Kinnecaris uranusi, Karanovic & Cooper, 2011

Karanovic, Tomislav & Cooper, Steven J. B., 2011, Molecular and morphological evidence for short range endemism in the Kinnecaris solitaria complex (Copepoda: Parastenocarididae), with descriptions of seven new species 3026, Zootaxa 3026 (1), pp. 1-64 : 37-42

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.3026.1.1
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03924C3A-FF80-A639-FF41-FF1AAB42F9B6
treatment provided by	Felipe
scientific name	Kinnecaris uranusi
status	sp. nov.

Treatment

Kinnecaris uranusi sp. nov.

( Figs. 15–18 View FIGURE 15 View FIGURE 16 View FIGURE 17 View FIGURE 18 )

Type locality. Australia, Western Australia, Yilgarn region, Yeelirrie pastoral station, bore line 1, bore YYAC0016 A, 27.1657429˚ S 119.8722617 ˚E.

Type material. Holotype male dissected on one slide ( WAM C47194); allotype female dissected on one slide ( WAM C47195); one paratype male on SEM stub in toto coated with carbon ( WAM C47196); one paratype male dissected on one slide ( WAM C47197); one paratype female dissected on one slide ( WAM C47198); five paratype males in alcohol ( WAM C 47199); all collected at type locality, leg. T. Karanovic & S. Callan, 20 March 2010, seLN8415.

Other material examined. One female destroyed for DNA sequence (amplification successful; see Fig. 23 View FIGURE 23 ); 1 female + 1 copepodid in alcohol; Australia, Western Australia, Yilgarn region, Yeelirrie pastoral station, bore line H, bore TPB33-1, 27.133739˚ S 119.827871 ˚E, leg. T. Karanovic & S. Callan, 18 March 2010, seLN8563 .

One female destroyed for DNA sequence (amplification successful; see Fig. 23 View FIGURE 23 ); one female on SEM stub in toto coated with carbon ( WAM C47200) ; two males + one female + two copepodids in alcohol; Australia, Western Australia, Yilgarn region, Yeelirrie pastoral station, bore line F, bore YU2 , 27.137169 ˚ S 119.853157 ˚E, leg. T. Karanovic & G. Perina, 17 March 2010, seLN8536 .

One female destroyed for DNA sequence (amplification unsuccessful); four males + five females + 10 copepodids in alcohol; Australia, Western Australia, Yilgarn region, Yeelirrie pastoral station, bore line K, bore YYHC085 B, 27.247824˚ S 120.054676 ˚E, leg. T. Karanovic & S. Callan, 18 March 2010, seLN7131 .

Four males + two females on one SEM stub in toto coated with carbon ( WAM C47201) ; four males + five females in alcohol ( WAM C47202) ; 13 males + six females + 10 copepodids in alcohol; Australia, Western Australia, Yilgarn region, Yeelirrie pastoral station, bore line K, bore YYHC085 B, 27.247824˚ S 120.054676 ˚E, leg. T. Karanovic & S. Callan, 20 March 2010, seLN8419 .

One female destroyed for DNA sequence (amplification successful; see Fig. 23 View FIGURE 23 ); seven males + 17 females in alcohol; Australia, Western Australia, Yilgarn region, Yeelirrie pastoral station, bore line 1, bore YYD22, 27.167304˚ S 119.870456 ˚E, leg. S. Callan & N. Krawczyk, 15 March 2010, seLN8496 .

One male destroyed for DNA sequence (amplification unsuccessful); three males + one female in alcohol; Australia, Western Australia, Yilgarn region, Yeelirrie pastoral station, bore line 1, bore YYD26, 27.1686738˚ S 119.8701177 ˚E, leg. S. Callan & N. Krawczyk, 15 March 2010, seLN8479 .

10 males + six females + 2 copepodids in alcohol; Australia, Western Australia, Yilgarn region, Yeelirrie pastoral station, bore line 1, bore YYD26, 27.1686738˚ S 119.8701177 ˚E, leg. T. Karanovic & S. Callan, 20 March 2010, seLN8296 .

One male destroyed for DNA sequence (amplification unsuccessful); four males in alcohol; Australia, Western Australia, Yilgarn region, Yeelirrie pastoral station, bore line 2, bore YYAC1006 B, 27.1616404˚ S 119.8866403 ˚E, leg. T. Karanovic & S. Callan, 21 March 2010, seLN8553 .

