Anisophya, Karabag, 1960

Fianco, Marcos, Preis, Hemanueli, Szinwelski, Neucir, Braun, Holger & Faria, Luiz R. R., 2019, On brachypterous phaneropterine katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae) from the Iguaçu National Park, Brazil: three new species, new record and bioacoustics, Zootaxa 4652 (2), pp. 240-264 : 246-251

Anisophya una Fianco, Faria & Braun sp. n.

( Figures 3 , 4 E–H, 5, 8D, 10B, 11B)

Diagnosis: Within the genus, Anisophya una sp. n. can be recognized by the following characters: overall colouration predominantly black, males with a dorsal yellowish band across the abdominal tergites; fastigium sulcated; femur I and tibia I with light yellow rings; tergites VI to IX with a median keel in their last third; absence of posterior processes in male subgenital plate; “B shaped” apex of female subgenital plate; male cerci comma-shaped.

Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the Tupi-Guarani “una”, meaning black, dark (Barbosa 1951); una also refers to the fact that the species is the only known dark-bodied species in the genus. Noun in apposition.

Description: Holotype male ( Fig. 3 A–F; 4E, G; 11B): Head ( Fig. 3C, D ): Fastigium of the frons 1.5x wider than scape, as wide as vertex; contact with vertex truncate; sub-rectangular. Fastigium of the vertex prominent; median sulcus as long as pedicel, punctuated. Eyes 1.5x larger than scape. Antennae 1.3x longer than body; light brown in the first third, brown in the middle and dark at the end; scape small, 1.3x longer than wide, apex expanded; pedicel 1.5x shorter than scape, cylindrical. Frons predominantly white, with several dark punctuations ( Fig. 3C ). Gena dark grey with white stains. Sulcus of vertex of fastigium grey. Vertex black, with a longitudinal yellow line; with a light yellow stripe from eyes in direction to pronotum keel. Thorax: Pronotum: Pronotal disc compressed on the first third; with a longitudinal brown line; anterior margin concave; posterior margin sub-truncate. Lateral lobes of pronotum longer than high ( Fig. 3D ); lateral carinae irregular, straight on second half, yellowish; anterior and inferior edge straight; posterior edge convex in all extension; entirely black, with exception of inferior edge (black with light yellow stains). Wings: brachypterous individuals; tegmen cordiform and slightly longer than pronotum ( Fig. 4E ); pubescent; light yellow with grey stains; CuP curved, with teeth of same size and regularly spaced ( Fig. 4G ). Hindwings absent. Legs: Tibia I with open elliptical tympana; two spines on dorsolateral edge, the first at the end of second third, the second one at the apex; three spines on ventrolateral edge, the first on the middle, the second at the end of third quarter, the last in the apex. Femur I and tibia I black, presenting light yellow rings, on the first and third quarter, and in the third quarter, respectively. Tibia II and femur II black with yellowish stains and red punctuations. Genicular lobes of femur III unarmed. Femur III dark brown. Tibia III armed with four spines on anteromedial edge, the first on the middle, second, third and fourth spines located in the fifth part, equally spaced; black. Abdomen: medial region of all tergites expanded. Tergites VI to IX with a median keel in the last third. General colouration velvety black, with a light yellow medial band as large as pronotum, and with dark punctuations. Tergite X semi-elliptically depressed, with a mid-longitudinal sulcus, and with the dorsolateral edge inflated ( Fig. 3F ). Epiproct bell-shaped, black. Subgenital plate square ( Fig. 3E ); with a diagonal elevation in the ventrolateral edge, without posterior processes. Cerci comma-shaped, with an apical tooth ( Fig. 3E, F ); pubescent on dorsal side and glabrous on ventral side; yellowish in dorsal and medial face and black in ventral and lateral face. Genitalia ( Fig. 11B ): Phallus symmetrical, rounded; ejaculatory vesicles large and oval; lower fold of ventral lobe triangular with irregular edges; upper folds of ventral lobe as long as half of lower fold of ventral lobe; ventral fold of dorsal lobe thick with medially-orientated triangular tips; dorsal lobe, in ventral position, with an expansion as large as ejaculatory vesicles; dorsal lobe with two basal amorphous sclerotized areas near ejaculatory ducts.

