Tosana niwae, Smith and Pope, 1906, Smith and Pope, 1906

Gill, Anthony C., Anderson Jr, William D. & Williams, Jeffrey T., 2019, Anthias albofasciatus Fowler and Bean, 1930, a junior synonym of Tosana niwae Smith and Pope, 1906 (Teleostei: Serranidae: Anthiadinae), Zootaxa 4614 (3), pp. 566-574 : 566-571

Caudal

peduncle length was measured from the base of the last anal ray to the ventral edge of the caudal peduncle at the vertical through the lower hypurals. Where possible, pectoral ray branching patterns were recorded bilaterally. Lower case Roman and Arabic numerals refer to unbranched and branched rays, respectively. Patterns are reported from the uppermost to the lowermost rays. Other methods of counting and measuring follow Anderson & Heemstra (2012). Comparisons with T. niwae are based on literature accounts (notably, Katayama 1959, 1960; Katayama in

Masuda et al. 1984; Senou 2002) and examination of the following specimens. CHINA, SOUTH CHINA SEA: NSMT-P 65898, 79.1 mm SL, Hainan Island, Sanya, Fish Harbour, G. Shinohara, 24 Nov 1997 ; USNM 89988, 74.9 mm SL, holotype of Anthias albofasciatus Fowler & Bean , east of Hong Kong, 21°54’N 115°42’E, 113 m, 12 foot Tanner beam trawl, US Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross, 4 Nov 1908 . VIETNAM, SOUTH CHINA SEA: NSMT-P 70557, 68.5 mm SL, Nha Trang fish landing port, K. Shibukawa, 8 Oct 2004 . JAPAN: KPM-NI 7576, 121 mm SL, Japan, Honshu, off Ishibashi, W. of Sagami Bay , 60 m, 30 Dec 2000 ; KPM-NI 20841, 126 mm SL, Japan, Honshu, off Akiya, E. of Sagami Bay , 60 m, E. Kanai, 24 Nov 2007 ; KPM-NI 35479, 106 mm SL, Japan, Honshu, off Odawara, W. of Sagami Bay , 65 m, H. Ishikawa, 7 Sep 2013 ; NSMT-P 77946, 3: 93.0– 127.8 mm SL, Japan, Shikoku, Kochi Prefecture, Kochi City, Mimase fishing port, Y. Yamanoue, 8 Jan 2001 ; NSMT-P 81141, 4: 70.5–97.2 mm SL, Japan, Honshu, Shizuoka Pref., Suruga Bay , Shimizu Fish Market, 17 Jun 1985 ; USNM 55618, 83.3 mm SL, holotype of Tosana niwae Smith & Pope , Japan, Shikoku, Kochi Prefecture, Urado Bay , 10 May 1903 .

Results

Photos and radiographs of the holotypes of Anthias albofasciatus and Tosana niwae are provided in Figures 1 and 2 , respectively. Counts and measurements for the two holotypes are given in Tables 1–2, along with data from 12 non-type specimens from the South China Sea and southeastern Japan.

The specimens share unusually variable branching of pectoral-fin rays. Heemstra & Randall (1999) incorrectly reported Tosana Smith & Pope (1906) as having entirely unbranched pectoral rays in their key to Western Central Pacific serranids. Katayama (1960) correctly noted that pectoral ray branching is variable, though usually a few rays in the middle of the fin are unbranched. The presence of unbranched rays in the middle of the pectoral fin has been used to distinguish Tosana from the related Pseudanthias . However, both holotypes have inconspicuously branched middle rays. Moreover, the first author has noted variation in certain specimens of an undescribed species of Tosana from eastern Australia that approaches the typical condition found in Pseudanthias (i.e, with only the uppermost two and lowermost one pectoral rays unbranched). We are not aware of similar variable pectoral-ray branching in any other anthiadine genera .

