Euoplothrips Hood, 1918

Mound, Laurence A. & Minaei, Kambiz, 2007, Australian thrips of the Haplothrips lineage (Insecta: Thysanoptera), Journal of Natural History 41 (45 - 48), pp. 2919-2978 : 2939-2944

Euoplothrips Hood

Euoplothrips Hood 1918, p 140 . Type species: Euoplothrips bagnalli Hood.

Six species are known in this genus, two from Australia, three from Pacific islands, and one from India, although the identity and affinities of the latter species remain in doubt. Marullo (2001) provided a key to these species, and indicated that they appear to be kleptoparasites within leaf galls induced by other thrips species. In general Euoplothrips are associated with Gynaikothrips species in Ficus rolled leaves, although E. bagnalli occurs in leaves galled by various thrips species on several unrelated plants.

Recognition

Dark brown species exhibiting size-correlated polymorphism in fore leg armature; antennae eight-segmented, III and IV each with three sensoria; fore femur of both sexes with median spur on inner margin ( Figure 7 ), fore tibia with two small tubercles on inner margin, fore tarsus with stout tooth; prosternal basantra small; fore wings constricted medially; tergites II–VI with additional sigmoid setae lateral to the major wing-retaining setae.

Key to Euoplothrips species from Australia

1. Antennal segment III with light brown marking; fore tibial median tubercle almost parallel-sided and arising laterally on inner margin........ bagnalli

– Antennal segment III clear yellow; fore tibial median tubercle broadly conical and arising dorso-laterally............... platypodae

Euoplothrips bagnalli Hood

Euoplothrips bagnalli Hood 1918, p 141 .

Described from northern Queensland, this species has been found along the east coast as far south as Sydney, and was described under a synonymic name from Papua New Guinea ( Marullo 2001). It has been taken from thrips galls on the following unrelated plants: Alyxia spicata (Apocynaceae) , Citriobatus pauciflorus (Pittosporaceae) , Ficus macrophylla (Moraceae) , Smilax australis (Smilacaceae) , and Tetrastigma nitens (Vitaceae) . The smallest male has the tubercles scarcely developed on the fore femur and fore tibia.

Euoplothrips platypodae Marullo

Euoplothrips platypodae Marullo 2001, p 97 .

This species is closely similar to E. bagnalli , but is known only from Ficus platypoda in the northern part of Western Australia, where it was found living in galls induced by an undescribed species of Gynaikothrips .

Haplothrips Amyot and Serville Haplothrips Amyot and Serville 1843, p 640 . Type species: Phloeothrips albipennis

Burmeister. Haplothrips (Trybomiella) Bagnall 1926, p 548 . Type species: Anthothrips bagnalli Trybom.

The subgenus Trybomiella has been used to include 18 species of Haplothrips , each of which lacks fore wing duplicated cilia, but the variation amongst these species suggests that the subgenus is probably polyphyletic. Despite this, some of the species from Australia, South Africa, and southern South America ( Mound and Zapater 2003) are sufficiently similar to each other to suggest that they might constitute a lineage distinct from the rest of the genus. In the absence of any molecular data bearing on this morphologically homogeneous group, the genus Haplothrips is interpreted broadly. Molecular data are needed to test relationships, both within this large genus, and with such satellite genera as Apterygothrips , Karnyothrips , and Xylaplothrips. The genus now includes rather more than 260 described species worldwide.

Recognition

Usually macropterous, rarely with wings reduced or absent. Body colour usually brown, antennal segment III commonly paler, fore wings usually pale except for basal area. Head usually a little longer than wide, maxillary stylets deeply retracted, rarely less than onethird of head width apart, maxillary bridge well developed. Vertex not strongly sculptured, postocular setae usually capitate and extending beyond posterior margin of eyes, rarely short and acute. Antennal segment III with one or two sensoria (rarely none), segment IV usually with four sensoria but sometimes only two or three; antennal segment VIII usually short and broad at base. Pronotum usually with five pairs of capitate setae, but sometimes one or more of these no larger than discal setae; epimeral sutures complete; prosternum with four sclerites, paired basantra and paired ferna, also a median spinasternum; mesopresternum either complete, or eroded to paired lateral triangles. Metanotum weakly sculptured, median pair of setae usually arising on anterior half of sclerite. Fore tarsus usually with tooth present laterally or near inner apex; tooth sometimes large in large males; mid and hind tarsi with ventrolateral hamus present. Fore wing constricted medially, duplicated cilia usually present; three pairs of sub-basal setae. Male with no glandular area on sternite VIII; tergite IX setae S2 short and stout; pseudovirga of aedeagus slender.

