctly shorter compared to the tegminal apodeme than in B. ornatus . From B. hirtus it differs by flat epifrons without a sulcus, less convex eyes and median lobe not attenuate at the apex, ramus and collum of spermatheca connate at base.

Distribution. Palaearctic ( Alonso-Zarazaga et al. 2017); introduced into Canada (Quebec) and USA (Minnesota) ( O’Brien 1979, Bright & Bouchard 2008).

Bionomics. This species is represented by parthenogenetic populations throughout its range. The male has been described from Slovakia ( Benedikt 2009a). Brachysomus echinatus inhabits leaf litter in lowland and mountain forests in xerothermic and humid landscapes. The species is polyphagous, feeding on a number of herbs ( Silene , Vicia , Fragaria , Melica ), trees and shrubs ( Quercus , Salix, Rosa ) ( Dieckmann 1980). Adults appear in autumn and hibernate in the pupal chambers in the soil until spring.

Remarks. Brachsomus hirsutus Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1958 : The holotype from S.M. Khnzorian’s collection in Erevan has been studied. This is a female of B. echinatus , mounted on a glue board, with label [handwritten in Russian]: 1♀ (AIZ) ‘Armyanskaya SSR, Sevan, s. Tsakhkadzor, 10.vii.1948’ [Armenia, near Lake Sevan, Tsakhkadzor, 10.vii.1948].

Curculio hirsutulus Fabricius, 1792 : The type series is housed in ZMUC and comprises 5 females from Kiel (Germany) and is conspecific with B. echinatus .

