Siphamia, Lachner, 1953

Gon, Ofer & Allen, Gerald R., 2012, 3294, Zootaxa 3294, pp. 1-84 : 16-17

Key to the species of Siphamia

1 Light organ striated ( Fig. 2b)............................................................................ 2

- Light organ with scattered dark brown dots or pale ( Fig. 2c)................................................... 14

2 First dorsal-fin spines 6; second dorsal spine long, 0.9–1.2 in third spine (Ryukyu and Ogasawara islands to northern Australia and Tonga);.................................................................................... majimai

- First dorsal-fin spines 7; second dorsal spine shorter, 1.3–2.2 in third spine........................................ 3

3 Pectoral-fin rays 13 (rarely 12 or 14)...................................................................... 4

- Pectoral-fin rays 14–16 (rarely 13)....................................................................... 6

4 Lateral line complete, with 23–24 tubed scales; 1 developed gill rakers on upper limb; body with irregular patches of small dark dots mostly above and below midline of body ( Philippines and Western Australia)....................... argentea

- Lateral line incomplete, with 0–11 tubed scales; 2 (rarely 1) developed gill rakers on upper limb; body colour not as described above............................................................................................... 5

5 Body peppered with small dark dots overlaid with variable amount of orange dots (no orange dots in alcohol); tubed lateralline scales rarely more than 2; total developed gill rakers 10–12 (usually 11) (Philippine and Caroline islands to northern Australia and Tonga)................................................................................... jebbi

- Body with two narrow dark stripes, lower from tip of snout along middle of body to caudal-fin base and upper from snout and above eye to below origin of second dorsal fin; tubed lateral-line scales 8–11; total developed gill rakers 12 (rarely 11) (western New Guinea)........................................................................... stenotes n. sp.

6 Lateral line usually complete with 23–24 tubed scales (rarely 19–22)............................................ 7

- Lateral line incomplete, usually with 2–19 (rarely up to 21) tubed scales.......................................... 8

7 Body width 1.8 in the depth; median perdorsal scales 0–1; supranerual bones 2 (Queensland)................... guttulata

- Body width 1.9–2.2 in the depth; median predorsal scales 3–5 (usually 4); one supraneural bone (Indo-West Pacific)... tubifer

8 Tubed lateral-line scales 2–16 (rarely more than 14).......................................................... 9

- Tubed lateral-line scales 15–21 (rarely 14 or 21) (eastern Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Woleai Atoll, Vanuatu, New Caledonia and Chesterfield Island)................................................................... spinicola n. sp.

9 Tubed lateral-line scales 6–12; pectoral-fin rays 15–16 (rarely 14).............................................. 10

- Tubed lateral-line scales 2–3; pectoral-fin rays 13–14 (rarely 15) (southern Red Sea)....................... goreni n. sp.

10 Total developed gill rakers 8–9......................................................................... 11

- Total developed gill rakers 9–12 (usually 10–11)........................................................... 12

11 Total developed gill rakers 8 (rarely 7 or 9); serrations on preopercular edge 25–35; caudal fin length 3.95–4.3 in SL; pelvic-fin spine length 1.4–1.7 in pelvic fin; length of third dorsal-fin spine 2.0– 2.5 in head length (Gulf of Oman)...... arabica n. sp.

- Total developed gill rakers 9; serrations on preopercular edge 3–19; caudal fin length 3.3–3.7 in SL; pelvic-fin spine length 1.7–1.9 in pelvic fin; length of third dorsal-fin spine 2.4–3.0 in head length (western Indian Ocean)........... mossambica

12 Tubed lateral-line scales 11–16; length of second anal-fin spine 5.5–7.2 in head length (Marshall and Line islands)........................................................................................... fuscolineata

- Tubed lateral-line scales 8–12 (usually 9–11); length of second anal-fin spine 4.7–5.9 in head length.................. 13

13 Light organ length 1.1–1.4 in caudal peduncle length ( New Caledonia, Tonga and Fiji)..................... fraseri n. sp.

- Light organ length 1.65–2.7 in caudal peduncle length (Society and Cook islands)....................... randalli n. sp.

14 First dorsal-fin spines 6............................................................................... 15

- First dorsal-fin spines 7............................................................................... 17

15 Dorsal-fin rays 10–11; anal-fin rays 10–11; pectoral-fin rays 14–15 (Queensland and NSW).................. roseigaster

- Dorsal-fin rays 8–9; anal-fin rays 8 (rarely 9); pectoral-fin rays 11–13 (rarely 14)................................. 16

16 Developed gill rakers on upper limb 2–3 (rarely 1 or 4); total developed gill rakers 15–18; gill rakers on ceratobranchial 9–10 (NSW, South Australia)........................................................................ cephalotes

- No developed gill rakers on upper limb; total developed gill rakers 6–7; gill rakers on ceratobranchial 6 (Queensland and Western Australia)................................................................................. cuneiceps

17 Pectoral-fin rays 11 (rarely 12); body depth 2.6–3.3 in SL; several irregular dark markings or blotches present midlaterally along body; large, ovate dark spot (or cluster of small spots) on caudal-fin base................................... 18

- Pectoral-fin rays 12–13 (rarely 11); body depth 2.25–2.7 in SL (2.7–3.1 in tubuata); midlateral marks of blotches on body and large, dark spot on caudal-fin base absent (midlateral marks, but not dark caudal spot, present in tubulata ).............. 19

18 Tubed lateral-line scales 14–23; preopercular edge with 11–27 (usually 14–23) serrations ( Philippines)........... elongata

- Tubed lateral-line scales 6–13; preopercular edge with 0–12 (usually 6–10) serrations ( Philippines, eastern Indonesia, Sabah, PNG)....................................................................................... corallicola

19 Tubed lateral-line scales 0–13; body depth 2.2–2.7 in SL; pectoral fin length 3.9–4.95 in SL; eye diameter 2.5–3.3 in head length; light organ of adults ending posteriorly at about mid-length of caudal peduncle............................. 20

- Tubed lateral-line scales 20–21; body depth 2.7–3.1 in SL; pectoral fin length 4.9–5.9 in SL; eye diameter 3.0– 3.7 in head length; light organ of adults ending posteriorly at vertical with anteriormost procurrent caudal rays (northwestern Australia, New Guinea and Queensland)..................................................................... tubulata

20 Tubed lateral-line scales 0–8; preopercular edge with 2–15 (usually 3–12) small serrations.......................... 21

- Tubed lateral-line scales 8–14; preopercular edge with 10–22 (usually 12–16) small serrations ( Indonesia)........ fistulosa

21 A narrow, blue horizontal stripe across eye above and below pupil (absent in preserved fish); light organ length 1.25–3.5 in caudal peduncle length ( Indonesia)....................................................... cyanophthalma n. sp.

- No blue stripes across eye; light organ on peduncle shorter................................................... 22

22 Pupil at least partially encircle by brownish orange pigment (dark brown in alcohol); tubed lateral-line scales 3–8 (rarely 2); maximum light organ length 4.0 in caudal peduncle length ( Fig. 3c) (Ryukyu Islands)...................... senoui n. sp.

- Iris silvery without brownish orange pigment; tubed lateral-line scales 0–2; maximum light organ length 9.7 in caudal peduncle length ( Fig. 3c) ( Papua New Guinea)......................................................... brevilux n. sp.