Xenonychus tridens ( Jacquelin-Duval, 1852 ), 1899

Lackner, Tomáš, 2010, Review of the Palaearctic genera of Saprininae (Coleoptera: Histeridae), Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (suppl.) 50, pp. 1-254 : 226-230

Xenonychus tridens ( Jacquelin-Duval, 1852)

( Figs. 28 , 72 , 106 , 139 , 711–729 )

Saprinus tridens Jacquelin-Duval, 1852: 703 .

Saprinus tridens: MARSEUL (1855) : 501, t. XIX, Fig. 118 ; SCHMIDT (1885a): 309.

Saprinus ciliaris Mulsant & Rey, 1853: 99 . Synonymized by KRAATZ (1858): 131.

Saprinus serripes Marseul, 1855: 677 . Synonymized by MARSEUL (1862): 482.

Xenonychus fossor Wollaston, 1864: 181 . Synonymized by SCHMIDT (1887): 354.

Saprinus (Hypocaccus) tridens: SCHMIDT (1885a) : 309.

Styphrus tridens: BICKHARDT (1910) : 107; G. MÜLLER (1931): 102.

Xenonychus tridens: GANGLBAUER (1899) : 394; REITTER (1910): 13; REICHARDT (1941): 334; THÉROND (1963): 69; KRYZHANOVSKIJ & REICHARDT (1976): 112, 242, Fig. 471 ; VIENNA (1980): 115, 198, Fig. 70 ; MAZUR (1984): 108; MAZUR (1997): 267; YÉLAMOS (2002): 245, 340, Figs. 12A , 161H , 170B, 171 ; MAZUR (2004): 101.

Note. Sensory structures of antennal club and spermatheca were studied by DE MARZO & VIENNA (1982a,b).

Type locality. France, Le Grau de Roi.

Type material. Xenonychus tridens . NEOTYPE (here designated): ♁, ‘ FRANCE / Le Grau de Roi / (13) 8.viii.1962 [written] // tamissage au / pied des / Graminées [written] // Y. Gomy [printed] // Collection Y. Gomy [printed] // NEO- TYPUS / Xenonychus / tridens / ( Jacquelin-Duval, 1852) / Des. T. Lackner 2009 [red label, written]’ ( MNHN).

Comment. The type specimen of this species was not found in the collection of Jacquelin-Duval housed in MNHN. According to Mrs. Azadeh Taghavian, the type specimen of this species is probably lost, since there is an empty mounting card with the label ‘ Saprinus tridens ’. Although the author has inspected the fragments of various histerids on the bottom of the box, none of them contained pieces of Xenonychus tridens . The neotype is designated here to fix the identity of the type species of Xenonychus .

Additional material examined. ALGERIA: Ghardaia, 1.v.1987, 1♁, A.Olexa lgt .; Sahara, Béni Abbès , 20.x.1980, 1 ♀, A. Olexa lgt .; 1 ♁, ditto, but 27.iv.1987 ; Ain Sefra , 26.iv.1987, 1 ♁, A. Olexa lgt . MOROCCO: Mogador [= Essaouira], 2 ♀♀, Quedenfeldt lgt. ( TLAN) .

Redescription. Body length: PEL: 2.175–2.80 mm; APW: 0.825 –1.075 mm; PPW: 1.775 – 2.125 mm; EL: 1.425–1.70 mm; EW: 1.975 –2.475 mm.

Body ( Figs. 711–712 ) ovoid, moderately convex from above, underside strongly convex, cuticle light to dark brown with feeble bronze metallic tinge; legs, mouthparts and antennal scape rufopiceous, antennal flagellum yellow.

Antennal scape ( Fig. 715 ) with long numerous setae; club ( Fig. 714 ) rather small, without visible articulation, surface (apart from two sensory areas on apical part of club furnished with thick short sensilla, intermingled with thicker sparse erect sensilla) glabrous; sensory structures of antennal club ( Fig. 28 ) in form of stipe-shaped vesicle situated under circular sensory area on internal distal margin of the ventral side of antennal club.

Mouthparts. Mandibles ( Fig. 106 ) with straight carinate outer margin strongly curved inwardly; mandibular apex acutely pointed; sub-apical tooth on left mandible prominent, acute; labrum ( Fig. 72 ) almost smooth, slightly convex; labral pits with single weakly sclerotized seta; epipharynx almost completely hidden under labral fold; terminal labial palpomere elongated, its width about one-third its length; mentum sub-trapezoid, anterior margin ( Fig. 139 ) with shallow median notch, surrounded with several moderately long ramose setae, disc of mentum with few similar setae, lateral margins with single row of shorter ramose setae; cardo of maxilla on lateral margin with several long setae; stipes triangular, with numerous much longer setae; terminal maxillary palpomere elongated, its width about one-third its length, approximately twice as long as penultimate.

