Paramacrobiotus areolatus ( Murray, 1907a )

Kaczmarek, Łukasz, Michalczyk, Łukasz & Mcinnes, Sandra J., 2015, Annotated zoogeography of non-marine Tardigrada. Part II: South America, Zootaxa 3923 (1), pp. 1-107 : 83-84

205. Paramacrobiotus areolatus ( Murray, 1907a) sensu lato [T]

Makrobiotus aff. areolatus Murray ( Richters 1911a)

Macrobiotus areolatus Murray (Murray & Wailes 1913)

M. areolatus Murr. ( Iharos 1969)

Macrobiotus areolatus Murray, 1907 ( Rossi & Claps 1980, Claps & Rossi 1984, Maucci 1988, Jerez & Narváez 2001, Nickel et al. 2001, Moly de Peluffo et al. 2006, Peluffo et al. 2007) M. areolatus Murray, 1907 ( Claps & Rossi 1988)

Macrobiotus areolatus J. Murr., 1907 ( Rossi & Claps 1989) M. areolatus Murray ( Claps & Rossi 1997)

Terra typica: Svalbard ( Spitsbergen) ( Norway, Arctic Ocean)

Argentina:

• 24°44′S, 65°29′W; 1,350 m asl: Salta Province, San Lorenzo, lichens on wood on soil in the mountains. Claps & Rossi (1984)

• 24°45′S, 65°28′W; 1,300 m asl: Salta Province, road from Salta to San Lorenzo, lichens on trees (2 samples). Claps & Rossi (1984)

• 25°38′S, 65°39′W; 1,250 m asl: Salta Province, road from Cafayate to Salta, mosses on tree and mosses on tree in the mountains (2 samples). Claps & Rossi (1984)

• 27°57′S, 58°48′W; 50 m asl: Corrientes Province, Empedrado, Paraje Sombrerito, mosses on fallen tree. Claps & Rossi (1988)

• 35°40′S, 63°44′W; 143 m asl: La Pampa Province, General Pico, mosses and lichens on trees. Moly de Peluffo et al. (2006)

• 36°22′S, 56°43′W; 0 m asl: Buenos Aires Province, San Clemente del Tuy, lichens on tree ( Eucalyptus ) in full sun, lichens on tree ( Eucalyptus ) in shade, lichens on tree (Tamarisk) in near the forest and lichens on tree (Tamarisk) in full sun (4 samples). Rossi & Claps (1980)

• 36°24′S, 56°57′W; 0 m asl: Buenos Aires Province, Port General Lavalle, lichens on tree (Tamarisk) in full sun and lichens on tree ( Eucalyptus ) (3 samples). Rossi & Claps (1980)

• 36°39′S, 64°17′W; 177 m asl: La Pampa Province, Santa Rosa [Santa Rosa de Toay], mosses and lichens on trees ( Robinia pseudoacacia , few species of Fraxinus or Prosopis caldenia ). Peluffo et al. (2007)

• 40°49′S, 63°00′W; 0 m asl: Rio Negro Province, Viedma, mosses on soil. Rossi & Claps (1989)

• 50°06′S, 73°18′W; 200 m asl: Santa Cruz Province, Los Glaciares National Park, shores of Argentino Lake, near the Onelli glacier, Nothofagus forests, in the shade, mosses and lichens on trees and rocks. Maucci (1988)

Bolivia:

• 14°49′S, 69°04′W; 11–12,000 ft asl / 3,350–3,650 m asl: La Paz Department, Pelechuco. Murray & Wailes (1913)

Chile:

• 33°04′S, 71°00′W; 1,000 m asl: Region RM Metropolitana (Región Metropolitana de Santiago), Tiltil, Cuesta La Dormida, soil on dry forest (2 samples). Iharos (1969)

• 51°44′S, 72°30′W; 0 m asl: Region XII Magallanes (Región de Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena), Puerto Natales, mosses on trees and rocks. Maucci (1988)

Colombia:

• 07°07′N, 73°02′W; 970– 1,850 m asl: Santander Department, El Diviso Natural Reserve, Cypress forest (Cupresus lusitanica) and trail, moss ( Lyperodon tomentosus ). Jerez & Narváez (2001)

Paraguay:

• 22°39′S, 57°46′W; 50 m asl: Concepción Department, Puerto Max, between Concepción and Rio Ata, lichens, mosses and hepatics ( Forsstroemia cuspidata and Frullania sp.). Richters (1911a)

• 25°20′S, 57°13′W; 200 m asl: Cordillera Department, Cordillera de Altos, Tucangua, mosses and lichens on palm tree ( Acrocomia sclerocarpa ). Richters (1911a)

Peru:

• 13°04′48′′S, 72°18′00′′W; 2,350 m asl [13 ° 10′S, 72 ° 33′W; 2,500 m asl]: Cusco Region, Machu Picchu, mosses or lichens. Nickel et al. (2001)

• 13°12′S, 69°38′W; 1–3,000 ft asl / 300–900 m asl: Madre de Dios Region, Tambopata Valley. Murray & Wailes (1913)

• 13°08′24′′S, 72°10′12′′W; 2,300 m asl [13 ° 15′S, 72 ° 16′W; 2,850 m asl]: Cusco Region, Ollantaytambo, mosses or lichens. Nickel et al. (2001)

Uruguay:

• 30°15′S, 57°36′W; 50 m asl: Artigas Department, Bella Unión, mosses or lichens on rocks, trees or posts or aquatic macrophytes. Claps & Rossi (1997)

• 30°57′S, 57°31′W; 50 m asl: Salto Department, Termas del Arapey, mosses or lichens on rocks, trees or posts or aquatic macrophytes. Claps & Rossi (1997)

• 31°03′S, 57°38′W; 50 m asl: Salto Department, Arroyo Palomas, mosses or lichens on rocks, trees or posts or aquatic macrophytes. Claps & Rossi (1997)

• 32°31′S, 55°46′W: Undefined locality, Cañada Cousillas, mosses or lichens on rocks, trees or posts or aquatic macrophytes. Claps & Rossi (1997)

• 34°10′S, 55°49′W; 50 m asl: Florida Department, Arroyo San Juan, mosses or lichens on rocks, trees or posts or aquatic macrophytes. Claps & Rossi (1997)

• 34°25′S, 57°44′W; 50 m asl: Colonia Department, Riachuelo, mosses or lichens on rocks, trees or posts or aquatic macrophytes. Claps & Rossi (1997)

Record numbers: Argentina: 10, Bolivia: 1, Chile: 2, Colombia: 1, Paraguay: 2, Peru: 3, Uruguay: 6; total: 25.

Remarks: The genus Paramacrobiotus (until recently a species group within Macrobiotus ) is currently divided into two groups: richtersi and areolatus (with and without macroplacoid, respectively). P. areolatus , once considered cosmopolitan ( McInnes 1994a), is now recognised as the nominal species for a group of very similar taxa that require careful taxonomic examination of adults and egg morphology for correct identification. Recently, new species belonging to the areolatus group have been described from Central and South America (e.g. Michalczyk & Kaczmarek 2006b, Degma et al. 2008, Kaczmarek et al. 2014b). In the light of these reports and because P. areolatus was originally described from the Arctic, we feel all records of this species from South America should be treated with caution until relevant examples are re-examined or the presence in the region is otherwise verified.