Calling song ( Fig. 5 , 8D ): Males emit two different kinds of syllables in long sequences ( Fig. 5A ). The type A is produced at the beginning of the echeme sequence ( Fig. 5A ), consisting of a short syllable, not longer than one second, with ungrouped pulses with an increasing intensity; the more intense pulses are followed by another pulse somewhat soft (probably corresponding to the opening stroke) ( Fig. 5D ). The A syllable is composed of 25 (15–33) pulses with duration of 0.4 ms ± 0.1 (0.1–0.8), mute interval of 1 ms ± 2 (0.2–9.8 ms), peak frequency of 40.0 kHz ± 2.6 (33.0–47.6) and bandwidth of 10.4 kHz ± 4.5 (3.7–27.0) ( Fig. 5B, C, D ; 8D , blue line). The syllables B are produced from the second fifth to the final of the echeme sequence ( Fig. 5A ), and are composed of two parts, the last one shorter and more intense than the first ( Fig. 5C, D ); the general intensity of the echemes also tends to increase to the end of the sequence as shown in Figures 5A, E and F . The pulses of the B echemes have a duration of 0.4 ms ± 0.1 (0.9–1.0) with mute intervals of 14.0 ms ± 10.0 (0.9–80.0); the first part of this echeme seems to have a shorter mute interval compared to the final part. At the end, a fast series of syllables with few loud pulses. These hemisyllables have a peak frequency of 39.6 kHz ± 2.6 (30.7– 48.0) and a bandwidth of 13.6 kHz ± 4.0 (3.7–31.9) ( Fig. 5 G, H ).

Female ( Fig. 3G, H ; 4F, H ; 10B ): Similar in appearance to male ( Fig. 10B ). Frons and vertex dark brown. Antennae brown. Gena and vertex black. Pronotum almost entirely black; medial line thinner than in male, inconspicuous; lateral carinae dark brown. Tegmina rounded, yellowish with brownish stains; not exceeding the first abdominal tergite. Abdomen velvety black, with a longitudinal dark grey band, as wide as pronotum, bordered by two yellow lines in the first four tergites. Forewings rounded ( Fig. 4F ), stridulatory file composed of four lines of irregular teeth ( Fig. 4H ). Tergite X with a wide semicircular depression. Cerci conical, black with dark brown stains ( Fig. 3G, H ). Subgenital plate crimson to light yellow; apex with an indentation forming a “B-shaped” tip ( Fig. 3G ). Ovipositor 1.3x longer than pronotum; curved; dorsal serrulations starting in the second half; ventral serrulations starting in its fourth quarter ( Fig. 3H , 10B ). The described female corresponds to the female paratype that has the same label as the holotype. This pair was collected in copulation.

Type Material: Holotype male, “ BR, PR, Foz do Iguaçu\Parque Nacional do Iguaçu\ 14–18.XI.2018 \Coleta ativa noturna\ Fianco, M. col.”. Deposited at “Coleção Entomológica Padre Jesus Santiago Moure” ( DZUP), Curitiba, Brazil . Paratypes: 3 males and 1 female, same data as holotype ; 2 males and 1 female, “ BR, PR, Foz do Iguaçu \ Parque Nacional do Iguaçu \ 10–14.X.2018 \ Coleta ativa noturna\ Fianco, M. col.” . 1 male and 1 female, “ BR, PR, Foz do Iguaçu\Parque Nacional do Iguaçu\ 14–18.XI.2017 \Coleta ativa noturna\ Fianco, M. col.”. All paratypes also deposited at DZUP .

Measurements (mm): Holotype: BL: 11.43; TegL: 2.71; HW:2.56; PrL: 2.52; PrH: 1,92; FLiii: 10.92; TLiii: 11.01; SPL: 1.27; CL: 1.77. Male paratypes: BL: 11.10 (9.84–11.75); TegL: 2.71 (2.51–2.94); HW: 2.64 (2.38– 2.72); PrL: 2.35 (2.21–2.48); PrH: 1.87 (1.77–1.93); FLiii: 10.91 (10.52–11.70); TLiii: 11.29 (10.94–11.95); SPL: 1.13 (0.84–1.32); CL: 1.60 (1.38–1.73); SFL: 1.23 (1.21–1.25); TN: 91 (85–102). Female paratypes: BL: 10.99 (9.76–12.16); TegL: 2.40 (2.20–2.53); HL: 2.88 (2.84–2.93); PrL: 2.53 (2.37–2.75); PrH: 1.95 (1.91–1.99); FLiii: 11.66 (10.98–12.09); TLiii: 11.49 (10.91–12.07); SPL: 1.16 (1.10–1.23); CL: 1.08 (0.99–1.24); SFL: 0.35 (0.3–0.4); TN: 37 (27–45); OL: 4.12 (4.03–4.30).