Additional material examined. ARMENIA: 5♀, N of Yerevan, Arailer Mt., 1800–2500 m, 18–19.vi.2000, V.Yu. and M.Yu. Savitsky (ZIN); 1♀, Sevan, Tsakhkadzor, 17.vi.1978 (ZIN). BELARUS: 20♀ Vitsyebsk (ZIN). CZECHIA: 2♀, Bohemia, Chocerady (ZIN, NMPC); 15♀, Moravia (NMPC). HUNGARY: 2♀ ‘Hungaria’, Gödö (ZIN). ESTONIA: 4♀, ‘Dorpat’ [= Tartu] (ZIN). FRANCE. 2♀, ‘Cassel, coll. Bauer’ (ZMUN); 2♀, ‘Loiret’ (ZMAN). GERMANY: 1♀, ‘Germ. bor.’ (ZIN); 4♀, Umgegend Berlin (ZMAN); 1♀, Göttingen (ZMAN); 2♀, Sachsen, ‘Wehlen, Märkel leg., coll. Bauer’ (ZMUN); 3♀, Hessen, ‘Birstein, coll. Bauer’ (ZMUN); 1♀, Rügen Insel, Sassnitz (ZMAN). AUSTRIA: 2♀ ‘Austria coll Jekel’, ‘coll. Jakovlev’ (ZIN); 9♀ ‘Austria’ (ZIN, ZMAN). ITALY. 2♀, ‘Arazecca Mt.’ (NMPC); 1♀, ‘Bozen’ [= Bolzano, Trentino-Alto-Adige] (ZMAN). JAPAN: 1♀ ‘Japon’ (ZIN). 168♀ (MTD) from various localities in Slovakia, Germany, Sweden, Ukraine, Austria. LITHUANIA: 1♀, Jurbarkas (ZIN). MOLDOVA: 2♀ Chişinău Distr., Kapriyana, viii.1989 A.G. Koval leg. (ZIN). THE NETHERLANDS: 6♀, Velhenbers (ZMAN); 8♀, Winterswijk (ZMAN); 2♀, Doetinchem, Slangenburg (ZMAN); 1♀, Limburg, Geulhem (ZMAN); 2♀, Limburg, Venlo (ZMAN); 1♀, Limburg, Oostenrijk [= Veld-Oostenrijk] (ZMAN). NORWAY. 2♀, Ullensaker: Sessvollmoen W, 200 m, 11–26.vi.2007 L.-O. Hansen leg.; 4♀, Kristiania (= Oslo), Siebke leg. (ZMUN); 3♀, idem, Berg (ZMUN); 4♀, idem, Esmark leg. (ZMUN); 2♀, Oslo, Tøyen, 22.iv.1948, Siebke leg. (ZMUN); 2♀, Ø. Aker, Schøyen leg. (ZMUN); 4♀, Nedenaes, Aall (ZMUN); 1♀, Ringebo, Schøyen leg. (ZMUN); 2♀, Ås, 29619 [on] Silene (ZMUN) ; 2♀, Kirkøen, Hvaler, 26.iv.1915, Natvig leg. (ZMUN);1♀, Buskerud, Drammen, Collett leg. (ZMUN); 2♀, Nord-Trøndelag, Stjørdalen, Th. Münster leg. (ZMUN); 1♀, Akershus, Sørum, Våge, VI.1922. Th. Münster leg. (ZMUN); 2♀, Akershus, Drøbak, 12.v.1945, Warloe leg. (ZMUN); 1♀, Hedmark, Rena, Åmot, VI.1918, Th. Münster leg. (ZMUN); 1♀, Oppland, Gran, 2.v.1920, Th. Münster leg. (ZMUN); 3♀, Oppland,Gjøvik, 16.v.1945, Warloe leg. (ZMUN); 1♀, Vest-Agder, Lyngdal, VIII.1922, Th. Münster leg. (ZMUN); 2♀, Akershus, Nesodden, V.1909, Th. Münster leg. (ZMUN); 2♀, Aust-Agder, Grimstad, 23.vi.1960, T. Edland leg. (ZMUN); 1♀, Hordaland, Vaage, Ullmann leg. (ZMUN); 1♀, Rogaland, Jaeren, VI.1930 Mudell leg. (ZMUN). RUSSIA: 1♀, Komi Autonomous Republic: Povelitsa, 11–20.vi.1976 A.L. Lobanov leg. (ZIN); Arkhangelsk Prov.: 1♀, Onezhskyi Distr., 3 km S of Mudjuga, 28.vii.1984 B.A. Korotyaev leg. (ZIN); 2♀, Saint-Petersburg (ZIN); 1♀, Tver Prov., Bologoye, 26.v.1903 Zaitsev leg. (ZIN); 2♀, Rzhev, 10–26.vi.1891, Bianki leg. (ZIN); 1♀, Roghodino, Pinus forest, 5.vi.1913 (ZIN); 8♀, Yaroslavskaya Prov., Berditsyno, 9–11.vi.1896 V. Kokuyev leg. (ZIN); 8♀, Yaroslavlj, V. Kokuyev leg. (ZIN); 1♀, Kostroma, 23.v.1924 Gusakovsky leg. (ZIN); Moskovskaya Prov.: 2♀, Zvenighorod, 13.vi.1971 V. Shelepov leg. (ZIN); 2♀, Klinskyi Distr., Boblovo, 6–7.v.1906 D. Smirnov leg. (ZIN); 1♀, 40 km N of Moscow, Fisanovka, Picea-Populus forest, 27.iv.1975 B.A. Korotyaev leg. (ZIN); 5♀, Saltykovo (ZIN); 1♀, Razdory, 10.vi.1973 B.A. Korotyaev leg. (ZIN); 1♀, Senezh Lake, 3.vi.1973 V. Shelepov leg.; 5♀, Zaraiskyi Distr., Rybakov leg. (ZIN); Ryazanskaya Prov.: 4♀, Golitsynskyi forest, 11–18.vi.1898 P.P. Semenov leg. (ZIN); 4♀, Semenovskyi forest, 16.iv.1899 P. P. Semenov leg. (ZIN); 12♀, Gremyatshka, 28.vi.1908 A.P. Semenov leg. (ZIN); 1♀ Almazovka, 13.vi.1909 A.P. Semenov leg. (ZIN); 37♀, Ranova Riv., V.1890 P.P. Semenov leg. (ZIN); 1♀, Okskyi State Reserve, Tyshlovo, Quercus forest, 20.vii.1981 K.Yu. Esjkov leg. (ZIN); Tatarstan: 10♀, Kazan coll. A. Jakovlev (ZIN); 1♀, Smolenskaya Prov., Vyazemskyi Distr., Khmelita, 1902 Volkov leg. (ZIN); 1♀, Chuvashia, Komsomolsk Distr., Podlesnye Churachiki, 11.vi.1995 L. Egorov leg. (ZIN); 1♀, Mel’inka, 6.vii.1928 (ZIN); 2♀, Tsherkeli, 7–9.vii.1929 (ZIN); 10♀, Ulyanovsk, 15.v.1986 A. Isayev leg. (ZIN); 2♀, Belghorodskaya Prov., Borisovka, Belogoriye State Reserve, 31.v.1989 G.E. Davidian leg. (ZIN); 1♀, Krasnoyarsk, Kibort leg. (ZIN); Tuva Republic: 1♀, 5 km SE of Tshagatai Lake, 24.vii.1980 B.A. Koroyaev leg. (ZIN); 7♀, Irkutsk V.E. Jakovlev leg. (ZIN); 1♀, Buryatia, Ust’-Ordynskyi, 8–11.vii.1997 I. Sokolov leg. (ZIN); 1♀, Primorskyi Terr., Shkotovskyi Distr., Tigrovyi, 17.vi.1975, A.B. Egorov leg. (ZIN). 1♀, Karachai-Cherkess Autonomous Republic, upper course of Bol’shaya Loba, 3 km S of Pkhiya, 15.vii.1987, B.A. Korotyaev leg. (ZIN); 4♀, Kabardino-Balkaria, Skalistyi Mountain Range, NW slope of Lkha Mt., forest, 14.vii.1999, G.E. Davidian leg. (ZIN); Daghestan: 1♀, Nukatl Mountain Range, 1500–1800 m, 23.vii.1997, M. Kalashian leg. (ZIN); 6♀, Kulinskyi Distr., above Vachi, 2000 m, Betula forest, in leaf litter, 25.v.1991,G.E. Davidian leg. (ZIN). SLOVAKIA: 1♀,‘Čeklis, Slovensko,Laco’ (NMPC); 1♀, ‘Nízké Tatry, Ohništĕ, 4.iv.1984, Macek’ (NMPC). UKRAINE: 3♀, Khmelnytskyi Prov., Kamyanets-Podilskyi (ZIN); 3♀, Vinnytsia Prov., Mohyliv-Podilskyi Distr., Verkhivka (ZIN); 1♀, Trostyanets Distr., Krasnogorka (ZIN); 1♀, Poltava (ZIN); 2♀, Kharkiv Prov., Zmiiv Distr., Gaidary (ZIN); Donetsk Prov.: 1♀, Slavyanslyi Distr., Bohorodychne (ZIN); 2♀, Svyatogirskyi Distr., Yaseneve (ZIN); 1♀, Luhansk Prov., Derkul Riv., Kiseleva balka (ZIN); Crimea: 1♀, Alma Riv. (ZIN); 9♀, upper course of Malaya Burul’tsha Riv., 900 m, 19.vi.2002, N.N. Yunakov leg. (ZIN); 1♀, Karabi-Yaila Mountain Range, nr Irtysh Mt., 1000 m, 4.v.1996 N.N. Yunakov leg. (ZIN).