Clypeus ( Fig. 715 ) rectangular, broader than long, slightly depressed laterally, with scattered microscopic punctation, almost smooth; frontal stria well impressed, thin, almost straight (occasionally weakened medially or interrupted), continued as well impressed carinate supraorbital stria; frontal disc ( Fig. 715 ) flat, almost smooth, broader than long, laterally exceptionally with vague interrupted rugae; eyes very flattened, invisible from above.

Pronotal sides ( Fig. 711 ) moderately convergent forwardly; apical angles prominent; anterior incision for head shallow; marginal pronotal stria well impressed, complete; disc entirely covered with shallow round regular punctation, becoming denser laterally; pronotal base with a row of oval dense punctures; pronotal hypomeron with long yellow setae; scutellum small, conspicuous.

Elytral epipleuron with round, rather deep punctures fringed with long setae; marginal epipleural stria complete; marginal elytral stria deeply impressed, continued as weakly impressed (at times intermittent) apical elytral stria. Humeral elytral stria distinctly impressed on basal third; inner subhumeral stria present medially, deep, rather long, rarely joining marginal elytral stria; elytra with four dorsal elytral striae 1–4, almost reaching elytral apex (seldom fourth dorsal elytral stria slightly shortened apically), fourth dorsal elytral stria basally connected with sutural elytral stria; sutural elytral stria well impressed, apically usually connected with apical elytral stria. Elytral punctation confined to interspace between fourth dorsal and sutural elytral striae, basally along elytral suture almost reaching elytral base, punctation irregular and shallow, becoming confluent apically.

Propygidium ( Fig. 718 ) completely exposed, with shallow confluent punctures of various sizes; pygidium ( Fig. 718 ) long, with similar punctation, punctures becoming finer and sparser apically.

Anterior margin of median portion of prosternum ( Fig. 719 ) almost straight; marginal prosternal stria present laterally and as short anterior fragment; pre-apical foveae deep; prosternal process slightly concave, compressed, surface between lateral prosternal striae substrigulate-punctate, punctures shallow, surface laterad to lateral prosternal striae substrigulate, impunctate; carinal prosternal striae divergent on prosternal apophysis, thence strongly convergent, intermittent, vaguely attaining united lateral prosternal striae; lateral prosternal striae well impressed, carinate, convergent anteriorly, united in front.

Anterior margin of mesoventrite ( Fig. 713 ) shallowly emarginate medially; discal marginal mesoventral stria well impressed, carinate, weakened anteriorly; disc with scattered deep punctures separated by about 2–3 times their diameter; meso-metaventral sutural stria ( Fig. 713 ) well impressed, almost straight, undulate, exposing meso-metaventral suture; intercoxal disc of metaventrite almost smooth, only with microscopic punctation, along base with a band of irregular deep punctation; lateral metaventral stria well impressed, carinate, obliquely arcuate, shortened apically; lateral disc of metaventrite concave, with deep setiferous punctures of various sizes; metepisternum + fused metepimeron with very dense setae, punctation unrecognizable beneath them.

Intercoxal disc of the first abdominal sternite almost completely striate laterally; basal half of disc with punctures of varied sizes, separated by about their own to twice their own diameter, apically replaced by very fine scattered microscopic punctation; along apical margin a row of larger punctures appears; lateral disc of all visible abdominal sternites setose laterally.

Protibia ( Fig. 720 ) flattened and dilated, outer margin with three large triangular teeth topped with moderately large triangular denticle, followed by five short rounded denticles diminishing in size in proximal direction; setae of outer row long, confined to basal third of protibia; setae of median row much shorter than those of outer row, but strongly sclerotized and present almost along entire length of protibia; protarsal groove rather deep; anterior protibial stria inconspicuous; single, short tarsal denticle present apically; protibial spur tiny, bent, growing out from apical protibial margin; apical margin of protibia posteriorly with two tiny apical denticles; outer part of posterior surface of protibia areolate-rugose; distinctly separated from glabrous median part of posterior surface; posterior protibial stria complete; inner-ventral denticles absent; inner margin with row of strongly sclerotized lamelliform long setae.

Mesotibia ( Fig. 716 ) slightly thickened, outer margin with two dense rows of thin denticles growing in size apically, abutting each other; posterior mesotibial surface with dense, strongly sclerotized long setae growing out near inner mesotibial margin and covering almost entire posterior surface of mesotibia, their affiliation with either dorsal or median row dubious; posterior mesotibial stria inconspicuous; anterior surface of mesotibia glabrous; anterior mesotibial stria almost complete, shortened apically; mesotibial spur long and thin; apical margin with several short denticles; claws of apical tarsomere almost straight, almost as long as apical-most mesotarsomeres itself; each tarsomere with single long strongly sclerotized seta posteriorly and anteriorly; metatibia basically similar to mesotibia, but more thickened and dilated and denticles on outer margin much longer, three rows of denticles present (as opposed to two in mesotibia).

