Blepharoneura, Loew, 1873

Norrbom, Allen L. & Condon, Marty, 2010, Revision of the femoralis group of Blepharoneura Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae) 2374, Zootaxa 2374 (1), pp. 1-139 : 8-10

Description of Blepharoneura

Body nonmetallic, usually predominantly yellow, often with brown markings, occasionally predominantly brown.

Head: Frons setulose, with 2 orbital setae and usually 2 frontal setae. Ocellar and postocellar setae well developed. Frontal vitta usually orange, red or brown with narrow yellow area medially ( Fig. 1 ). Facial carina weak. Vibrissa absent. Antenna moderately long but usually not reaching ventral margin of face. Arista long pubescent to short plumose. Prementum elongate and strongly convex. Labella with sclerotized ridges or spicules (modified pseudotracheal ring tips; often not exposed in dry specimens).

Thorax: Yellow to orange, often with brown markings, particularly on mesonotum, in a few species of femoralis group predominantly brown ( Figs. 90–108 ). Scutum posteriorly usually with pair of brown markings or single band or larger mark, often with 2–4 vittae, especially anteriorly. 1–2 postpronotal setae (second seta often varies intraspecifically), 2 notopleural, 1 presutural and 1 postsutural postalar, 1 intra-alar, 1 postalar, often 1 intra-postalar, 1 dorsocentral, 1 acrostichal, 3 scutellar, 3 anepisternal (1 on upper fourth just anterior to phragma), 1 anepimeral, and 1 katepisternal setae.

Wing: Vein Sc subapically anteriorly turned at 80–90° angle. Veins R 1, R 4+5, Cu 1 and base of vein Cu setulose dorsally. Crossvein r-m near or distal to midlength of cell dm (measured along vein M). Cell bcu with elongate posterodistal lobe. Pattern usually predominantly brown with hyaline spots and marginal incisions, sometimes on apical third with hyaline bands; cells dm and cu 1 sometimes with large hyaline area or occasionally 1–2 hyaline bands ( Figs. 2–81 ).

Abdomen: Occasionally entirely yellow, but usually yellow with brown spots or reticulate pattern to predominantly brown with medial yellow vitta or row of spots ( Figs. 1 , 113–125 ).

Female terminalia: Oviscape tapering, subconical to funnel-shaped (short, subconical, brown in femoralis group). Aculeus short, broad (especially in femoralis group), and flat; in femoralis group usually with acute or blunt scales on medial membrane (e.g., Figs. 126–135 ); tip in poecilosoma group triangular, with numerous distinct serrations, each associated with internal channel ( Condon & Norrbom 1994, figs. 14–16), in femoralis group truncate to subtriangular, with step-like or digitiform lobes ( Figs. 126–187 ). 3 spermathecae ( Figs. 188– 193 ), subspherical or occasionally conical, usually with sclerotized neck and/or small to large basal apodeme, surface without denticles.

Male terminalia: Lateral surstylus relatively short ( Figs. 196–203 ), with epandrium forming near oval in posterior view. Glans with single membranous, non-spiculose, basal lateral lobe; elongate, basal half slender and membranous, distal half strongly sclerotized, cylindrical ( poecilosoma group) or stout and bulbous ( femoralis group). Proctiger sometimes weakly bilobed ventrally.

Egg ( Figs. 194–195 ): Cylindrical ovoid, slightly curved, slightly tapered.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Habitus, dorsal: B. nigrifemur (Bolivia: Apa Apa, USNMENT00055924).

FIGURES 90–93. Thorax, dorsal: 90–91, B. furcifer (Venezuela: Capirito, USNMENT00213927; Peru: Avispas, USNMENT00053665); 92, B. hirsuta (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, USNMENT00054199); 93, B. septemdigitata (Peru: Erika, USNMENT00054208).

FIGURES 94–97. Thorax, dorsal: 94, B. thetis (holotype); 95, B. bivittata (Costa Rica: S Upala, USNMENT00054202); 96–97, B. brevivittata (Costa Rica: Rincon de Osa, USNMENT00054203; Costa Rica: Golfo Dulce, USNMENT00048518).

