Kalophrynus, Tschudi, 1838

Zug, George R., 2015, Morphology and Systematics of Kalophrynus interlineatus-pleurostigma Populations (Anura: Microhylidae: Kalophryninae) and a Taxonomy of the Genus Kalophrynus Tschudi, Asian Sticky Frogs, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 62 (5), pp. 135-190 : 183-185

Diagnostic traits for the identification of adults of Kalophrynus

1a. Adult SVL equal or greater than 32 mm ................................................. 2

1b. Adult SVL equal or less than 32 mm ................................................... 14

2a. Moderate to large spot of contrasting color in inguinal area.................................. 6

2b. No moderate to large spot in inguinal area............................................... 3

3a. No light-colored diagonal dorsolateral stripes on trunk; adult size 37–41 mm SVL; subarticular tubercles beneath fingers and fourth finger nub-like; hindfoot two-thirds webbed with small indistinct inner and outer metatarsal tubercles [Borneo, Sarawak].................................. K. intermedius

3b. Light-colored diagonal dorsolateral stripes on trunk........................................ 4

4a. Hindfoot strongly webbed, web extending half to two-thirds length of fourth toe; adult size 31–38 mm SVL; fingers with distinct subarticular tubercles; indistinct, flatten oval inner metatarsal tubercle, small indistinct outer tubercle [Peninsular Malaysia]............................... K. palmatissimus

4b. Hindfoot webbed basally or one-third or less............................................. 5

5a. Moderately broad, light-colored diagonal dorsolateral stripes on trunk; adult size 29–39 mm SVL; large subarticular tubercles on all fingers, two beneath third, one beneath other three fingers; large oval inner and small round outer metatarsal tubercle [Borneo, Sarawak]...................... K. calciphilus

5b. Presumed narrow, light-colored diagonal dorsolateral stripes on trunk; adult size 20–35 mm SVL; morphology of hand and hindfoot not described [Java]............................... K. minusculus

6a. Inguinal spot not dark brown or black, with or without a light border.......................... 7

6b. Inguinal spot dark, usually black, and light edged (ocellus).................................. 8

7a. Inguinal spot bluish white and neither light or dark edged; adult size 24–33 mm SVL; distinct subarticular tubercles on all fingers, fourth finger nub-like; hindfeet about one-third webbed; inner and outer metatarsal tubercles weakly developed [Borneo, Kalimantan & Sarawak]........... K. heterochirus

7b. Inguinal spot yellow; adult size 36–47 mm SVL; finger morphology not reported; hindfeet webbed at base; inner and outer metatarsal tubercles poorly developed [Borneo, Sabah]........... K. baluensis

8a. Hindlimbs short, 110–125 % HndlL/ SVL; adult size 34–47 mm SVL; distinct subarticular tubercles on all finger, two beneath third, one beneath other three fingers; hindfeet less than one-third webbed; moderate sized, round inner and outer metatarsal tubercles, outer often smaller; dorsal coloration variable, usually a dark nape stripe [northern Myanmar]....................................... K. anya

8b. Hindlimbs moderate length, 130–160 % HndlL/ SVL; distinct subarticular tubercles on all finger, two beneath third, one beneath other three fingers............................................. 9

9a. Outer palmar tubercle small and oval; adult size 27–37 mm SVL; hindfeet modestly webbed, about one-third; medium-sized, oval inner metatarsal tubercle, outer small and round; dorsum immaculate except for inguinal ocelli [ Vietnam]................................................ K. honbaensis

9b. Outer palmar tubercle moderate to large and round........................................ 10

10a. Toes with only basal webbing; small round metatarsal tubercles; adult size 35–38 mm SVL; middorsal or parasagittal stripes always present on head [ Bangladesh, NE India]............... K. orangensis

10b. Toes modestly webbed; moderate to large, oval or round outer metatarsal tubercle............... 11

