Eucnemidae, sensu Muona, 1993

Muona, Jyrki & Teräväinen, Marianna, 2020, A Re-evaluation of the Eucnemidae larval characters (Coleoptera), Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 60 (28), pp. 1-13 : 7

Eucnemidae : Macraulacinae , excluding Nematodini ( Figs. 5 A-E)

Head capsule wide, flattened (c84), divided in ventral and dorsal plates (c83), forming a semi-circular disk with lateral tooth-like projections, antennae located in deep pits between front tooth and first lateral tooth ( Figs. 2B , 3A , 5 A-E) as in all Eucnemidae except Perothopinae (c85),in contrast to all other discussed taxa. Labrum fused to head without trace as in all Eucnemidae except Phyllocerinae and Pseudomenini (c88), Number of antennomeres reduced as in all Eucnemidae except Phyllocerinae and Pseudomeninae , in contrast to Elateridae , Cerophytidae and Throscidae (c86).Mandibles very small, either feebly movable or fused to head between mouth and front teeth.Maxillolabial complex completely fused with epicranium as in other Eucnemidae except Perothopinae , Pseudomeninae and Anischiinae , contrary to Cerophytidae and Throscidae (separate, but incapable of movement) and Elateridae (freely movable). Presternum mostly undefined, but proventer usually with two pairs of sclerotizations, one longitudinal medially and one square close to front corners,similar to those of most Melasinae , Eucneminae and Macraulacinae . Legs present as single setae, often visible as dark spot only as in all Eucnemidae except Perothopinae , Phyllocerinae , Pseudomeninae , Anischiinae and all non-eucnemids discussed. Abdominal segments with microtrichial patch- es and areoles ( Muona & Teräväinen, 2008), segment IX rarely with minute urogomphi. Spiracles with closing apparatus as in other Eucnemidae , all Cerophytidae and Throscidae , in contrast to Elateridae .

Figures

Figure 2.Eucnemidae,larvalheads.(A,B) Pseudomenesbakewelli(Bonvouloir),ventral,dorsal;(C,D)Schizophilussubrufus(Randall),ventral,dorsal;(E)Palaeoxenusdohrnii (Horn)dorsal,detailventral;(F)AnischiakuscheliLawrence,ventral.a=antenna,bt=basaltooth,ft=front tooth,l=labrum,lt=lateraltooth,m=mandible,n=nasale.

Figure 5. Eucnemidae, Macraulacinae, larval heads, ventral. (A) Dromaeolus barnabita (Villa); (B) Dromaeolus sp.; (C) Dromaeolus?badius (Melsheimer); (D) Onichodoncanadensis (Brown);(E) Asiocnemis mcclayi Muona.

Figure3.Eucnemidae,Melasinae,larvalheads,ventral.(A)Xylophiluscorticalis (Paykull); (B) Hylis cariniceps (Reitter); (C) Prodirrhagus; (D) Dirrhagofarsus ernae Otto, Muona & MvcClarin. a = antenna, bt = basal tooth, ft = front tooth,lt = lateral tooth,m= mandible.