FIGURES 98–101. Thorax, dorsal: 98–99, B. quadristriata (Mexico: Los Tuxtlas, USNMENT00054200, USNMENT00054201); 100–101, B. femoralis (Mexico: El Triunfo, USNMENT00054206; San Cristobal, USNMENT00054205).

FIGURES 102–105. Thorax, dorsal: 102–104, B. marshalli (holotype; Argentina: Camino la Cornisa, USNMENT00054210, USNMENT00054211); 105, B. tau (holotype).

FIGURES 106–108. Thorax, lateral: 106, B. femoralis (Mexico: El Triunfo, USNMENT00213770); 107, B. apaapa (Bolivia: Apa Apa, USNMENT00055944); 108, B. chaconi (Costa Rica: San Gerardo, USNMENT00048386).

FIGURES 2–5. Wing: 2, B. apaapa (Bolivia: Apa Apa, USNMENT00055942); 3, B. macwilliamsae (Costa Rica: NE Canon Genesis, USNMENT00048612); 4, B. rupta (Costa Rica: SE Rio Naranjo, USNMENT00213532); 5, B. wasbaueri (holotype). See Materials and Methods section for explanation of numbering system for hyaline markings.

FIGURES 6–15. Wing: 6–7, B. amplihyalina (Argentina: Horco Molle, USNMENT00213855; Villa Padre Monti, USNMENT00213859); 8, B. apaapa (Bolivia: Apa Apa, USNMENT00055943); 9, B. aspiculosa (Mexico: El Triunfo, USNMENT00213912); 10–11, B. bidigitata (Brazil: Nova Teutonia, USNMENT00213906; Interlagos, USNMENT00213839); 12, B. bipunctata (holotype); 13, B. biseriata (Mexico: Huipulco, USNMENT00213948); 14, B. sp. nr. biseriata (Mexico: E El Palmito, USNMENT00213947); 15, B. bivittata (holotype).

FIGURES 16–25. Wing: 16, B. bivittata (Costa Rica: S Upala, USNMENT00213822); 17–20, B. brevivittata (Costa Rica: Golfo Dulce, USNMENT00048492, USNMENT0000048516; Panama: Cano Saddle, USNMENT00213935; Peru: Tingo Maria, USNMENT00213533); 21–22, B. sp. nr. brevivittata (Peru: Pakitza, USNMENT00213931; Brazil: Santarém, USNMENT00213932); 23–24, B. chaconi (Costa Rica: San Gerardo, USNMENT00048385–86); 25, B. cornelli (holotype).

FIGURES 26–35. Wing: 26, B. cyclantherae (Mexico: Rt. 95, USNMENT00052304); 27–29, B. femoralis (Mexico: El Triunfo, USNMENT00213770; Brazil: Nova Teutonia, USNMENT00213754, USNMENT00052306); 30–31, B. fernandezi (Venezuela: El Limon, USNMENT00213886; Cumbre Roja, USNMENT00213885); 32–33, B. furcifer (Ecuador: Limoncocha, USNMENT00213928; Bolivia: San Carlos, USNMENT00213926); 34, B. sp. nr. furcifer (Panama: Barro Colorado USNMENT00213930); 35, B. hirsuta (Venezuela: Guatopo, USNMENT00213792).

FIGURES 36–45. Wing: 36–37, B. hirsuta Guyana: Moraballi Creek, USNMENT00213793; Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, USNMENT00213794); 38–39, B. hyalinella (Bolivia: Apa Apa, USNMENT00055933, USNMENT00055940); 40, B. io (holotype); 41, B. isolata (holotype); 42, B. lutea (Costa Rica: SW Rincon, USNMENT00213791); 43–44, B. macwilliamsae (Zurqui, USNMENT00048601, USNMENT00048483); 45, B. marshalli (Argentina: Yuto, USNMENT00213860).

FIGURES 46–55. Wing: 46–47, B. mexicana (Mexico: S Chapingo, USNMENT00213806; holotype); 48, B. mikenoltei (holotype); 49, B. multipunctata (holotype); 50, B. nigriapex (Bolivia: Apa Apa, USNMENT00055930); 51, B. nigrifemur (Bolivia: Apa Apa, USNMENT00055923); 52, B. osmundsonae (Mexico: El Yukon, USNMENT00213961); 53–54, B. punctistigma (Mexico: Los Tuxtlas, USNMENT00213875; El Triunfo, USNMENT00213913); 55, B. quadristriata (Mexico: Los Tuxtlas, USNMENT00213849).

