Bactrocera Macquart, 1835

Korneyev, Severyn V., Leblanc, Luc, Hauser, Martin, General, David E. M. & Gaimari, Stephen D., 2024, Descriptions of two new species of Bactrocera Macquart (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Dacini) from the Philippines with distinct orange medial stripes on the scutum, Zootaxa 5432 (4), pp. 573-599 : 579-594

Key to Bactrocera Macquart with orange medial stripes on the scutum

1. Scutum without reddish longitudinal stripes, OR if present, abdomen without T-shaped dark mark. Wing pattern variable.................................................................................. other species of Bactrocera

1’. Scutum with one or two submedial orange longitudinal stripes crossing suture AND abdomen with a dark T-shaped mark. Wing with well-developed costal band and without crossbands or marks on crossveins r-m and dm-m........................ 2

2. Postpronotal lobe connected to lateral postsutural vitta with white area........................................... 3

2’. Postpronotal lobe not connected to lateral postsutural vitta..................................................... 4

3. Lateral margins of abdominal tergite IV yellow. Middle and hind femora entirely yellow.Attractant: no known lure. Distribution: Philippines.................................................... Bactrocera (Gymnodacus) continua ( Bezzi, 1919)

3’. Lateral margins of abdominal tergite IV black. Middle and hind femora dark apically. Attractant: cue-lure. Distribution: Indonesia. (Illustration available in Drew & Romig, 2013).............................. B. (Ba.) pusilla (Hardy, 1983)

4. Face without dark spots. Male wing with bulla present on cell cup extension. Attractant: no known lure. Distribution: Philippines..................................... B. (Bulladacus) mcgregori ( Bezzi, 1919) (or other Bulladacus spp.).

4’. Face with two dark spots. Male wing without bulla........................................................... 5

5. Wing infuscation in cell r 4+5 overlapping vein R 4+5 at or nearly at level of R 2+3 vein apex.............................. 6

5’. Wing infuscation in cell r 4+5 overlapping vein R 4+5 significantly distal to level of R 2+3 vein apex....................... 10

6. Scutellum with two pairs of setae......................................................................... 7

6’. Scutellum with one pair of setae......................................................................... 8

7. Thorax with distinct black stripes along entire length of reddish mesonotum. Attractant: no known lure. Distribution: Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Philippines, Taiwan.............................. B. (Paratridacus) yayeyamana (Matsumura, 1916)

7’. Thorax dark black with short red stripes.Attractant: no known lure. Distribution: Bangladesh, China (Yunnan), India (Andaman Islands), Indonesia (Java), Malaysia (mainland), Singapore, Thailand.... B. (Paratridacus) melanius ( Hardy & Adachi, 1954)

8. Fore femur with subapical lateral dark spot. (See also Drew & Romig, 2013 illustration). Attractant: methyl eugenol. Distribution: Malaysia (mainland)........................................ B. (Ba.) tapahensis Drew & Romig, 2013

8’. Fore femur entirely yellow, without a dark spot.............................................................. 9

9. Abdominal tergites IV–V with dark lateral markings. Attractant: methyl eugenol. Distribution: Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (mainland, Sabah), southern Thailand............................. B (Ba.) unimacula Drew & Hancock, 1994

9’. Abdominal tergites IV–V without dark lateral markings. Attractant: no known lure. Distribution: Indonesia (Sulawesi)................................................................................... B. (Ba.) dispar (Hardy, 1982)

10. Fore femur with distinct dark spot........................................................................ 11

10’. Fore femur usually entirely yellow, or with faintly darkened area, but without distinct dark spot....................... 16

11. Scutum with yellow apical diamond-shaped medial spot. Attractant: zingerone. Distribution: Vietnam............................................................................... B. (Ba.) adamantea Leblanc & Doorenweerd, 2018

11’. Yellow diamond-shaped medial spot on the scutum absent.................................................... 12

12. Lateral postsutural vitta wedge shaped and ending at or just before intra alar seta.................................. 13

12’. Lateral postsutural vitta parallel sided and overlaps intra alar seta............................................... 14

13. Postpronotal lobe entirely yellow. Mid femur entirely yellow. T-shaped pattern on abdomen well developed. Attractant: no known lure. Distribution: Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam...................... B. (Ba.) osbeckiae Drew & Hancock, 1994

