Bromus hordeaceus Linnaeus (1753: 77)

Saarela, Jeffery M., Peterson, Paul M. & Valdés-Reyna, Jesus, 2014, A taxonomic revision of Bromus (Poaceae: Pooideae: Bromeae) in México and Central America, Phytotaxa 185 (1), pp. 1-147 : 92-95

12. Bromus hordeaceus Linnaeus (1753: 77) . Figs. 41 , 42 .

Bromus secalinus var. hordeaceus (L.) Linnaeus (1762: 122). Bromus mollis subsp. hordeaceus (L.) Hiitonen (1933: 219). Type:—[icon] “ Gramen avenaceum pratense , gluma breviore squamosa et villosa ” in Morison, Pl. Hist. Univ. 3: s. 8, pl. 7, f. 18. 1699 (lectotype designated by Smith in Cafferty et al. 2000: 248, epitype LINN-93.7!, designated by Smith in Cafferty et al. 2000: 248).

Bromus mollis Linnaeus (1762: 112) . Serrafalcus mollis (L.) Parlatore (1840: 11). Forasaccus mollis (L.) Bubani (1901: 386). Bromus hordeaceus var. mollis (L.) Fiori (1923: 149). Bromus hordeaceus subsp. mollis (L.) Maire in Emberger & Maire (1941: 943). Type:—EUROPE. (lectotype LINN-93.6!, designated by Smith in Cafferty et al. 2000: 248).

Plants annual. Culms 7–110 cm tall, 0.8–5 mm wide at base, usually erect, sometimes ascending, bases sometimes decument, glabrous to sparsely pubescent below inflorescences; nodes 2–4, minutely to densely pubescent, hairs soft or stiff, up to 0.6 mm long. Leaf sheaths moderately to densely pilose, hairs up to 1.2 mm long; auricles absent; ligules 1–2.6 mm long, glabrous or pubescent, erose; blades 2.2–18 cm × 1–5.3(–7) mm, flat, adaxial surface densely pubescent with stiff hairs up to 1.2 mm long, abaxial surface pubescent with dense hairs up to 0.3 mm long or densely pubescent with stiff hairs up to 1.2 mm long, margins smooth or serrulate. Panicles 2.5–14 cm × 1–4 cm, erect, sometimes lax, dense, sometimes reduced to a single spikelet, branches ascending to erect, 0.2–1.2(–3) cm long, usually shorter than spikelets, scabrous to pubescent, 1–4 spikelets per branch. Spikelets 1.3–2(–2.2) cm long, 6–11-flowered, ovate-lanceolate, terete to moderately laterally compressed, rachillas sometimes visible at maturity; glumes sparsely to densely pubescent, margins hyaline, midnerves scabrous; lower glumes 5.2–7 mm long, oblong to ovate, 3–5-nerved, green along and between the nerves, apices acute; upper glumes 6–8.5 mm long, ovate to elliptic, 5–7-nerved, green along and between the nerves, apices acute to obtuse; lemmas 7.5–9 mm long, lanceolate, rounded over the backs, apices obtuse to truncate, often bifid, the cleft 0.3–0.7 mm deep, 7–9-nerved, green along and between the nerves, nerves conspicuously raised, particularly distally, backs densely pubescent, hairs up to 0.3 mm long, hyaline margins 0.3–0.6 mm wide, often bluntly angled, awns 4–7.6 mm long, arising 0.4–1.2 mm below lemma apex, straight or slightly divaricate; paleas shorter than lemmas, backs glabrous, keels ciliate, cilia up to 0.3 mm long; anthers 0.3–1.3 mm long; caryopses 4−6 mm long, terete in cross section to somewhat flattened. 2 n = 28 (Ainouche et al. 1999, Lövkvist & Hultgård 1999).

Distribution: ―Introduced. In México known only from Baja California ( Fig. 43 ). Bromus hordeaceus is thought to be native to the Meditteranean basin (Smith 1986) and is now distributed widely in North America ( Pavlick & Anderton 2007, Saarela et al. 2008), Europe, Africa and Australia.

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Ecology:— This species is commonly found in disturbed sites along roadsides and railways, open pastures and near cultivated fields; associated with Aesculus parryi Gray (1882: 200) , Dudleya pulverulenta var. arizonica ( Rose 1923) Welsh (1987: 242) , Prunus and Hypochaeris glabra Linnaeus (1753: 811) . Elevation: 10–1475 m.