11a. Toes modestly webbed, one-third to one half between third and fourth toe; adult size 44–60 mm SVL; distinct subarticular tubercles on most toes, one beneath first and second fingers, two on third, three on fourth, one or two indistinct tubercles on fifth; never a middorsal head stripe, dorsum of trunk commonly unicolor [Borneo].......................................................... K. meizon

11b. Toes modestly webbed, one-third or less between third and fourth toe; distinct subarticular tubercles beneath all toes.................................................................... 12

12a. Faint hour-glass mark on dorsum of nape and trunk; buccal fold continuous series of abutting denticulate-like lobes; adult size 34–35 mm SVL [Sumatra]............................ K. pleurostigma

12b. Dorsum from nape to at least midtrunk usually with whole or broken reverse Y-shaped mark, occasionally dorsum near immaculate; buccal fold continuous series of abutting abutting rectangular lobes.. 13

13a. Middorsal or parasagittal stripes on head of many individual; adult size 35–46 mm SVL [southern Myanmar, SE Asia]........................................................... K. interlineatus

13b. No middorsal or parasagittal stripes on head; adult size 37–46 mm SVL [ Philippines]..... K. sinensis

14a. Moderate to large spot of contrasting color in inguinal area................................. 15

14b. No moderate to large spot of contrasting color in inguinal area; no spots or scattered small spots... 23

15a. Inguinal spot light colored and not contrastingly edged.................................... 16

15b. Inguinal spot dark, usually black, with or without a light border............................. 17

16a. Inguinal spot yellow; adult size 24–26 mm SVL; finger morphology not reported; hindfeet moderately webbed, about one third; oval inner and round outer metatarsal tubercles poorly developed [Borneo, Sabah]................................................................... K. baluensis

16b. Inguinal spot bluish-white without dark or lighter edge: adult size 24–33 mm SVL; distinct subarticular on all fingers, fourth finger nub-like; hindfeet about one-third webbed; inner and outer metatarsal tubercles weakly developed [Borneo, Kalimantan & Sarawak]........................ K. heterochirus

17a. Black inguinal spot without light border (no ocellus)...................................... 19

17b. Dark inguinal spot with light border (ocellus)............................................ 18

18a. Outer palmar tubercle small and oval; adult size 27–37 mm SVL; hindfeet modestly webbed, about one-third; medium-sized, oval inner metatarsal tubercle, outer small and round; dorsum immaculate except for inguinal ocelli [ Vietnam]................................................ K. honbaensis

18b. Dark brown inguinal spot with light border; adult size 24–26 mm SVL; subarticular tubercles on hand distinct, one on fingers 1, 2, 4 and two on 3; large outer palmar tubercle; feet modestly web, less than one third; oval inner metatarsal tubercle, no outer one [Peninsular Malaysia]......... K. tiomanensis

19a. Fourth finger very short and nub-like................................................... 20

19b. Fourth finger short but not nub-like.................................................... 22

20a. Toes modestly webbed, about one-third between third and fourth toes; adult size 21–27 mm SVL; toes with subarticular tubercles except fifth toe; inner and outer metatarsal tubercles present; diagonal, light dorsolateral stripe usually absent [Borneo, Sabah & Sarawak]..................... K. subterrestris

20b. Toes weakly webbed at base; subarticular tubercle variably present, occasionally indistinct........ 21

21a. Tympanum size variable from smaller than eye to larger than eye 60–140 % Tymp/EyeD; faint hourglass mark on dorsum from eyes to suprascapular area; adult size 17–21 mm SVL; subarticular tubercle usually absent or indistinct on first and fifth toe [Borneo, Sarawak]..................... K. barioensis

21b. Tympanum alwasys smaller than eye ~60 % Tymp/EyeD; dorsum usually immaculate; adult size 22–27 mm SVL [Great Natuna Isl.]................................................ K. bunguranus

22a. Large subarticular tubercles on hand, two on first, second and fourth fingers and three on third; adult size 26–29 mm SVL; distinct subarticular tubercles on first through fourth toe, none of fifth; diffuse hourglass-shaped mark on dorsum between eyes and suprascapular area [West Malaysia]... K. limbooliati