13’. Postpronotal lobe partially darkened along inner margins. Mid femur with dark spot on ventral side. T-shaped pattern on abdomen very narrow and sometimes absent. Attractant: cue-lure. Distribution: Sri Lanka.............................................................................................. B. (Ba.) selenophora Tsuruta & White, 2001

14. Ceromata (spots on tergite V) dark yellow or light brown. Dark pattern on abdominal tergite IV with rectangular projection. Attractant: methyl eugenol. Distribution: Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, India (Andaman & Nicobar Islands), Indonesia (Java, West Nusa Tenggara), Malaysia (mainland, Sabah), Singapore, southern Thailand, Vietnam, introduced to northern Brazil (Amapá), French Guiana, Guyana, Surinam. Highly invasive pest............ B. (Ba.) carambolae Drew & Hancock, 1994

14’. Ceromata (spots on tergite V) dark brown. Dark pattern on abdomen tergite IV without rectangular projection. Attractant: cue-lure or unknown lure.................................................................................. 15

15. Lateral markings on abdominal tergites IV–V diffused and reaching middle of tergite IV and present on tergite V. Attractant: cue-lure. Distribution: Cambodia.............................................. B. (Ba.) kohkongiae Leblanc, 2015

15’. Lateral markings on abdominal tergites IV–V also diffused but present only on margins of tergite IV, absent on tergite V. Attractant: no known lure. Distribution: Christmas I., Malaysia (mainland), Singapore, southern Thailand..................................................................................... B. (Ba.) arecae ( Hardy & Adachi, 1954)

16. Wing with costal band overlapping vein R 2+3 significantly, and as continuous line starting near the point at the end of vein R 1................................................................................................... 17

16’. Wing with costal band confluent with vein R 2+3 not overlapping beyond point at the end of vein R 1 or occasionally faintly overlap............................................................................................. 25

17. Lateral post-sutural vitta parallel sided and reaching intra-alar seta.............................................. 18

17’. Lateral post-sutural vitta wedge shaped and ending or fading out before intra-alar seta.............................. 23

18. T-shaped pattern on abdomen (medial longitudinal black band over tergites) very narrow. Lateral margins of tergites IV–V without significant dark markings........................................................................ 19

18’. T-shaped pattern on abdomen (medial longitudinal black band over tergites) broad. Lateral margins of tergites IV–V with significant dark markings.............................................................................. 20

19. Ceromata (spots on tergite V) dark to black, strongly contrasting with the lighter integument. Attractant: cue-lure. Distribution: Australia (Queensland, Torres Strait Islands)............................... B. (Ba.) perkinsi (Drew & Hancock, 1981)

19’. Ceromata (spots on tergite V) pale, like the rest of the integument. Attractant: methyl eugenol. Distribution: Indonesia (West Papua), Papua New Guinea, Australia (Queensland, Torres Strait Is.), Solomon Islands. Pest species.................................................................................................. B. (Ba.) musae (Tryon, 1927)

20. Face with a pair of oval to circular black spots (length of facial spots 0.25–0.35 mm; width 0.2–0.25 mm).............. 21

20’. Face with a pair of elongate oval black spots (length of facial spots 0.26–0.3 mm; width 0.1–0.12 mm)................. 22

21. Dark area on scutum in between red stripes without white hairlike microtrichia (for better visibility use dome light). Dark marginal pattern on abdominal tergites III–V usually significantly darkened. Attractant: methyl eugenol. Distribution: Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Philippines. Pest species............ B. (Ba.) occipitalis ( Bezzi, 1919)

21’. Dark area on scutum in between red stripes with white hairlike microtrichia. Dark pattern on abdomen tergite IV with rectangular projection. Attractant: methyl eugenol. Distribution: Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, southern Thailand, Vietnam; introduced to northern Brazil (Amapá), French Guiana, Guyana, Surinam. Highly invasive pest................................................................. B. (Ba.) carambolae Drew & Hancock, 1994

22. Lateral postsutural vitta moderately broad, parallel-sided, ending at intra-alar seta. Attractant: methyl eugenol. Distribution: Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (mainland, Sarawak), Philippines, Thailand.... B. (Ba.) mediorufula Drew & Romig, 2013