Common Names: ―Soft chess, lopgrass, soft chess (English).

Comments: ― Soderstrom & Beaman (1968) reported B. hordeaceus (as B. mollis ) only from Gadalupe Island in Baja California, suggesting that the species has expanded its range in Baja California since the late 1960s. This appears to be the first report of B. hordeaceus from Baja California Sur (based on M. Domínguez León 407 3, collected in 2008). We do not recognize varieties in B. hordeaceus in North America (see Saarela 2008 for discussion).

Specimens Examined:― MÉXICO. Baja California: "Ciénega de las Juntas", 28 May 1993, Jaramillo V ., Villegaas G . & Domínguez O . 72 ( MEXU); 1.5 km NE of Las Delicias, ca. 17 km Eof Ensenada , 31.9083°N, 116.425°W, 660 m, 20 May 1979, R . Moran 27259 ( SD-102448 ); arroyo 20 km SE of San Vicente , 31.1833°N, 116.15°W, 225 m, 12 May 1978, R . Moran 25989 ( MEXU, SD-100843 ); ca. 1 mi Nof Camalú , [30.85°N, 116.07°W], 120 m, 26 March 1979, J. R . Reeder & C. G . Reeder 7114 ( MEXU, SD-116040 , US) ; camino entre el Sausal y San Antonio de las Minas, al Nde Ensenada, [31.99°N, 116.58°W], 28 April 1981, R . Guzmán M . 1451 ( MEXU); Cañada el Islay , 30.9917°N, 116.1083°W, 80 m, 10 May 1978, R . Moran 25810 ( SD-100846 ); City of Ensenada , 31.8703°N, 116.5864°W, 3 April 2007, F . Casillas 81 ( SD-182571 ); Coronado Islands , on NE slope above Hotel Cove, S Island, 32.5792°N, 117.2458°W, 100 m, 7 May 1976, R . Moran 23103 ( RSA-POM-283847 , SD-95678 ); Eof Saladito , 31.2583°N, 116.1375°W, 180 m, 10 April 1982, R . Moran 30339 ( SD-110828 ); Entrada a San Telmo de Abajo , [30.96°N, 116.1°W], 90 m, 27 May 1993, Jaramillo V ., Villegas G . & Domínguez O . 87 ( MEXU); Guadalupe Island , at airstrip camp, 29.0203°N, 118.2778°W, 585 m, 7 June 2000, J. P . Rebman 6813 ( SD-155060 ); Guadalupe Island , en route between NE Anchorage and spring, along Wside of first large valley, [29.03°N, 118.3°W], 25 April 1958, I. L. Wiggins & W. R . Ernst 105 ( SD-48320 ); Guadalupe Island , slope above zigzags, 29.1583°N, 118.2875°W, 200 m, 25 April 1958, R . Moran 6642 ( SD-47592 ); in canyon, 1.0 km SW of Rancho de la Cruz , 31.9667°N, 116.5917°W, 360 m, 2 May 1982, R . Moran 30493 ( SD-111351 ); in field at SE