Key to Haplothrips species from Australia

1. Antennal segment III with one sensorium, at outer apical margin only.... 2

– Antennal segment III with two sensoria, one at outer apical margin and one at inner 8

2. Metanotum with one or more pairs of small setae anterior to median pair of setae ( Figure 42 ); antennal segment VII broad at base (Figure 23)....... 3

– Metanotum with no discal setae apart from major pair; antennal segment VII pedicellate (Figures 16–22)................ 4

3. Antennal segment III more than 1.5 times as long as wide, IV with two sensoria; pronotal anteromarginal setae small, scarcely different from discal setae (Figure 33).................... bellisi

– Antennal segment III less than 1.5 times as long as wide (Figure 23), IV with four sensoria; pronotal anteromarginal setae long and capitate, at least twice as long as discal setae..................... froggatti

4. Antennal segment IV with four sensoria; hind tibiae brown; both sexes with fore wings fully developed and with duplicated cilia............ 5

– Antennal segment IV with three or two sensoria; hind tibiae yellow or with brown shading basally and along external margin; male sometimes micropterous... 6

5. Mid and hind tarsi as dark as tibiae; pronotal epimeral setae deeply shaded; fore wing with margins shaded and often with basal half slightly darker than distal half; second instar larvae red, sometimes with thorax yellowish; in flowers of various plant families................... victoriensis

– Mid and hind tarsi paler than tibiae; pronotal epimeral setae pale, scarcely darker than sub-basal wing setae; fore wing uniformly pale except for shaded area around sub-basal setae; second instar larvae white with prominent transverse red bands on prothorax, metathorax, and abdominal segments III–IV and VIII–IX; in flowers of Poaceae and Cyperaceae ................... anceps

6. Body and femora largely yellow; mesopresternum eroded and slender medially; tergite IX setae S1 finely acute and as long as tube; female with fore tarsal tooth minute; pelta with rounded margins................ angusi

– Body and femora largely brown; mesopresternum transverse, well-developed medially; tergite IX setae S1 no more than 0.7 as long as tube, not finely acute; female with fore tarsal tooth small to large; pelta not as above........... 7

7. Tergite IX setae S1 and S2 distinctly capitate ( Figure 40 ); pronotal am setae long and capitate; antennal segments IV–V scarcely darker than III (Figure 22; pelta rounded at anterior and with lateral margins concave ( Figure 39 ))..... fici [in part]

– Tergite IX setae S1 blunt to very weakly capitate, S2 acute; pronotal am setae scarcely larger than discal setae ( Figure 44 ); antennal segments IV–V light brown, darker than III (Figure 21); pelta trapezoidal with anterior margin almost transverse (Figure 37).................. dicksoniae

8. Antennal segment IV with two or three sensoria.......... 9

– Antennal segment IV with four sensoria............ 14

9. Antennal segment IV with two sensoria............ 10

– Antennal segment IV with two +1 or three sensoria......... 11

10. Antennal segment VIII constricted to small basal pedicel (Figure 16); pronotal anteromarginal setae long and capitate ( Figure 9 ); fore wing sub-basal setae all capitate; tergite IX setae S1 less than 0.7 as long as tube...... acaciae

– Antennal segment VIII broad at base ( Figure 41 ); pronotal anteromarginal setae no longer than discal setae; fore wing sub-basal setae bluntly pointed; tergite IX setae S1 about 1.2 as long as tube............... gahniae

11. Pronotal anteromarginal setae no longer than discal setae (Figure 34); antennal segment IV with two major plus one minor sensorium; fore wing sub-basal setae S3 blunt and about 0.7 of distal wing width; usually micropterous.... collyerae

– Pronotal anteromarginal setae long and capitate; antennal segment IV with three major sensoria; fore wing sub-basal setae S3 capitate and longer than distal wing width; macropterous................... 12

12. Antennal segments III–V yellow with weak shading, VI much paler than VII (Figure 22); tergite IX setae S1 and S2 capitate....... fici [in part]

– Antennal segments IV–VIII brown in contrast to yellow segment III ( Figure 52 ); tergite IX setae S2 pointed, S1 blunt or weakly capitate......... 13

13. Fore wing shaded, with four to seven duplicated cilia; all femora brown; tergite IX setae with apices bluntly pointed.......... bituberculatus [in part]

– Fore wing pale, with only one or no duplicated cilia; fore femora yellow in distal half; tergite IX setae S1 slender but weakly capitate.......... lyndi

14. Wings and ocelli absent; abdominal tergites II–VII each with anterior pair of wingretaining setae absent or no longer than discal setae and posterior pair short and straight..................... howei

– Wings and ocelli fully developed; at least tergites IV–VI with sigmoid setae. 15