22’. Lateral postsutural yellow vitta narrow, tapered, sharply narrowing to end at intra-alar seta. Attractant: cue-lure. Distribution: Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (mainland, Sabah), Vietnam........... B. (Ba.) lateritaenia Drew & Hancock, 1994

23. Wing pattern in cell r 4+5 covers apical area of wing margin. Facial black spots oval to circular (length of facial spots 0.25 mm; width 0.18 mm). Attractant: cue-lure. Distribution: Bangladesh, Bhutan, China (Guangxi, Guongdong, Hainan), India (Tripura), Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam...................................... B. (Ba.) rubigina (Wang & Zhao, 1989)

23’. Wing pattern in cell r 4+5 covers most of the wing margin. Face with a pair of elongate oval black spots (length of facial spots 0.26–0.3 mm; width 0.1–0.12 mm)...................................................................... 24

24. Subscutellum entirely black. Lateral margins of abdominal tergites III–V with broad black markings and T-shaped pattern shining black with broad medial stripe. Scutum mostly black with two distinct longitudinal red stripes. Surstyli 0.2 mm long. Attractant: cue-lure. Distribution: Philippines (Luzon)........................................ B. (Ba.) youngi sp. n.

24’. Red pattern present on subscutellum. Lateral margins of abdominal tergites III–V with narrow dark brown markings and Tshaped pattern dark brown with narrower medial stripe. Scutum black always with reddish-brown areas in addition to two distinct longitudinal red stripes. Surstyli 0.4 mm long. Attractant: cue-lure. Distribution: Philippines (Luzon)............................................................................................ B. (Ba.) ellenriederae sp. n.

25. Hind femur yellow with apical portion black. Attractant: cue-lure. Distribution: Sri Lanka.............................................................................................. B. (Ba.) ceylanica Tsuruta and White, 2001

25’. Hind femur entirely yellow............................................................................. 26

26. Lateral postsutural vitta wedge shaped, shorter and tapered posteriorly, ending before or barely reaching intra-alar seta.... 27

26’. Lateral postsutural vitta parallel sided, longer, reaching and overlapping intra-alar seta.............................. 28

27. Facial black spots small to medium sized (height of facial spots 0.15 mm; width 0.18 mm). Attractant: methyl eugenol. Distribution: Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Lord Howe I.)........... B (Ba.) cacuminata Hering, 1941

27’. Facial black spots larger-sized (height of facial spots 0.25 mm; width 0.18 mm). Attractant: cue-lure. Distribution: Bangladesh, Bhutan, China (Guangxi, Guongdong, Hainan), India (Tripura), Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam............................................................................................... B. (Ba.) rubigina (Wang & Zhao, 1989)

28. Ceromata (spots on tergite V) large and reaching medial abdominal stripe.Attractant: cue-lure. Distribution: Bhutan, Cambodia, India (Andaman Islands), Thailand, Vietnam................................. B. (Ba.) bhutaniae Drew & Romig, 2013

28’. Ceromata (spots on tergite V) smaller and not reaching medial abdominal stripe................................... 29

29. Abdominal sternum V always pale orange. Attractant: methyl eugenol. Distribution: Philippines, Indonesia (Sulawesi) ( Doorenweerd et al. 2023)............................................ B. (Ba.) commensurata Drew & Romig, 2013

29’. Abdominal sternum V from dark orange-brown to brown-black................................................ 30

30. Dark area on scutum in between of red stripes without white hairlike microtrichia (for better visibility use dome light). Dark marginal pattern on abdominal tergite III always with lateral incision. Attractant: methyl eugenol. Distribution: Cambodia, China (Hainan), Thailand (new record).......................................... B. (Ba.) bivittata Lin & Wang, 2005

30’. Dark area on scutum in between of red stripes covered with white microtrichia. Dark marginal pattern on abdominal tergite III not always with lateral incision. [variants with extensive red markings previously known as B. invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White, 2005 ] Attractant: methyl eugenol. Highly invasive pest. Distribution: Widespread in Africa and South-East Asia, introduced to parts of Oceania. B. dorsalis in SE Asia are usually without stripes.......... B. (Ba.) dorsalis (Hendel, 1912)