Remarks: The new species has a sulcate fastigium, that is not seen in the type species of the genus, and shows a peculiar comma-shaped male cercus, without both the angular bend and the pointed apex. However, as the other Anisophya , A. una sp. n. has the lateral edges of fastigium of vertex and frons almost parallel and contiguous in a straight line, lateral carinae of pronotum distinct and close to each other in prozona, tegmina longer than pronotum, epiproct triangular, male subgenital plate without a median carina and with a posterior bump in the middle of the posterolateral margin, female subgenital plate with a wide base that suddenly narrows, and ovipositor finely serrulate. Anisophya una sp. n. is most similar to A. punctinervis ( Stål, 1861) and similar to A. melanochloris . The male cerci of A. punctinervis , as noted by Brunner von Wattenwyl (1878), have the apex incurvate, as in A. una sp. n., but with the great difference that cerci with a clavate apex are not found in A. una sp. n. Regarding male cerci, neither a medial pre-apical and a median tooth, as in A. melanochloris , nor the curved process, as in the other species of the genus, are found in A. una sp. n.

Both the new species and A. melanochloris share the presence of a coloured band, distinct of the overall colour of the specimen, on the abdomen. But, while the green-bodied A. melanochloris bears a black band, the dark-coloured A. una sp. n. bears a yellowish one. The overall colour of individuals of the new species is also very peculiar, as Anisophya una sp. n. is the only mostly black species of the genus, in contrast to the general green or greenish integument of the other species. The shape of the ovipositor of this new species, distinctly short (slightly longer than pronotum) and curved, also strongly resembles A. melanochloris and A. punctinervis . Additionally, this ovipositor shape slightly resembles those of A. biforma and A. careomacula Nickle, 2011 . The phallus is very similar to A. melanochloris , with singular differences, as the presence of amorphous sclerotizations, similar to the condition found by Chamorro-Rengifo & Lopes-Andrade (2014) in an undescribed genus of Phaneropterinae . Anisophya una sp. n. presents a dorsal lobe with a medial expansion, the dorsal fold is not plicated as in A. melanochloris and the tips of the ventral fold of the dorsal lobe are larger and in different orientation. The lower fold of the ventral lobe is triangular in both species, and the upper fold of the ventral fold are smaller than in A. melanochloris . Different from Cohnia andeana and dichopetalines, both species do not bear a titillator or sclerotized processes, which is remarkable as these are regarded to be the only two known species of the South American brachypterous Phaneropterinae where sclerotized processes are absent, a common characteristic of other brachypterous phaneropterines, as Odonturini and Barbitistini (Heller pers. comm. in Cohn et al. (2014)).

Calling songs of Anisophya una sp. n. are fully located in the ultrasound, inaudible to the human ear, with peak frequency of about 40 kHz, much higher than the frequency found among three dichopetalines (from 4 to 10 kHz, see Buzzetti & Barrientos-Lozano, 2011). This frequency is higher than the values found for Nanoleptopoda nigrifrons , that stridulates in a range of 20–30 kHz, and M. kilimandjarica that calls at ca. 15 to 30 kHz, (lower than some short-winged Barbitistini , e g. Andreiniimon Capra, 1937 ). The frequency range of Cohnia andeana was not explored by Buzzetti et al. (2010). One of the original recordings (kindly sent by Dr. F. Buzzetti) shows a peak between 9 and 12 kHz, and some energy above 16 kHz, but lacking the frequency range above 20 kHz, so that the actually highest peak might be located near the border of ultrasound and is missing in the available spectrogram. As commented for A. melanochloris and other species previously cited, the individuals of Anisophya una sp. n. do not produce only one kind of syllables in calling songs, but two, one with a large mute interval (here named type A) and the other with shorter mute intervals between syllables (type B). Additionally, the type B syllables are much longer than type A, with several more pulses, a pattern that is not found within other brachypterous phaneropterines species with described calling songs.