Male genitalia. Eighth sternite ( Figs. 721–722 ) segment longitudinally separated medially, apically with tiny inflatable membrane (velum); apex laterally fringed with short brush of setae; eighth tergite and eighth sternite fused laterally ( Fig. 723 ). Morphology of 9 th tergite ( Figs. 724–725 ) typical for the subfamily; spiculum gastrale ( Fig. 726 ) expanded on both ends. Basal piece of aedeagus ( Figs. 728–729 ) rather short, ratio of its length: length of parameres 1: 4; parameres fused along their basal half; aedeagus slightly curved ventrad ( Fig. 729 ).

Remarks. Xenonychus tridens is a widely distributed species and as such exhibits a large degree of variation, especially regarding punctation of dorsal surface, frontal stria and other characters.

Figures

Figs. 9–28. Saprininae, sensory structures of the antennal club (vesicles marked with grey; sensory areas shaded): 9 – Saprinus (Saprinus) semistriatus (Scriba, 1790); 10 – Saprinus (Hemisaprinus) subvirescens (Ménétries, 1832); 11 – Myrmetes paykulli Kanaar, 1979; 12 – Styphrus corpulentus Motschulsky, 1845; 13 – Saprinus (Phaonius) pharao (Marseul, 1855); 14 – Ammostyphrus cerberus Reichardt, 1924; 15 – Chalcionellus amoenus (Erichson, 1834); 16 – Chivaenius kryzhanovskii Olexa,1980; 17 – Ctenophilothis chobauti (Théry,1900); 18 – Eopachylopus ripae (Lewis, 1885); 19 – Exaesiopus grossipes grossipes (Marseul, 1855); 20 – Hypocaccus (Hypocaccus) rugiceps (Duftschmid, 1805); 21 – Hypocaccus (Baeckmanniolus) dimidiatus dimidiatus (Illiger, 1807); 22 – Hypocacculus (Hypocacculus) metallescens (Erichson, 1834); 23 – Hypocacculus (Colpellus) praecox (Erichson, 1834); 24 – Hypocacculus (Nessus) rubripes (Erichson, 1834); 25 – Paravolvulus lateristrius (Solskij, 1876); 26 – Pholioxenus phoenix (Reichardt, 1930); 27 – Reichardtiolus duriculus (Reitter, 1904); 28 – Xenonychus tridens (Jacquelin-Duval, 1852).

Figs. 47–73. Saprininae, labral structures, dorsal view (left half showing external and right half showing internal structures): 47 – Alienocacculus neftensis (Olexa, 1984); 48 – Ammostyphrus cerberus Reichardt, 1924; 49 – Chalcionellus amoenus (Erichson, 1834); 50 – Chivaenius kryzhanovskii Olexa, 1980; 51 – Eopachylopus ripae (Lewis, 1885); 52 – Eremosaprinus vlasovi (Reichardt, 1941); 53 – Euspilotus (Neosaprinus) perrisi (Marseul, 1872); 54 – Exaesiopus grossipes grossipes (Marseul, 55); 55 – Gnathoncus rotundatus (Kugelann, 1792); 56 – Hypocaccus (Hypocaccus) rugiceps (Duftschmid, 1805); 57 – Hypocacculus (Hypocacculus) metallescens (Erichson, 1834); 58 – Hypocacculus (Colpellus) praecox (Erichson, 1834); 59 – Hypocacculus (Nessus) rubripes (Erichson, 1834); 60 – Microsaprinus therondianus (Dahlgren, 1973); 61 – Myrmetes paykulli Kanaar, 1979; 62 – Paravolvulus lateristriatus (Solskij, 1876); 63 – Philothis (Philothis) arcanus Reichardt, 1930; 64 – Philothis (Atavinus) atavus (Reichardt, 1931); 65 – Philothis (Farabius) hexeris Reichardt, 1930; 66 – Pholioxenus phoenix (Reichardt, 1930); 67 – Reichardtiolus duriculus (Reitter, 1904); 68 – Saprinus (Saprinus) semistriatus (Scriba, 1790); 69 – Saprinus (Hemisaprinus) subvirescens (Ménétries, 1832); 70 – Saprinus (Phaonius) pharao (Marseul, 1855); 71 – Styphrus corpulentus Motschulsky, 1845; 72 – Xenonychus tridens (Jacquelin-Duval, 1852); 73 – Xenophilothis choumovitchi (Thérond, 1965).

