Kalophrynus Tschudi, 1838

Zug, George R., 2015, Morphology and Systematics of Kalophrynus interlineatus-pleurostigma Populations (Anura: Microhylidae: Kalophryninae) and a Taxonomy of the Genus Kalophrynus Tschudi, Asian Sticky Frogs, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 62 (5), pp. 135-190 : 147-150

Kalophrynus Tschudi, 1838

Sticky Frogs

Type species: Kalophrynus pleurostigma Tschudi, 1838 .

DEFINITION.— Small to medium-sized microhylid frogs (adults, 17–60 mm SVL) with deltoid to ovate dorsal body outline, narrowest anteriorly, and well-developed, moderate-length fore- and hindlimbs. Dorsal skin thick, surface typically granular, often spiny, and strongly glandular.

Skull with prevomer divided and postchoanal portion absent; palatine absent; ethmoids small or absent. Pectoral girdle with well-developed clavicles and procoracoids reaching ventral midline cartilage and laterally the scapulae; omosternum small, cartilaginous; sternum large, cartilaginous. Terminal phalanges T-shaped.

Pupil round to slightly horizontal elliptical. Tongue oblong to obovate, posterior edge blunt to rounded, and half to two-thirds free. Palate with two to three transverse ridges or folds, anterior one (vomerine) smooth, usually medially interrupted, and adenticulate just behind choanae, middle one (postorbital) smooth and adenticulate between posterior edges of orbits, and posterior one (buccal) variably segmented and adenticulate lying about halfway between rear of orbits and epiglottis.

Kalophrynus anya sp nov.1

North Myanmar 36–47 34–41 yes,occasionally absent black light-edged 3>2≈1>4

Borneo

Kalophrynus baluensis 2 to47 to36 yes yellow None or dark brown-edged 3>2>1>4

Kalophrynus barioensis 3

Borneo 21 18–20 yes black none 3>2>1>4

Kalophrynus bunguranus 4

Great Natuna Isl. 25–27 22–23 yes black none 3>2>1>4

Kalophrynus calciphilus 5

Borneo 35–39 29–30 no none none 3>2>1>4

Vietnam

Kalophrynus cryptophonus 6 23 28–30 yes black none 3>2>4>1

Kalophrynus eok 7

Borneo? 26 no none none 3>2>1>4

Kalophrynus heterochirus 8

Borneo 30–33 24–27 yes bluish-white none 3>2>1>4

Vietnam

Kalophrynus honbaensis 9? 27–37 yes black light-edged 3>2>4>1

Kalophrynus interlineatus 10

SE Asia 35–46 34–45 yes,occasionally absent black light-edged 3>2≈1>4

Borneo

Kalophrynus intermedius 11 38–41? no none none 3>2>1>4

Kalophrynus limbooliati 12

West Malaysia? 26–29 yes dark none 3>2>1>4

Hindfoot webbing at base

at base or slightly beyond

at base or slightly beyond

at base

at base

at base

at base

one-third

one-third

one-third

~two-thirds

at base or slightly beyond

Borneo Kalophrynus meizon sp nov.13 35–60 37–50 yes black light-edged 3>2≈1≈4 one half to two-thirds

Kalophrynus menglienicus 14

China? 20–23 yes none none 3>4>2>1 slight to none

Kalophrynus minusculus 15 Java&Sumatra to35 to25 no none none??

Kalophrynus nubicola 16

Borneo 21–24 19–20 no none none 3>2>1>4 ~one-third

NE

Kalophrynus

India

orangensis 17 35–38 36–38 yes black light-edged 3>2>1>4 at base

Kalophrynus palmatissimus 18

West Malaysia 31–39 31–39 no none none 3>2>1=4 two-thirds Kalophrynus pleurostigma 19

Sumatra

34–35? yes black light-edged 3>2≈1>4 ~one-third

Borneo

Kalophrynus punctatus 20? 22–27 no none none 3>2≈1>4 at base

West

Kalophrynus

Malaysia

robinsoni 21 18+ 17–18 no none none 3>2>1>4 one-third

Philippines

Kalophrynus sinensis 22 39–46 35–42 yes,occasionally absent black light-edged 3>2≈1>4 variable,one-third to two-thirds

Borneo

Kalophrynus subterrestris 23 26–27 21–23 yes,occasionally absent black none 3>2>1>4 one-third

Kalophrynus tiomanensis 24

West Malaysia 25–26 26 yes dark brown yes 3>2≈1>4 at base or slightly beyond

West

Kalophrynus

Malaysia

yongi 25? 29–31 yes black none 3>2>1>4 at base

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Tympanum always visible, although posterodorsal edge often partially overlapped by edge of thick glandular dorsal skin. Digit well-developed and not expanded distally. Forefoot usually without webbing or slight basal webbing, basal to moderate webbing on hindfoot. Both fore- and hindfeet with numerous subarticular tubercles. Commonly, snout with short, pointed proboscis.

CONTENT.— Twenty-five species ( Table 3) with the greatest diversity in Borneo (ten endemic species).

DISTRIBUTION.— Northeast India (Assam, West Bengal) and northern Bangladesh (Rajshahi), north-central Myanmar (Sagaing, Kachin), peninsular Myanmar (Mon, Tanintharyi), Southeast Asia ( Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia), southern China (Yunnan, Guangxi, Hainan, Guangdon, Fujian), Sumatra, Java, Borneo (Kalimantan, Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah), and Philippines (southeastern islands). See Fig. 4 .

Figures

FIGURE 4. General distribution of the Kalophrynus interlineatus-pleurostigma group. Solid circles denote specimens examined in this study; open circles are literature records and museum records of specimens not seen; stars represent type localities of available names. Source of the locality records are in Appendix Specimens examined section.