One female in alcohol; Australia, Western Australia, Yilgarn region, Yeelirrie pastoral station, bore line 2, bore YYAC1007 A, 27.165236˚ S 119.883142 ˚E, leg. S. Callan & N. Krawczyk, 16 March 2010, seLN8524 .

Three females in alcohol; Australia, Western Australia, Yilgarn region, Yeelirrie pastoral station, bore line 2, bore YYAC1007 A, 27.165236˚ S 119.883142 ˚E, leg. T. Karanovic & S. Callan, 21 March 2010, seLN8546 .

One male in alcohol; Australia, Western Australia, Yilgarn region, Yeelirrie pastoral station, bore line 2, bore YYAC1007 A, 27.165236˚ S 119.883142 ˚E, leg. P. Bell & G. Perina, 27 August 2009, seLN7312 .

Two males + one female in alcohol; Australia, Western Australia, Yilgarn region, Yeelirrie pastoral station, bore line 1, bore YYD22, 27.167304˚ S 119.870456 ˚E, leg. P. Bell & G. Perina, 1 September 2009, seLN6610 .

One male in alcohol; Australia, Western Australia, Yilgarn region, Yeelirrie pastoral station, bore line H, bore TPB33-1, 27.133739˚ S 119.827871 ˚E, leg. P. Bell & S. Callan, 01 September 2009, seLN7303 .

One female destroyed for DNA sequence (amplification unsuccessful); Australia, Western Australia, Yilgarn region, Yeelirrie pastoral station, bore line C, bore YYHC0037 C, 27.2067173˚ S 119.9845332 ˚E, leg. T. Karanovic & S. Callan, 19 March 2010, seLN8597 .

Description. Male (based on holotype, several paratypes, and many additional specimens examined). Total body length from 368 to 436 µm (434 µm in holotype). Morphology extremely similar to Kinnecaris linel (see above), and only minute differences observable. Surface of integument of all somites with dense cover of shallow cuticular pits, and all somites after cephalothorax with several short rows of minute spinules ( Figs. 16A View FIGURE 16 , 17A View FIGURE 17 ); third and fourth urosomites with additional larger spinules ventrally or laterally ( Fig. 16C View FIGURE 16 ). Colour, naupliar eye, rostrum, body segmentation, and pore and sensilla pattern of all somites as in K. linel . Habitus ( Figs. 15A View FIGURE 15 , 16A View FIGURE 16 , 17A View FIGURE 17 ) cylindrical and very slender, without any dorsal demarcation between prosome and urosome, but with urosome much wider in lateral view, especially in those specimens with completely formed spermatophore; prosome/ urosome ratio about 0.65; greatest width from dorsal view hard to establish. Body length/width ratio about 9.6; cephalothorax as wide as genital somite in dorsal view. Integument equally strongly sclerotized as in K. linel or K. esbe , and also with deep and irregular depressions on all somites but especially on cephalothoracic shield and pleuras and tergites of three free prosomites. Cephalothorax with clearly visible double dorsal cuticular window posteriorly ( Figs. 15A View FIGURE 15 , 16B View FIGURE 16 ); fourth and fifth urosomites each with pair of lateral circular windows ( Figs. 15A View FIGURE 15 , 16C View FIGURE 16 ), that on fifth urosomite somewhat larger.

Cephalothorax ( Figs. 15A View FIGURE 15 , 16B View FIGURE 16 , 17B View FIGURE 17 ) almost 1.8 times as long as wide in dorsal view; representing about 17.5% of total body length. Surface of cephalic shield ( Figs. 15A View FIGURE 15 , 16B View FIGURE 16 ) ornamented as in K. linel , as well as tergites and pleuras of free pedigerous somites ( Figs. 16A View FIGURE 16 , 17A View FIGURE 17 ), except for dorsal pore on fifth pedigerous somites being absent visible, and generally fewer rows of minute spinules on each somite.

Genital somite ( Figs. 15A View FIGURE 15 , 18A, B View FIGURE 18 ) ornamented with several dorso-lateral short rows of spinules, in addition to three pairs of sensilla on posterior margin, and one pair of very small ventro-lateral cuticular pores in anterior part; no large spinules on this somite; spermatophore visible inside holotype and several paratypes and similar in size to that in K. esbe and K. lakewayi .

Third urosomite ( Fig. 16C View FIGURE 16 ) ornamented with four rows of five large spinules each in anterior half (two dorsolaterally and two ventro-laterally), in addition to six posterior sensilla, and many rows of minute spinules.

