Goliathopsis despectus ( Westwood, 1873 )

Xu, Hao & Qiu, Jian-Yue, 2020, Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China, Zootaxa 4789 (1), pp. 91-131 : 98-101

Goliathopsis despectus ( Westwood, 1873)

( Figs. 6 , 14 , 24–25 , 48–49 , 109–121 , 164 )

Pilinurgus despectus Westwood, 1873: 32 (type locality: Siam [= Thailand]), plate IX, fig. 3 ♀; Bergé 1884: 158.

Goliathopsis despectus: Janson 1881: 610 ; Schoch 1896b: 395; Arrow 1910: 206, plate II, figs. 2 ♂, 3 ♀; Janson 1917: 110 (ho- lotype ♀ in OXUM); Schenkling 1921: 364; Antoine 1991: 9 (in key), plate I, fig. 2 (parameres), plate III, fig. 2 ♂; Krajčík 1999: 39; Krajčík 2012: 116.

Goliathopsis capreolus Gestro, 1888: 118 (type locality: Farm Caves, Moulmein, Myanmar), fig. ♂ (horn); Gestro 1891: 853 (visiting flower); Pouillaude 1913: 421, fig. 2 (cephalic horns); Krikken 1977: 314 (three female syntypes in RMNH);

Synonymized by Arrow 1910: 206.

Type material. When Westwood (1873) described Goliathopsis despectus , no cephalic horns were mentioned for the specimens, and these specimens were deposited in three type repositories (i.e. Mus. Britann., Oxoniae et W. W. Saunders). It is implied that at least three syntypes should exist and they are all female. During our visiting in Europe museums, we attempted to confirm all of the three type repositories for this species. Whithin which, BMNH and OXUM each stores one female specimen, both specimens have the type label. Whereas the syntype (s) originally deposited in Saunders Collection are hitherto unknown. In MNHN a female attached with label data “Sharp collection” and “Oberthür collection” was found; these labels agree with the transfer of Cetoniinae specimens in Saunders Collection according to Horn et al. (1990) and Cambefort (2006). Furthermore, the locality “ Siam ” on the label of this specimen is accordant with the type locality indicated by Westwood (1873). Hence, we considered the third female specimen as part of the type series. Mouthparts of G. despectus were illustrated in the original description, and only the specimen in OXUM was dissected and mouthparts mounted on a card ( Fig. 111 ). As Janson (1917) stated, this is usual for Westwood’s type. Therefore, this female specimen is undoubted a syntype, although the locality on label reads “ Cambodia ” which does not agree with the type locality. Besides, two more females also collected by Henri Mouhot from Cambodia and Siam were found in MNHN bearing label “Ex. Musaeo Parry” ( Figs. 112–114 ). Many species described in Westwood (1873) were definitely referred to Parry Collection, but this is not the case with G. despectus . It is suggested that the two females came to Parry Collection later than the year 1873. Furthermore, there is no convincing evidence to prove that these two specimens are purchased from Saunders Collection, and thus none can be treated as syntype.

To preserve the stability of nomenclature, the female in BMNH is here designated as lectotype: Siam [rounded label] // Pilinurgus despectus Westw. (type) [Waterhouse’s handwriting] // Bowring, 63·47* // Type [rounded label with red border]. Two paralectotypes labeled: 1♀ ( OXUM, Figs. 109–111 ), Pilinurgus despectus Westw. , Mon. pl 9, f. 3, Cambodia, Mouhot, Steven 1861 [Westwood’s handwriting on blue label] // Co-type, Westwood, Thes. Ent. p. 32, T. 9, f. 3, Coll. Hope. Oxon. // Goliathopsis despectus Westw. Type, test O.E.Janson, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1917, p. 110 [Janson’s handwriting] // Goliathopsis despectus Westw. Type, test O.E.Janson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1917, p. 110, ♀ [Janson’s handwriting] // t. 1912-1920. O.E.Janson. // Goliathopsis despectus Westw. t. G.J.Arrow. in B.M. 1907 // TYPE COL: 850, Pilinurgus despectus Westwood , HOPE DEPT. OXFORD; 1♀ ( MHNH), Siam, Mouhot// MU- SEUM PARIS, 1952, Coll. R. Oberthür // Ex. Musaeo D. Sharp 1890 // Pilinurgus despectus Westw. , nov., Pl9 f3, (pinguidine obscurata) [handwriting].