Additional examined material: 1 male, same data as holotype ; 1 male, “ BR, PR, Serranópolis do Iguaçu \ Parque Nacional do Iguaçu \ 1–02.XII.2017 \Coleta ativa noturna\ Fianco, M. col.” ; 12 males and 11 females, “ BR, PR, Foz do Iguaçu \ Parque Nacional do Iguaçu \ 10–14.X.2018 \Coleta ativa noturna\ Fianco, M. col.” ; 1 male and 1 female, “ BR, PR, Foz do Iguaçu \ Parque Nacional do Iguaçu \ 05–09.I.2018 \Coleta ativa noturna\ Fianco, M. col.” ; 4 males and 2 females, “ BR, PR, Serranópolis do Iguaçu \ Parque Nacional do Iguaçu \ 1–02.XII.2017 \Coleta ati- va noturna\ Fianco, M. col.” ; 1 male and 1 female, “ BR, PR, Serranópolis do Iguaçu \ Parque Nacional do Iguaçu \ 13–18.X.2017 \Coleta ativa noturna\ Fianco, M. col.” ; 13 males and 11 females, “ BR, PR, Foz do Iguaçu \ Parque Nacional do Iguaçu \ 14–18.XI.2017 \Coleta ativa noturna\ Fianco, M. col.” ; 2 females, “ BR, PR, Serranópolis do Iguaçu \ Parque Nacional do Iguaçu \ 06–09.XI.2017 \Coleta ativa noturna\ Fianco, M. col.” ; 7 males and 3 females, “ BR, PR, Serranópolis do Iguaçu \ Parque Nacional do Iguaçu \ 17.XI.2018 \Coleta ativa noturna\ Fianco, M. col.” ; 1 female, “ BR, PR, Foz do Iguaçu \ Parque Nacional do Iguaçu \ 26–27.VIII.2017 \Coleta ativa noturna\ Fianco, M. col.” (all specimens deposited at UNILA) .

We could also study a female coming from an area very close to Iguaçu National Park, private collection of H. Braun, and will be transferred to the entomological collection of the Museo de La Plata ( MLP), labeled “Puerto Iguazú, Parque Provincial Península\ 18.x.2018 \Capovilla, P. col.”, “MLP-OR-3179”.

Figures

FIGURE 3. Anisophya una sp. n. general morphology. A: male habitus; B: male habitus in dorsal view; C: male head, frontal view; D: male pronotum, lateral view; E: male subgenital plate and cerci, ventral view; F: male cerci and tergite X, dorsal view; G: female subgenital plate and cerci, ventral view; H: ovipositor. Scale bar, A and B: 1 cm; C–H: 1 mm

FIGURE 4. Wings and stridulatory files of Anisophya melanochloris and A. una sp. n. A and B: A. melanochloris male and females tegmina, respectively; B and C: A. melanochloris male and female stridulatory files; E and F: A. una sp. n. male and female tegmina, respectively. G and H: A. una sp. n. male and female stridulatory files. Letters folowed by a ‘ indicate left, while simple letters indicate right forewings. Scale bar; 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 5. Calling songs of Anisophya una sp. n. A: Sonogram of 68 seconds of male calling song, showing the different syllables that composes a echeme, dashed boxes indicates the subsequent syllables; B: syllable of type A; C and D: spectrogram of the initial and final pulses of the A syllables, respectively. E and F: sonogram of the B syllables, emitted in low and high intensity, respectively G and H: spectrogram of the B syllables, of the initial and final pulses, respectively. In spectrograms, red = 0 dB, yellow = -15 dB, green = -25 dB and blue = -35 dB.

FIGURE 8. Calling song of Xenicola xukrixi sp. n. and power spectra of brachypterous phaneropterinae from Iguaçu National Park. A: sonogram of 5.5 seconds of stridulation. B: sonogram of one hemisyllable; C: the respective spectrogram of B, where red = 0 dB, yellow = -15 dB, green = -25 dB and blue = -35 dB. D: Power spectra of Anisophya melanochloris (green line), A. una sp. n. (blue line) and X. xukrixi sp. n. (red line).

FIGURE 10: Females. A: Anisophya melanochloris; B: A. una sp. n.; C: Xenicola taroba sp. n.; D: X. xukrixi sp. n. Scale bar: 1 cm.

FIGURE 11. Male genitalia. A: Anisophya melanochloris; B: A. una sp. n.; C: Xenicola taroba sp. n.; D: X. xukrixi sp. n. The left drawings indicate dorsal view of the genitalia whereas right drawings indicate the ventral view. Abbreviations: as, amorphous sclerotization; df, dorsal fold; dl, dorsal lobe; ddl, dorsal fold of dorsal lobe; ejd, ejaculatory duct; ejv, ejaculatory vesicles; lw.vl, lower folds of ventral lobe; up.vl, upper folds of ventral lobe; vdl, ventral fold of dorsal lobe. Scale bar: A, 2 mm; B-D: 1.6mm.