22b. Distinctiveness of subarticular tubercles on all fingers variable, round and elevated to flat or absent................................................................................... 23

23a. Distinct subarticular tubercles on finger, one on first and fourth, two on second and three on third; adult size 28–31 mm SVL; hindfoot webbing slight, basally between all toes; modest round inner metatarsal tubercle, small round outer one; dorsally suprascapular area with dark chevron marks [West Malaysia]............................................................................ K. yongi

23b. Indistinct or absent subarticular tubercles on fingers....................................... 24

24a. Distinct subarticular tubercles on fingers, one on first, second and fourth, two on third finger...... 30

24b. Subarticular tubercles on fingers indistinct or condition not reported.......................... 25

25a. Distinct to faded light diagonal dorsolateral stripe from behind head to inguina................. 26

25b. No light dorsolateral stripe on head and trunk; adult size 17–18 mm SVL; hand with short first and second fingers, third longest, fourth nub-like; subarticular tubercles of hand and feet weak and indistinct; dorsum brown with dark X-shaped mark on back of head to pelvis [West Malaysia]..... K. robinsoni

26a. Toes without webs; first toe very short, nub-like; adult size 19–23 mm SVL [ China, Yunnan]............................................................................... K. mengliensis

26b. Toes webbed, at least at base......................................................... 27

27a. Hindfoot strongly webbed, web extending half to two-thirds length of fourth toe; adult size 31–38 mm SVL; fingers with distinct subarticular tubercles; indistinct, flatten oval inner metatarsal tubercle, small indistinct outer tubercle [Peninsular Malaysia]............................... K. palmatissimus

27b. Toes weakly to modestly webbed, one-third or less between third and fourth toe................ 28

28a. Hands web free; subarticular tubercles absent on all toes except fourth with one tubercle; adult size 22–27 mm SVL; round inner metatarsal tubercle, no outer one; reddish brown dorsum with or without scattered black spots [Borneo, Kalimantan & Sarawak].................................... K. punctatus

28b. Slight or shallow webbing between fingers.............................................. 29

29a. Fourth finger of hand short, nub-like; adult size 19–24 mm SVL; subarticular tubercles on hand and palmar tubercle indistinct or absent; subarticular tubercles on toes indistinct or as single flattish pad extending length of toe [Borneo, Sarawak]............................................ K. nubicola

29b. Fourth finger short, but not nub-like; adult size 26 mm SVL; distinct round subarticular tubercles, one on first, second and fourth, two on third finger; distinct subarticular tubercles on all fingers; round inner and outer metatarsal tubercles [Borneo, Sarawak]......................................... K. eok

30a. Distinct subarticular tubercles on fingers, one on first, second and fourth, two on third; adult size 23–30 mm SVL; hindfoot webbing modest, less than quarter height between third and fourth toe; moderate-sized oval inner metatarsal tubercle, small round outer one; reverse Y-shaped pattern from back of head to midtrunk [ Vietnam]................................................... K. cryptophonus

30b. Subarticular tubercles present on all toes, faint to strong................................... 31

31a. Diagonal, light dorsolateral stripe usually absent; toes modestly webbed, about one-third between third and fourth toes; adult size 21–27 mm SVL; toes with subarticular tubercles except fifth toe; inner and outer metatarsal tubercles present; [Borneo, Sabah & Sarawak]................... K. subterrestris

31b. Light-colored diagonal dorsolateral stripes on trunk....................................... 32

32a. Presumed narrow, light-colored diagonal dorsolateral stripes on trunk; adult size 20–35 mm SVL; morphology of hand and hindfoot not described [Java]............................... K. minusculus

32b. Moderately broad, light-colored diagonal dorsolateral stripes on trunk; adult size 29–39 mm SVL; large subarticular tubercles on all fingers, two beneath third, one beneath other three fingers; large oval inner and small round outer metatarsal tubercle [Borneo, Sarawak]...................... K. calciphilus