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edge of La Mesa, 32.4667°N, 116.9333°W, 50 m, 21 May 1977, R . Moran 24150 ( SD-97262 ); Islas de Todos Santos , S landing, S island, 31.8°N, 116.8°W, 11 May 1979, R . Moran 27198 ( SD-102482 ); just Nof El López Portillo , ca. 5 mi Sof Maneadero, [31.66°N, 116.52°W], 23 April 1984, P. M . Peterson & C. R . Annable 02185 ( US); La Misión , between Ensenada and Tijuana, in arroyo bottom along Sside of river, 32.0908°N, 116.8767°W, 10 m, 18 April 1998, J. Rebman, P . Flanagan & La Misión Community Group 5089 ( RSA-POM-642759 , SD- 144704 ); Las Chichilhuas, on volcanic mesa 14 km SE of La Misión, 32.0083°N, 116.75°W, 350 m, 24 March 1979, R . Moran 26769 ( SD-101903 ); mesa near canyon rim SE of La Misión , 32.075°N, 116.8333°W, 250 m, 20 April 1969, R . Moran 15792 ( SD-71542 ); Mpio. Ensenada, " Cuesta del Lechero " km 35 carretera Ensenada-Ojos Negros, 31.9533°N, 116.3928°W, 700 m, 15 May 1997, L . Aragón M . 566 ( MEXU); Mpio. Ensenada , Coronel Esteban Cantu 14 km al SW de La Joya, 31.55°N, 116.6167°W, 100-570 m, 7 May 1987 P . Tenorio L. & C . Romero de T . 13392 ( MEXU); Mpio. Ensenada , Ensenada , [31.87°N, 116.59°W], 10 m, 21 April 1979, Miguel Montoya 5 ( MEXU); Mpio. Ensenada , 12 kms del Poblado de Sto. Tomás, rumbo al Ejido Nativos del Valle de Mexicali, 32.37°N, 116.95°W], 260 m, 8 April 1987, L . Elena López 100 ( MEXU-1110845 ). Mpio. Mexicali, Ejido Jacumé km 78 carretera Mexicali-Tijuana, [32.47°N, 116.18°W], 1260 m, 12 May 1997, M. A . Vergara B . 83 ( MEXU); Mpio. Tecate , Santa Verónica, [32.46°N, 116.36°W], 930 m, 26 May 1993, Jaramillo V ., Villegas G . & Domínguez O . 16 (MEXU); Nedge of Tijuana Airport, 32.5417°N, 116.9833°W, 150 m, 8 June 1969, R . Moran 16060 ( SD- 71464 ); on cleared flat back from low seabluff, 2.0 km NNW of Primo Tapia , 32.2333°N, 116.925°W, 10 m, 17 April 1982, R . Moran 30418 ( SD-111028 ); Rancho (solo) Sierra Blanca, Sierra Blanca, 32.075°N, 116.525°W, 675 m, 15 May 1976, R . Moran 23170 (ASU-0010738, SD-94850 ); Rancho San Faustino, [32.21°N, 116.16°W], 4 May 1981, A . Preciado & C . Aguirre 269 ( MEXU); Sside of Arroyo Santo Tomás, 31.55°N, 116.5833°W, 30 m, 25 April 1976, R. Moran 22867 ( MSC-266305 , SD-96759 ); San Antonio de los Buenos, km 10 on old Tijuana- Ensenada road, 32.45°N, 117.0167°W, 250 m, 29 April 1972, R . Moran 19102 ( SD-83044 ); San Isidoro, 30.6667°N, 115.5333°W, 900 m, 2 June 1975, R . Moran 22240 ( MEXU, SD-91712 ); Sierra San Pedro Mártir, ex- Misión San Pedro Mártir, 30.8°N, 115.45°W, 1475 m, 1 June 1975, R . Moran 22159 ( SD-91511 ); Sierra San Pedro Mártir, in arroyo NE of Mesa el Barrial, 5.5 km Wof San José, 30.9583°N, 115.8°W, 700 m, 9 May 1978, R . Moran 25793 ( SD-100730 ); Valle de la Trinidad, [31.88°N, 116.67°W], 7 May 1981, V . Morales C . & Aguirre 241 ( MEXU); Valle de Sierra de Ulloa , rumbo al norte del Mpio. Ensenada, [31.87°N, 116.59°W], 27 May 1987, V . Morales 58 ( MEXU); April 1979, s.c. 26 A ( MEXU-1098009 ); between La Humarosa [Rumarosa] and Tecate, 32.53°N, 116.38°W, 27 April 1981, A. A . Beetle & R . Alcaraz M-6518 ( MICH-1119273 ); Canyon de Agua Viva between Ensenada and Ojos Negras, [31.89°N, 116.6°W], 1 May 1981, A. A . Beetle & R . Alcaraz M-6638 ( MICH- 1119272 ). Baja California Sur: Sierra de la Laguna, Cieneguita del Picacho , 23.551°N, 109.9926°W, 1810 m, 12 May 2008, M . Domínguez León 407 3 ( SD-188570 ) .

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Figures

FIGURE 41. Bromus hordeaceus. A. Inflorescence. B. Spikelet. C. Lemma. Illustration by C.T. Roché, reproduced from Barkworth et al. (2007) with permission.

FIGURE 42. Bromus hordeaceus. Moran 30418 (SD-111028).

FIGURE 43. Geographical distribution of Bromus hordeaceus in México.