The holotype of A. albofasciatus differs from the holotype of T. niwae notably in several characters, in particular in having 15 versus 16 pectoral rays, 14 versus 15 segmented dorsal-fin rays, and a pointed versus rounded tongue ( Figure 3 ). However, comparison with non-type specimens (including specimens from near the type locality of T. niwae ) and literature accounts indicates that the pectoral ray count for A. albofasciatus is within the range of variation observed in T. niwae , that 14 is the usual dorsal ray count for T. niwae , and that the tongue shape in the holotype of T. niwae is atypical of the species. The count of X,14 dorsal rays is relatively uncommon in Indo- Pacific anthiadines (though not so for eastern Pacific and Atlantic species; see Heemstra & Anderson, 2012: table 2). Among Indo-Pacific species, aside from Tosana it is only known from various species of Plectranthias Bleeker (1873) , several species of Odontanthias Bleeker (1873) , Sacura boulengeri ( Heemstra 1973) , Anthias xanthomaculatus Fourmanoir & Rivaton (1979) and A. hutomoi Allen & Burhanuddin (1976) . Plectranthias species differ in having fewer, less well-developed gill-rakers (total rakers 13–32 versus 34–37). Species of Odontanthias and Sacura Jordan & Richardson (1910) are deeper bodied, with mostly branched pectoral rays and with the two supraneural bones closely spaced (versus widely separated). Anthias xanthomaculatus has been regarded as a valid species of Pseudanthias by Heemstra & Randall (1999) but is actually referable to the genus Odontanthias ( Gill & Russell 2019) . Anthias hutomoi Allen & Burhanuddin (1976) has been also referred to the genus Pseudanthias . It differs from the A. albofasciatus holotype in having mostly branched pectoral rays, more lateral-line scales (43–47) and three supraneurals (versus two) .

Fowler & Bean (1930) described the preserved coloration of A. albofasciatus as follows: “Uniformly light brown, lower sides and under surface silvery white. Diffuse, obscure median pale lateral band from eye to caudal base. Iris silvery white. Fins all pale brown. Caudal with median rays grayish terminally.” In our preserved material of T. niwae , there is no indication of a mid-lateral stripe, and the only noteworthy pigmentation is a series of short greyish brown bars on the upper body (one per scale). In life, however, most individuals are pale pink to pale yellow, white ventrally, with a broad pale yellow to yellow-brown stripe extending from behind the eye to the upper caudal-fin base ( Figure 4A ; Masuda et al. 1984: pl. 121M). This corresponds well with the “pale lateral band” noted by Fowler and Bean. Larger individuals (presumably males) of T. niwae are more brightly coloured: the upper part of the body is orange to red, edged dorsally in pink, there are alternating mauve/pink and yellow stripes on the head, the yellow body stripe is brighter (at least anteriorly) and punctuated with one or two orange to red blotches, and the soft dorsal is edged in iridescent blue with submarginal orange or red and yellow stripe, and the tips of the caudalfin lobes are orange or red and yellow ( Figure 4B,C ). Live coloration details for T. niwae are based on literature accounts and available images and videos on the internet, in particular those on the FishPix database (http://fishpix. kahaku.go.jp/fishimage-e/index.html).

Figures

FIGURE 1. Holotypes of A) Anthias albofasciatus, USNM 89988, 74.9 mm SL; B) Tosana niwae, USNM 55618, 83.3 mm SL. (Photographs by S. Raredon)

FIGURE 2. Radiographs of holotypes of A) Anthias albofasciatus, USNM 89988, 74.9 mm SL; B) Tosana niwae, USNM 55618, 83.3 mm SL. (Radiographs by S. Raredon)

FIGURE 3. Tongues of holotypes of A) Anthias albofasciatus, USNM 89988, 74.9 mm SL; B) Tosana niwae, USNM 55618, 83.3 mm SL. (Photos by S. Raredon)

FIGURE 4. Tosana niwae A) aquarium photo of ca 25 mm SL juvenile from Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, Japan (photo by Y.K. Tea); B) KPM-NI 35479 (image KPM-NR 107491B), 106 mm SL, freshly dead male, off Odawara, Honshu, Japan (© Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History; photo by H. Senou); C) aquarium photo of ca 90 mm SL male from the Izu Peninsula, Honshu, Japan (photo by K. Zeze).