All the six specimens (4 males, 2 females) of Goliathopsis capreolus in MSNG bear an identical printed date-locality label and conform to the original description ( Gestro 1888): they were all collected from Moulmein, southern Myanmar by Mr. Leonardo Fea (1852–1903) in May 1887. Although a printed type label ( TYPUS) alongside only one specimen of each sex ( Figs. 118, 121 ), all of them must be regarded as syntypes. Additionally, the specimens in BMNH (1 male), MFNB (2 males), MHNG (1 female), MNHN (1 male and 1 female), IRSNB (1 male and 1 female) all attached the identical date-locality label; another three specimens (1 male in MNHN, 1 male and 1 female in MFNB) with handwritten label reflecting “collected from Burma by Fea in May 1887 ” are also treated as syntypes, because the labeling indicates that those specimens were part of the type series originally preserved in MSNG and were exchanged after G. capreolus been named (Roberto Poggi, personal communication, March 2018). More potential syntypes perhaps exist in other European museums we have not visited. While, the female specimen bearing a handwritten label of data “Moulmein” in MNHN was not regarded as syntype due to the label style is different and no additional information to confirm it belonged to the original type series .

To preserve nomenclatural stability, the male ( Figs. 115–118 ) in MSNG bearing a handwritten type label of Gestro is here designated as lectotype: Tenasserim, Moulmein, Fea Maggio 1887 // F. caves [Gestro’s handwriting] // Museo Civ. Genova [orange label]// TYPUS [red ink]// capreolus Gestro , ♂ ♀ [Gestro’s handwriting] // Goli- athopsis capreolus Gestro , typus! ♂ ♀ [Gestro’s handwriting]. Sixteen examined paralectotypes (10♂♂, 6♀♀) of Goliathopsis capreolus : 1♀ ( MSNG, Figs. 119–121 ), Tenasserim, Moulmein, Fea Maggio 1887 // F. caves [Gestro’s handwriting] // Museo Civ. Genova [orange label]// TYPUS [red ink]; 1♂ ( MSNG), Tenasserim, Moulmein, Fea Maggio 1887 // Farm. caves [Gestro’s handwriting] // Museo Civ. Genova [orange label]// Goliathopsis despectus Westw., G.J.Arrow det. [Arrow’s handwriting]; 2♂♂, 1♀ ( MSNG), Tenasserim, Moulmein, Fea Maggio 1887 // F. caves [Gestro’s handwriting] // Museo Civ. Genova [white label]; 1♂ ( BMNH), Tenasserim, Moulmein, Fea Maggio 1887 // Deuts. Ent. Mus. 1909-157 // Goliathopsis despectus Westw. // G.J.Arrow det.; 2♂♂ ( MFNB), Tenasserim, Moulmein, Fea Maggio 1887; 1♂, 1♀ ( MFNB), Burma, Maggio, Fea; 1♀ ( MHNG), Tenasserim, Moulmein, Fea Maggio 1887; 1♂ ( MNHN), Goliathopsis capreolus Gestro , typus! Moulmein, Fea [Gestro’s handwriting] // cap- reolus gestro, moulmein [unidentified handwriting]// MUSEUM PARIS, 1952, Coll. R. Oberthür; 1♀ ( MNHN, de Lisle coll.), Tenasserim, Moulmein, Fea Maggio 1887 // F. caves [Gestro’s handwriting] // PARATYPE [red label]; 1♂ ( MNHN), Tenasserim, Moulmein, Fea. Maggio 1887 // Goliathopsis capreolus Gestro , ex typ. [unidentified handwriting] // MUSEUM PARIS, 1936, DE LISLE [blue label]// Goliathopsis despectus (Westw.) = capreolus Gestro, Ph. ANTOINE det. 1990 [white label]// SYNTYPE [red label]// SYNTYPE, Goliathopsis capreolus Gestro, 1888 [white label]// MNHN, EC 7184 [white label]; 1♂, 1♀ ( IRSNB), Coll. R. I. Sc. N. B., Tenasserim, Moulmein, Fea Maggio 1887 // Goliathopsis capreolus Gestro , det. Gestro 1888 [handwriting]// Paratype.