Fourth urosomite ( Fig. 16C View FIGURE 16 ) ornamented with two ventro-lateral short rows of four large spinules, ventrally from large and somewhat swollen lateral cuticular window; additionally ornamented with six posterior sensilla and several rows of minute spinules.

Fifth (preanal) urosomite ( Fig. 16C View FIGURE 16 ) with even larger and more swollen windows but without any large spinules, sensilla or pores; only ornamentation represented by shallow cuticular pits and numerous minute spinules, although not as many as in K. linel or K. esbe , and those along hyaline fringe very small and scarce.

Anal somite ( Fig. 15A View FIGURE 15 , 16A View FIGURE 16 , 17A View FIGURE 17 ) ornamented with pair of large dorsal sensilla at base of anal operculum, pair of lateral large cuticular pores in anterior half, two pairs of minute cuticular lateral pores close to posterior margin, and pair of slightly larger ventral cuticular pores at base of caudal rami, in additional to cuticular pits and rows of minute spinules; minute spinules getting extremely scarce or completely absent on dorsal side of anal somite (arrowed in Fig. 15A View FIGURE 15 ). Anal operculum very similar to that of K. linel , unornamented on outer surface, ornamented with row of slender spinules on inner surface, with highly convex and smooth distal margin, not reaching posterior end of anal somite, representing 63% of somite width. Anal sinus widely opened, with two diagonal rows of slen- der spinules on ventral side and transverse row of spinules on dorsal side ( Fig. 17C View FIGURE 17 ).

Caudal rami ( Figs. 15A View FIGURE 15 , 16D View FIGURE 16 , 17C View FIGURE 17 ) about 4.8 times as long as greatest width and 1.15 times as long as anal somite, generally cylindrical in all views, buth with noticable inflation around insertion of dorsal seta, slightly divergent, with space between them about 1.5 times one ramus width. Armature and ornamentation as in K. linel , but, because rami slightly less elongated, position of dorsal and lateral setae slightly different, as well as their relative lengths. Dorsal seta inserted closer to inner margin at about 3/5 of ramus length, 0.85 times as long as caudal ramus, triarticulate basally and smooth. Lateral setae also thin and smooth, inserted close to each other at 3/4 of ramus length; proximal seta which inserted closer to dorsal surface strongest and longest, about 0.3 times as long as ramus, twice as long as proximal seta which inserted closer to ventral side, and about 1.4 times as long distal lateral seta. Inner apical seta smooth and slender, inserted close to ventral surface, about 0.38 times as long as ramus. Middle apical seta strongest, inserted distally, without breaking plane, smooth, slightly curled, twice as long as outer apical seta and 0.2 times as long as whole body. Outer apical seta also strong and without breaking plane, but unipinnate distally and inserted closer to ventral side, about 0.9 times as long as ramus.

Antennula ( Fig. 16A View FIGURE 16 ), antenna ( Fig. 16A View FIGURE 16 ), mouth appendages ( Figs. 17B View FIGURE 17 , 18C View FIGURE 18 ), and first two pairs of swimming legs ( Figs. 17A, B View FIGURE 17 , 18C View FIGURE 18 ) as in K. linel .

Third swimming leg ( Figs. 15B View FIGURE 15 , 17D View FIGURE 17 ) also very similar to that in K. linel but apophysis proportionally longer, more tridimensional, and without apical notch (arrowed in Fig. 15B View FIGURE 15 ); longitudinal row of large spinules on outer margin also missing as in K. linel and K. esbe ; exopodal spine about 1.2 times as long as apophysis.

Fourth swimming leg ( Figs. 16E View FIGURE 16 , 17E View FIGURE 17 ) basis with five small spinules at base of endopod (but not very close to it), and endopod with seven (on right leg) or nine (on left leg) large spinules arranged into scoop-like structure. Apical seta on third exopodal segment 1.2 times as long as entire exopod and 3.2 times as long as outer spine.

Fifth and sixth legs ( Fig. 18A, B View FIGURE 18 ) without almost any difference from those in K. linel or K. esbe ; except fifth leg perhaps slightly more slender in distal part and reaching further posteriorly.

Female (based on allotype, several paratypes, and many additional specimens). Body length from 354 to 426 µm (405 µm in allotype). Habitus ( Fig. 18E View FIGURE 18 ), ornamentation of cephalothorax and free prosomites, colour and naupliar eye similar to those of male, except genital and first abdominal somite fused into double-somite and middle part slightly less slender in dorsal view, but more slender in lateral view. Prosome/urosome ratio 0.7; greatest width from dorsal view hard to establish; body length/width ratio 7.9; cephalothorax only slightly wider than genital double-somite.