15. Fore wings with duplicated cilia present on posterior margin before wing apex 16

– Fore wings with no duplicated cilia............. 19

16. Postocular setae acute, not extending to posterior margin of eyes; pronotal setae pointed or blunt................. leucanthemi

– Postocular setae capitate, extending beyond posterior margin of eyes; pronotal setae capitate..................... 17

17. Tergite IX setae S1 finely acute and as long as tube; antennal segment IV yellow with no brown shading................. gowdeyi

– Tergite IX setae S1 softly pointed but not acute, less than 0.8 of tube length; antennal segment IV usually with some brown shading.......... 18

18. Hind tibiae brown with apex yellow; metanotum often with two or more small setae anterior to median pair; fore wing usually completely pale; fore tarsal tooth absent in female, small in male and arising in basal half of tarsus; male fore tibia with no tubercles on inner margin.................. haideeae

– Hind tibiae always yellow at least at base and apex; metanotum never with any discal setae anterior to median pair; fore wing distinctly shaded medially; fore tarsal tooth small in female, large in male and occupying inner margin of tarsus; fore tibia of large males with two small tubercles on inner margin.... bituberculatus [in part]

19. Abdominal tergites I–III lateral to wing-retaining setae with neither lines of sculpture nor discal setae; fore tarsal tooth small and directed forward in both sexes; fore wings shaded medially but with apex pale............. 20

– Abdominal tergites I–III lateral to wing-retaining setae with several lines of sculpture and one or more discal setae; fore tarsal tooth usually directed laterally; fore wings pale or scarcely shaded.................. 21

20. Pronotal anteromarginal setae acute and no longer than discal setae ( Figure 45 ); antennal segment III largely brown, mid and hind tibiae brown at apex. driesseni

– Pronotal anteromarginal setae capitate, as long as anteroangular setae; antennal segment III yellow, mid and hind tibiae yellow at apex....... avius

21. Pronotal mid-lateral setae well developed.......... varius

– Pronotal mid-lateral setae scarcely longer than discal setae...... 22

22. Postocular setae and all pronotal major setae except epimerals no larger than discal setae ( Figure 56 )................. timori

– Postocular setae extend beyond posterior margin of eyes, pronotal posteroangular setae well developed................... 23

23. Head with maxillary bridge short ( Figure 55 ), stylets scarcely 0.2 of head width apart, converging medially in head and almost parallel....... salicorniae

– Maxillary bridge at least 0.3 as long as head width ( Figure 53 ), stylets converging basally and not parallel................. 24

24. Antennal segment IV less than 1.4 times as long as wide, segment III yellow, IV brownish yellow; tergite IX setae S1 and S2 weakly capitate...... ordi

– Antennal segment IV 1.7 times as long as wide, segment III light brown, IV as dark brown as V–VI; tergite IX setae S1 blunt or pointed........ 25

25. Pronotal anteromarginal setae small, no more than 0.5 as long as fore tarsal width; postocular setae about 0.6 as long as antennal segment III.... gomphrenae

– Pronotal anteromarginal setae well developed, longer than fore tarsal width; postocular setae slightly longer than antennal segment III......... robustus

Figures

Figures 1–15. (1) Bagnalliella nigricoxae, holotype. (2) Dyothrips pallescens, pronotum. (3) Dolichothrips reuteri, mouth cone. (4) Androthrips monsterae, fore femora. (5) Priesneria peronis, antenna. (6) Karnyothrips melaleucus, head, pronotum, and fore legs. (7) Euoplothrips bagnalli, fore legs of small and large males. (8) Mesothrips jordani, head. (9) Haplothrips acaciae, head and pronotum. (10) H. anceps, head, pronotum, and right fore leg. (11) H. acaciae, pelta. (12) H. anceps pelta. (13) H. angusi pelta. (14) H. avius, head. (15) H. angusi, prosternites.

Figures 38–47. (38) Haplothrips driesseni, pelta. (39) H. fici, pelta. (40) H. fici, tergites IX and X. (41) H. gahniae, head and pronotum. (42) H. froggatti, meso and metanota. (43) H. gahniae, pelta. (44) H. dicksoniae, head and pronotum. (45) H. driesseni, head and pronotum. (46) H. gomphrenae, male, head and pronotum. (47) H. gomphrenae, pelta.

Figures 48–58. (48) Haplothrips howei holotype. (49) H. howei, male. (50) H. howei, pelta. (51) H. leucanthemi, head and pronotum. (52) H. lyndi, head and pronotum. (53) H. ordi, head and pronotum. (54) H. ordi, pelta. (55) H. salicorniae, head and pronotum. (56) H. timori, head and pronotum. (57) H. salicorniae, pelta. (58) H. timori, pelta.