Except for the printed date-locality label, a handwritten label “F. caves” attached to each syntype in MSNG. According to the collecting routes of Mr. Leonardo Fea presented in Gestro (1888), Fea had been Farm caves of Moulmein in May 1887. Gestro probably added the label of precise site by his own handwriting, and the type locality of G. capreolus Gestro is thus considered as Farm Caves. The caves (N 16°32’00.08’’, E 97°42’52.41’’, alt. 80 m) also called Kayon Caves or Kha-Yone Cave, which are situated at Kayon Hill about 13 km northeast of Mawlamyine (formerly Moulmein) in southern Myanmar ( Chhibber 1928).

Other material examined (3♀♀). CAMBODIA: 1♀ ( MNHN), Pilinurgus despectus Westw. , Cambodia [Parry’s handwriting] // Ex. Musaeo Parry // MUSEUM PARIS, 1952, Coll. R. Oberthür // despectus Westw. Cambodia. THAILAND: 1♀ ( MNHN), Siam, Mouhot // MUSEUM PARIS, 1952, Coll. R. Oberthür // Ex. Musaeo Parry. MYANMAR: 1♀ ( MNHN), Moulmein // Ex. Musaeo H.W.Bates 1892 // MUSEUM PARIS, 1952, Coll. R. Oberthür.

Diagnosis. Body length 12.0–13.0 mm; width 6.5–7.0 mm. Dorsal surface and pygidium clad with brown tomentum ( Figs. 115, 117, 119 ). Midline on pronotum and scutellum yellow, distinct. Elytron usually with four light brown maculae: a small one on posthumeral area ( Fig. 117 ), sometimes absent; a small one on the mediodiscal area near sutural costa; a large one on the median portion of lateral declivity; a large one on the postdiscal areas near sutural costa ( Fig. 119 ), sometimes split up ( Fig. 115 ). Disc of elytron with U- or drop shaped, setiferous punctures ( Fig. 6 ); setae long. Pygidium with rounded, setiferous punctures ( Figs. 24–25 ). Cephalic horns of male slender, without tomentum, not constricted at base ( Fig. 14 ). Male genitalia small ( Figs. 48–49 ), proximal and distal parts of parameres expanded in apical view, medially constricted, apex sharp; parameres near flat in lateral view, basal piece slender.

This species is close to Goliathopsis ferreroi , but setae on elytra shorter ( Fig. 117 ; longer in G. ferreroi , Fig. 140 ), punctures on pygidium larger and sparser ( Figs. 24–25 ; smaller and denser in G. ferreroi , Figs. 30–31 ), outer line of parameres distal part evenly arcuate ( Fig. 48 ; obtusely angled in G. ferreroi , Fig. 46 ).

Distribution. Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia.

Nomenclature. Following article 21.5 ( ICZN 1999), the date of Goliathopsis despectus should be cited as 1873, because Westwood’s Thesaurus Entomologicus Oxoniensis was published in four parts with different date ( Krikken 1984).

Remarks. When Goliathopsis capreolus was described, Gestro (1888) has not realized that his new species actually is the third named taxon of the genus, and only compared it with G. cervus . Based on the examination of types, Arrow (1910) later regarded G. capreolus as a synonym of G. despectus . Goliathopsis despectus was originally described based on greasy females, and the tomentum on the body surface is indiscernible, while the tomentum of most type specimens of G. capreolus is in good condition. Nevertheless, the shape of setiferous punctures and the length of setae on the dorsal surface of the types indicate that they are conspecific, and the appearance of the types of G. despectus is obviously identical to the two greasy Goliathopsis specimens in MFNB which were collected by Fea from Myanmar. Thus these type specimens of the two species are confirmed conspecific.