FIGURES 56–65. Wing: 56, B. quadristriata (Mexico: Los Tuxtlas, USNMENT00054201); 57, B. quetzali (holotype); 58–59, B. regina (lectotype; Mexico: Lagunas de Zempoala, USNMENT00213847); 60, B. rupta (lectotype); 61, B. ruptafascia (holotype); 62, B. septemdigitata (Peru: Pakitza, USNMENT00213939); 63, B. sinepuncta (Costa Rica: La Suiza, USNMENT00213918); 64–65, B. splendida (Guatemala: Pacayal, USNMENT00213874; Venezuela: Rancho Grande, USNMENT00213864).

FIGURES 76–83. Wing: 76, B. variabilis (Mexico: El Triunfo, USNMENT00213897); 77, B. wasbaueri (Ecuador: Huahua Sumaco, USNMENT00104212); 78, B. zumbadoi (Costa Rica: San Gerardo, USNMENT00048392); 79, B. diva (Costa Rica: Agua Buena, USNMENT00212445); 80, B. pulchella (holotype, Mexico: Teapa); 81, Blepharoneura sp. #50 (Ecuador: Tandapi, USNMENT00213798); 82, Hexaptilona hexacinioides (Taiwan: 45 km E Taichung); 83, Baryglossa trulla (Uganda: Ruwenzori Range, Fort Portal).

FIGURES 113–118. Abdomen, dorsal: 113, B. femoralis (USNMENT00054204); 114–115, B. marshalli (Argentina: Camino la Cornisa, USNMENT00054210–11); 116–117, B. chaconi (InBio002151664; INBio002539948); 118, B. tau (holotype).

FIGURES 119–125. Abdomen, dorsal: 119–120, B. septemdigitata (Peru: Pakitza, USNMENT00213939–40); 121, B. cornelli (holotype); 122, B. furcifer (USNMENT00053665); 123, B. hirsuta (Brazil: Manaus, USNMENT00054198); 124, B. brevivittata (Costa Rica: Rincon de Osa, USNMENT00054203); 125, B. quadristriata (Mexico: Los Tuxtlas, USNMENT00054201).

FIGURES 126–135. Aculeus: 126, B. bivittata (holotype, USNMENT00213023); 127, B. brevivittata (Costa Rica: Golfo Dulce, USNMENT00048518); 128, B. cornelli (holotype, INBio001228576); 129, B. lutea (Costa Rica: Pitilla, INBio000424938); 130, B. macwilliamsae (Costa Rica: La Cangreja, USNMENT00048509); 131, B. bipunctata (Ecuador: Otonga USNMENT00213903); 132–133, B. apaapa (Bolivia: Apa Apa, USNMENT00055947, USNMENT00213943); 134, B. hyalinella (Bolivia: Apa Apa, USNMENT00055931); 135, B. nigriapex (Bolivia: Apa Apa, USNMENT00055930).

FIGURES 188–195. Spermathecae: 188–190, B. femoralis (Mexico: Lagunas de Zempoala, USNMENT00213772; Oaxaca, USNMENT00213778; Brazil: Nova Teutonia, USNMENT00052306); 191, B. regina (2) (Mexico: Lagunas de Zempoala, USNMENT00213846); 192, B. quadristriata (3) (Mexico: Los Tuxtlas, USNMENT00213949); 193, B. furcifer (3) (lectotype). Egg: 194, B. femoralis (Mexico: Mexico City, USNMENT00213773); 195, B. lutea (Costa Rica: Golfito, USNMENT00213824).

FIGURES 196–199. Epandrium and surstyli, lateral and posterior: 196–197, B. femoralis (Brazil: Nova Teutonia); 198– 199, B. thetis (holotype).

FIGURES 200–203. Epandrium and surstyli, posterior: 200, B. amplihyalina (Argentina: Horco Molle, USNM00213855); 201, B. mexicana (Mexico, USNM00213821); 202, B. quadristriata (Mexico, Los Tuxtlas, USNM00213850); 203, B. rupta (Belize, Stann Creek, USNM00213797).