Figs.99–107.Saprininae, mandibles,ventral view:99 – Philothis (Farabius) hexeris Reichardt, 1930; 100 – Pholioxenus phoenix (Reichardt,1930); 101 – Reichardtiolus duriculus (Reitter, 1904); 102 – Saprinus (Saprinus) semistriatus (Scriba, 1790); 103 – Saprinus (Hemisaprinus) subvirescens (Ménétries, 1832); 104 – Saprinus (Phaonius) pharao (Marseul, 1855); 105 – Styphrus corpulentus Motschulsky, 1845; 106 – Xenonychus tridens (Jacquelin-Duval, 1852); 107 – Xenophilothis choumovitchi (Thérond, 1965).

Figs. 109–141. Saprininae, anterior margin of mentum, ventral view: 109 – Alienocacculus neftensis (Olexa, 1984); 110 – Ammostyphrus cerberus Reichardt, 1924; 111 – Axelinus ghilarovi Kryzhanovskij, 1976; 112 – Chalcionellus amoenus (Erichson, 1834); 113 – Chivaenius kryzhanovskii Olexa, 1980; 114 – Ctenophilotis chobauti (Théry, 1900); 115 – Eopachylopus ripae (Lewis, 1885); 116 – Eremosaprinus vlasovi (Reichardt, 1941); 117 – Euspilotus (Neosaprinus) perrisi (Marseul, 1872); 118 – Exaesiopus grossipes grossipes (Marseul, 1855); 119 – Gnathoncus rotundatus (Kugelann, 1792); 120 – Hypocaccus (Hypocaccus) rugiceps (Duftschmid, 1805); 121 – Hypocaccus (Baeckmanniolus) dimidiatus dimidiatus (Illiger, 1807); 122 – Hypocacculus (Hypocacculus) metallescens (Erichson, 1834); 123 – Hypocacculus (Colpellus) praecox (Erichson, 1834); 124 – Hypocacculus (Nessus) rubripes (Erichson, 1834); 125 – Microsaprinus therondianus (Dahlgren, 1973); 126 – Myrmetes paykulli Kanaar, 1979; 127 – Paravolvulus ovillum (Solskij, 1876); 128 – Philothis (Philothis) arcanus Reichardt, 1930; 129 – Philothis (Atavinus) atavus (Reichardt, 1931); 130 – Philothis (Farabius) hexeris Reichardt, 1930; 131 – Pholioxenus phoenix (Reichardt, 1930); 132 – Reichardtiolus duriculus (Reitter, 1904); 133 – Saprinillus paromaloides Kryzhanovskij, 1974; 134 – Saprinus (Saprinus) semistriatus (Scriba, 1790); 135 – Saprinus (Hemisaprinus) subvirescens (Ménétries, 1832); 136 – Saprinus (Phaonius) pharao (Marseul, 1855); 137 – Styphrus corpulentus Motschulsky, 1845; 138 – Turanostyphrus ignoratus Tishechkin, 2005; 139 – Xenonychus tridens (Jacquelin-Duval, 1852); 140 – Xenophilotis choumovitchi (Thérond, 1965); 141 – Zorius funereus (Schmidt, 1890).

Figs.711–720.Xenonychus tridens (Jacquelin-Duval,1852), SEM micrographs:711 – habitus,dorsal view; 712 – ditto, ventral view; 713 – mesoventrite; 714 – antennal club, ventral view; 715 – head, dorsal view; 716 – mesotibia, dorsal view; 717 – head, ventral view; 718 – propygidium and pygidium; 719 – prosternum; 720 – protibia, dorsal view.

Figs. 721–729. Xenonychus tridens (Jacquelin-Duval, 1852), male terminalia: 721 – 8th sternite and tergite, ventral view; 722 – ditto, dorsal view; 723 – ditto, lateral view; 724 – 9th tergite and 10th tergite, dorsal view; 725 – ditto, lateral view; 726 – spiculum gastrale, ventral view; 727 – ditto, lateral view; 728 – aedeagus, dorsal view; 729 – ditto, lateral view.

Figs. 471–481. Microsaprinus therondianus (Dahlgren, 1973), SEM micrographs: 471 – habitus, dorsal view; 472 – ditto, ventral view; 473 – antennal club, ventral view; 474 – ditto, dorsal view; 475 – head, dorsal view; 476 – protibia, dorsal view; 477 – metatibia, ventral view; 478 – mentum, stipites and cardines, ventral view; 479 – prosternum; 480 – lateral disc of metaventrite, metepisternum and fused metepimeron; 481 – protibia, ventral view.

Figs. 160–161. Myrmetes paykulli Kanaar, 1979, mesotibia: 160 – dorsal view; 161 – ventral view.

Figs. 168–173. Saprininae, male terminalia, schematic: 168 – 8th sternite, ventral view; 169 – 8th sternite and tergite, dorsal view; 170 – ditto, lateral view; 171 – ninth tergites and tenth tergite, dorsal view; 172 – spiculum gastrale (10th sternite), ventral view; 173 – aedeagus, dorsal view.