Figures

FIGURE 180. Brachysomus echinatus: A: body; B: epistome; C: spermatheca; D: aedeagus, dorsal and lateral view; E: tegmen.

FIGURE 235. Occurrence map of Brachysomus: A: B. echinatus; B: Brachysomus s. str.

FIGURES 1–11. Brachysomus. General morphology of the head. 1: B. echinatus, head dorsal view. 2: B. echinatus, head ventral view. 3: B. kubanensis, head ventral view (labium ablated). 4: B. echinatus, head lateral view. 5: B. echinatus, labium: pr—prementum, pm—postmentum. 6, B. echinatus, left mandible, anterior surface 7: B. echinatus, left mandible, posterior surface 8: subgenal angle. 9: B. mihoki, head dorsal view. 10: B. echinatus, left mandible with deciduous process, anterior surface. 10A: B. echinatus, right maxilla anterior surface. 11: B. echinatus, tentorium dorsal view. Abbreviations: af—antennal fossa, bc—buccal cavity, cd—cardo, cly—clypeus, cs—cervical suture, e—eye, ef—epifrons, eld—eye longitudinal diameter, ep—epistome, ga—galea, gat—galeal teeth, gs—gular suture, hls—hypostomal labial suture, hs—hypostoma, la—lacinia, lat—lacinial teeth, mpm1-3—maxillary palpomere 1–3, oco—occipital opening, pac—paracoila (maxillary fossa), paep— paraepistome, pg—palpiger, pm—postmentum, poep—postepistome, poc—postcoila, prc—precoila, ptp—posterior tentorial pits, ptr—prerygium, rl—rostral length, rw—rostrum width, st—stipes. vw—vertex width, php—pharyngeal process, te1— tendon of musculus abductor mandibulae, te2—tendon of musculus adductor mandibulae, tem—temple.

FIGURES 12–17. Brachysomus echinatus. General morphology.12, 13: horizontal section of rostrum:12: dorsal half,13: ventral half; 14–16: prothorax: 14: dorsal view, 15: lateral view, 16: procoxal cavities; 17: mesonotum, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bc—buccal cavity, cly—clypeus, hls—hypostomal labial suture, pac—paracoila (maxillary fossa), pm—postmentum, ptr— prerygium.

FIGURES 18–21. Brachysomus echinatus. General morphology. 18: antenna. 19: pterothorax and abdomen, ventral view. 20: metendosternite, posterior view. 21: prothorax, frontal section. Abbreviations: st 3–7—abdominal sternites 3–7, tr—trochanter, at—anterior tendon, cx—coxa, ms-eps—mesepisternum, ms-epm—mesepimeron, mt-eps—metepisternum, mt-epm— metepimeron.

FIGURES 37–42. Brachysomus, dorsal habitus: 37, 38: B. echinatus. 39: B. strawinskii 40: idem, female. 41: B. ornatus, male. 42:—idem, female.

FIGURES 87–94. Brachysomus, details: 87, 88: B. echinatus. 89, 90: B. ornatus. 91, 92: B. strawinskii. 93, 94: B. fremuthi.

FIGURES 79–86. Brachysomus, details: 79, 80: B. rokosensis. 81, 82: B. slovacicus. 83, 84: B. hispidus. 85, 86: B. lituratus.