Apart from the specimens from the historical collections, no further records for Goliathopsis despectus up to now, and the actual distribution of this species is still unclear. According to his exploration route ( Mouhot & Hodgkin 1862), the Cambodian specimens collected by Henri Mouhot (1826–1861) probably from the northern part, while the collecting site of the specimens from Thailand cannot be presumed due to Mouhot explored several parts of this country.

Figures

FIGURE 164. Known distribution of Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 species. Syncretic markers indicate identical or very close localities; type localities of the known species are marked, that of G. despectus (Westwood, 1873), G. cervus Janson, 1881, and G. esquiroli Pouillaude, 1913 are missing because the precise type localities are unknown.

FIGURES 1–12. Characters of Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 species. 1–4, mouthparts of Goliathopsis duponti Antoine, 1991: 1, epipharynx; 2, mandibles; 3, maxillae; 4, labium. 5–12, setiferous punctures on the disc of elytron: 5, G. cervus Janson, 1881; 6, G. despectus (Westwood, 1873), paralectotype of G. capreolus Gestro, 1888 in BMNH; 7, G. duponti Antoine, 1991; 8, G. esquiroli Pouillaude, 1913; 9, G. ferreroi Antoine, 1991; 10, G. gressitti Ruter, 1978; 11, G. lameyi Fairmaire, 1893; 12, G. velutinus Pouillaude, 1913.

FIGURES 13–21. Cephalic horns of Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 species (dorsal view). 13, G. cervus Janson, 1881; 14, G. despectus (Westwood, 1873), paralectotype of G. capreolus Gestro, 1888 in MNHN; 15, G. duponti Antoine, 1991; 16, G. es- quiroli Pouillaude, 1913; 17–18, G. ferreroi Antoine, 1991; 19, G. gressitti Ruter, 1978; 20, G. lameyi Fairmaire, 1893; 21, G. velutinus Pouillaude, 1913.

FIGURES 22–37. Pygidium of Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 species (male in left, female in right; posterior view). 22–23, G. cer- vus Janson, 1881; 24–25, G. despectus (Westwood, 1873), lectotype and paralectotype of G. capreolus Gestro, 1888 in MSNG; 26–27, G. duponti Antoine, 1991; 28–29, G. esquiroli Pouillaude, 1913; 30–31, G. ferreroi Antoine, 1991; 32–33, G. gressitti Ruter, 1978; 34–35, G. lameyi Fairmaire, 1893; 36–37, G. velutinus Pouillaude, 1913.

FIGURES 38–53. Male genitalia of Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 species (apical and lateral view). 38–39, G. lameyi Fairmaire, 1893; 40–41, G. esquiroli Pouillaude, 1913; 42–43, G. velutinus Pouillaude, 1913; 44–45, G. duponti Antoine, 1991; 46–47, G. ferreroi Antoine, 1991; 48–49, G. despectus (Westwood, 1873), paralectotype of G. capreolus Gestro, 1888 in MNHN; 50–51, G. gressitti Ruter, 1978; 52–53, G. cervus Janson, 1881.

FIGURES 109–114. Goliathopsis despectus (Westwood, 1873). 109–111, female paralectotype in OXUM and labels (photograph by Amoret Spooner); 112–114, non-type female in MHNH from Combodia and labels.

FIGURES 115–121. Type specimens of Goliathopsis capreolus Gestro, 1888 in MSNG. 115–118, male lectotype and labels; 119–121, female paralectotype and labels.

FIGURES 138–143. Type specimens of Goliathopsis ferreroi Antoine, 1991 in MNHN. 138–141, male holotype and labels; 142–143, female paratype (allotype) and labels.