Rhaphaulus assamicus Godwin-Austen, 1886

Sajan, Sheikh, Tripathy, Basudev, Chandra, Kailash & Sivakumar, Kuppusamy, 2019, Rediscovery and re-description of Rhaphaulus assamicus Godwin-Austenı 1886 ı an endemic pupinid land snail from India (Gastropoda: Pupinidae), Journal of Natural History 53 (41), pp. 2553-2562 : 2555-2556

Rhaphaulus assamicus Godwin-Austen, 1886

Godwin-Austen, 1886 Land & Freshwater Moll. India I: 201 ‒ 202, pl. 47, figs 2, 2a, 2b. Rhaphaulus assamicus Páll-Gergely et al. 2014: 572 , fig. 8.

Type locality

Brahmakhund [= Parshuram Kund, Arunachal Pradesh] (Coll. M.J. Ogle)

Photographic examination. Syntype, India, Assam, Brahmakund [= Arunachal Pradesh, Brahmakund] (NHMUK 1903.7.1.3074).

Material examined

India, Arunachal Pradesh, NNP, 1 ex., Deban (lat. 27.491239°N, long. 96.396566°E, altitude 451 m asl), Coll. S.K. Sajan and Party , 27 December 2017, Reg. No. NZSI M.32278/9 ( Damage shell) ; 1 ex., near 25 miles (lat. 27.469488°N, long. 96.54816°E, altitude 769 m asl), Coll. S.K. Sajan and C.K. Deepak, 7 August 2018, Reg. No. NZSI M.32279/9.

Godwin-Austen (1886: pp. 201‒202). Shell elongately cylindrical, solid, rather tumid, flattened on the frontal surface of the penultimate whorl; sculpture regularly closely costulate; colour dull umber-brown; suture moderately impressed; whorls 6, penultimate the largest with sides flat, the next much smaller and convex; aperture perpendicular; peristome very thick, double, both continuous, but the outer only has a thin callus on the whorl. The sutural tube has its origin on the upper outer margin close upon the outer lip, is colourless, and turns sharp downwards behind it, extending to nearly the height of the last whorl. This peristomial tube is not a tube in the strict sense of the term, but in section is semicircular, an arch outside resting upon the body-whorl, which forms the diameter. An inner sutural tube follows the suture backwards; it opens internally 3 mm within the aperture, it is indistinctly shown on the exterior, but the lines of costulation extend over it (original description published by Godwin- Austen, 1886 in Land and Freshwater Mollusca of India).

Re-description

Shell ( Figs 1 ı 3b–d).

The shell is solid, elongated cylindrical and medium in size (SH 15.12 mm, SW 7.41 mm); colour light brown; sculptured regularly and closely costulate; penultimate whorl slightly flattened in front, closely rimate; spire high, apex blunt (probably due to damage caused to the shell by rain); protoconch forms 30° angle from suture; teleoconch forms 60° angle, slightly tilted on right side; suture moderately impressed; whorls 6 – 6¼; aperture flattened in front, attached with penultimate whorl, circular; peristome thickened, upper margin horizontal (AH 5.50 mm, AW 5.70 mm); outer peristome folded backward; breathing tube well connected with top ridge of peristome (near sutural region), curved straight downwards, attaching to outer peristome (NZSI M.32279/9).

Tube. Breathing tube originates from right top rim of peristome, sharply arches downwards. Tube moves forward with peristome boundary towards height of body whorl; colour lighter brown than shell; tube width (from connected piece) 1.73 mm, length 3.02 mm. Opening of breathing tube hollow, semi-circular ( Figures 1 , 3 (b ‒ d)).

Peristome. Peristome thick, width 1.15 mm, irregular, concentric sculpture on surface. However, at higher magnification has irregular denticulate structure ( Figures 2 (e), 3(c ‒ f)).

Protoconch and teleoconch. Protoconch blunt with deep sutural groove, four spiral cords finely folded at nucleus and moving in suture direction to teleoconch; two spiral cords further move above suture ( Figure 2 (a ‒ c)); nucleus diameter 0.72 mm, protoconch 1.48 mm. Line between protoconch and teleoconch poorly visible. Teleoconch surface smooth, no surface sculpture visible and shell costae near suture ( Figure 2 (a ‒ c)).

Remarks

Páll-Gergely et al. (2014) discussed the discrepancy in the literature about the direction of the breathing tube in R. assamicus of Godwin-Austen 1886 [1882 – 1920], 1917). During our field surveys and collections, we recorded two R. assamicus shells as described by Godwin-Austen (1886 [1882 – 1920]), which were identified based on the unique characters of the breathing tube which moved sharply downwards along with the peristome margin in the shells ( Figures 1 , 3 (b ‒ d), 4). However, as opined by Páll-Gergely et al. (2014), the taxonomy of the genus Rhaphaulus is far from being well resolved, in the absence of adequate collections in any natural history museums or fresh collections from field. Therefore, the use of a modern technique (photomicrography) in addition to physical examination of the characters of the specimen is considered to be important when reviewing the natural history information.

Discussion

Rhaphaulus assamicus was reported in 1886 from Brahmakund, also known as Parshuram Kund, in Arunachal Pradesh, India. In India, there are five valid species of Rhaphaulus , all of which are known from the type locality only ( Godwin-Austen 1886 [1882 – 1920], 1917; Gude 1921). Páll-Gergely et al. (2014) included R. chrysalis (Pfeiffer 1852) (originally Cyclostoma chrysalis ), from eastern India and Myanmar, as an additional species. However, as in the literature, this species has been reported from the Ava [Inwa] and Moulmeni [Mawlamyine] in Myanmar, and there is no documented evidence of its occurrence in India (B. Páll-Gergely, pers. comm.)

The ecology of the Indian pupinid land snails is scarcely known. The altitude of the NNP where these two samples of Rhaphaulus assamicus were documented ranges from 200 m to 4300 m asl, with an annual rainfall of 2500 – 3500 mm. Extensive field surveys are required to assess the population status and the ecology of this species for in situ conservation, as it is categorised as rare and endemic. Additionally, molecular phylogenetic analysis of species within Rhaphaulus could clarify some of the confusion over species boundaries and sympatric ranges in India, as well as validate the descriptions made by Godwin-Austen (1886 [1882 – 1920]) based on shell breathing tubes to distinguish between Rhaphaulus and streptaulus.

Figures

Figure 1. Photographs of Rhaphaulus assamicus Godwin-Austen, 1886; (a) recorded from Namdapha National Park, Arunachal Pradesh, India (NZSI M.32279/9); (b) from the type locality, Assam, Brahmakund (NHMUK 1903.7.1.3074), syntype; the white arrow shows the path of the breathing tube along the peristome margin.

Figure 2. Photograph and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of Rhaphaulus assamicus Godwin-Austen, 1886 (NZSI M.32279/9). (a). High-resolution SEM images of embryonic shell or protoconch and teleoconch. White arrow heads indicate the spiral cord (left) and boundary of protoconch and teleoconch (right) (b‒c). Smooth teleoconch with costae near the suture. (d). Sculpture on penultimate whorl. (e). Irregular concentric denticulate sculpture on the surface of the peristome.

Figure 3. Representative scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of Rhaphaulus assamicus Godwin-Austen, 1886 [1882–1920] (NZSI M.32279/9). (a). Aperture with thick peristome. (b,c). Origin of the breathing tube and downward turn along with the peristome margin. (d). Peristome with concentric sculpture (e,f). High magnification of irregular denticulate sculpture on surface of the peristome. (g). Embryonic shell protoconch and teleoconch with eroded apex. (h). Regular costulate sculpture on surface.