Paranoplocephala Lühe, 1910

Haukisalmi, Voitto, Hardman, Lotta M., Hoberg, Eric P. & Henttonen, Heikki, 2014, Phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic revision of Paranoplocephala Lühe, 1910 sensu lato (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea, Anoplocephalidae), Zootaxa 3873 (4), pp. 371-415 : 380-381

Paranoplocephala Lühe, 1910

( Fig. 6 )

Diagnosis. Strobila long and usually wide. Scolex large, provided with prominent, protruding, crateriform suckers directed anteriorly. Neck long, narrow relative to scolex width (26–34%). Proglottids craspedote, but velum short or absent. Mature proglottids transversely elongated (length/width ratio 15–36%). Genital pores infrequently (and irregularly) alternating (exceptionally unilateral). Genital ducts pass dorsal to longitudinal osmoregulatory canals. Testes antiporal or antiporal and anterior to ovary, overlapping ventral longitudinal canal antiporally, but not porally. Testes non-overlapping or slightly overlapping with ovary. Cirrus sac short, usually overlapping but not extending beyond ventral longitudinal canal. Vagina shorter than cirrus sac, positioned posterior or postero-ventral to cirrus sac, covered with thick glandular cell layer widening distally, usually not overlapping ventral longitudinal canal. Seminal receptacle elongate, pyriform or ovoid. Early uterus reticulate, anterior, ventral to other organs, with lateral, posteriorly widened, fenestrated “wings”. In cricetid ( Arvicolinae , Neotominae ) and geomyid rodents in Eurasia and North America.

Type species: P. omphalodes ( Hermann, 1783) Lühe, 1910 Taenia omphalodes Hermann, 1783

Halysis omphalodes ( Hermann, 1783) Zeder, 1803 Anoplocephala omphalodes ( Hermann, 1783) Janicki, 1904 Bertiella omphalodes ( Hermann, 1783) Meggitt, 1927 Andrya caucasica Kirshenblat, 1938

Other species:

P. batzlii Haukisalmi, Henttonen & Hardman, 2006

P. jarrelli Haukisalmi, Henttonen & Hardman, 2006

P. kalelai ( Tenora, Haukisalmi & Henttonen, 1985) Tenora, Murai & Vaucher, 1986 Andrya kalelai Tenora, Haukisalmi & Henttonen, 1985

P. kirbyi Voge, 1948

P. macrocephala ( Douthitt, 1915) Rausch, 1976

Andrya macrocephala Douthitt, 1915

Aprostatandrya macrocephala ( Douthitt, 1915) Kirshenblat, 1938 Andrya translucida Douthitt, 1915

P. maseri Tenora, Gubányi & Murai, 1999

P. microti ( Hansen, 1947) Tenora, Murai & Vaucher, 1984 Andrya microti Hansen, 1947

P. rauschi ( Fair, Schmidt & Wertheim, 1990) Haukisalmi & Henttonen, 2003 Andrya rauschi Fair, Schmidt & Wertheim, 1990

Remarks. Type specimens of P. omphalodes were not designated when the species was characterized, and the cestodes on which the original description ( Hermann 1783) was based are evidently lost and no longer exist. Tenora & Murai (1980) recognized this problem and proposed designation of a lectotype for P. omphalodes . The specimen no. 1889 in the Rudolphi Collection at the Humboldt University (Berlin) was selected on the basis that it represents the oldest known specimen of this species. However, the proposed lectotype does not represent any of Hermann’s (1783) original specimens and thus does not have taxonomic standing. The “ lectotype ” of Tenora & Murai (1980) could be redesignated as a neotype, but it does not originate from the type locality (or local region) for the original series from which P. omphalodes was described. We suggest that it is appropriate to find or collect new material in the region of the type locality (Alsace in northeastern France at the border with Germany) for designation of a neotype. Further, because DNA sequences have proven to be crucial for systematics of anoplocephalid cestodes, including the genus Paranoplocephala ( Haukisalmi et al. 2004) , a specimen with published, or archived, sequence data should have priority when selecting a neotype for P. omphalodes .

Paranoplocephala spp. (s. s.) are easily distinguished by their large scolex with prominent crateriform suckers directed anteriorly and narrow neck (relative to the scolex width); in these respects they differ from all other species of Paranoplocephala (s. l.). Other characteristic features of Paranoplocephala are the short velum, generally wide ventral longitudinal canals and infrequently (and irregularly) alternating genital pores.

The exclusive monophyly of P. omphalodes , P. macrocephala , P. batzlii and P. jarrelli , suggested earlier by nuclear (28S rDNA, ITS1) sequences (Wickström et al. 2005, Haukisalmi et al. 2004), is supported by the present nad1 data and concatenated cox1 + nad1 data. There are no molecular data for P. microti , P. r a us c h i and P. maseri . The sister group of Paranoplocephala (s. s.) remains undefined.

Group 2. Cestodes with non-protruding suckers and a wide neck (relative to the scolex width), with a proposal for Gulyaevia n. g., Chionocestus n. g., Microticola n. g., and Beringitaenia n. g.

Figures

FIGURE 6. Paranoplocephala omphalodes from Microtus agrestis from Finland. A. Scolex and neck. B. Mature proglottid.