Genital double-somite ( Figs. 15C View FIGURE 15 , 18E View FIGURE 18 ) slightly longer than wide, without any trace of subdivision except for pair of ancestral dorso-lateral sensilla at middle; additionally ornamented with six posterior sensilla (two dorsal, two ventral, and two lateral), several dorso-lateral rows of minute spinules, and one short row of five lateral large spinules in posterior half, as in K. linel . Genital complex ( Figs. 15C View FIGURE 15 , 18E View FIGURE 18 ) also similar to that in K. linel , but outer distal corners of operculum slightly more produced posteriorly (although not pointy).

Third urosomite ( Figs. 15C View FIGURE 15 , 18E View FIGURE 18 ) similar to that in male, with two groups of four large ventro-lateral spinules; lateral cuticular windows well developed and highly visible.

Fourth (preanal), and fifth (anal) urosomites also very similar to those in male ( Figs. 15C View FIGURE 15 , 18E View FIGURE 18 ), without any large spinules, except those in anal sinus.

Caudal rami ( Figs. 15A View FIGURE 15 , 18D View FIGURE 18 ) similar to those in male, slightly shorter than those in K. linel and significantly shorter than those in K. esbe , also more inflated at middle (arrowed in Fig. 15C View FIGURE 15 ).

Antennula ( Fig. 18E View FIGURE 18 ) also similar to that in K. linel , but with much more slender aesthetascs.

Antenna, mouth appendages, first swimming leg, second swimming leg ( Fig. 15D View FIGURE 15 ), and exopod of fourth swimming leg ( Fig. 15E View FIGURE 15 ) very similar to those in male and without any difference from those in K. linel .

Endopod of second swimming leg ( Fig. 15D View FIGURE 15 ), cylindrical, six times as long as wide, its apical seta 0.68 times as long as segment.

Third swimming leg ( Fig. 15E View FIGURE 15 ) similar to that in K.linel , but with less spinules along inner margin of endopod and with characteristic hump at ancestral border between segment and apical armature element.

Endopod of fourth swimming leg ( Fig. 15G View FIGURE 15 ), small and very slender, about seven times as long as wide, half as long as first exopodal segment, armed with single bipinnate seta apically; ornamented with few slender spinules along distal margin, at base of apical seta. Exopod similar to that of male.

Fifth leg ( Fig. 15C View FIGURE 15 ) as in male, and without any difference from that in K. linel ; cuticular window not observable.

Sixth legs ( Fig. 18E View FIGURE 18 ) vestigial, fused into simple bilobate cuticular plate, covering gonopore, unornamented and unarmed; outer distal corners well rounded (not produced into sharp processes), and slightly shorter than inner lobes.

Etymology. The name refers to Uranus, the ancient Greek deity of the sky, which gave name to a planet in our solar system, which in turn gave name to the chemical element Uranium, one of the important mineral deposits in the distribution range of this species, which was experimentally mined at Yeelirrie in the 1970s. The specific name is a noun in the genitive singular.

Variability. Body length in males ranges from 368 to 436 µm (395 µm average; n = 50), while in females it ranges from 354 to 426 µm (392 µm average; n = 50). Despite a relatively wide distribution of this species in Yeelirrie, no significant variable features were discovered, except the body length. Careful examination and many SEM photographs taken of specimens from the northern part of its range ( Figs. 15 View FIGURE 15 , 16 View FIGURE 16 ) and those from line K ( Figs. 17 View FIGURE 17 , 18 View FIGURE 18 ) also failed to reveal any geographical variation. Endopod of the male fourth leg always has seven spinules on the right leg and nine on the left ( Figs. 16E View FIGURE 16 , 17E View FIGURE 17 ), which is an unusual asymmetry, but it seems to be a character also in K. esbe sp. nov. and K. linel sp. nov.. The shape of the apohysis of the third leg in male ( Fig. 15B View FIGURE 15 ) is not variable, and is a very good morphological character, as are the groups of large spinules on the female urosome ( Fig. 15C View FIGURE 15 ); although latter do not differ from those in K. linel .

Remarks. Major similarities and differences between K. uranusi sp. nov. and K. linel sp. nov. are given in the remarks section for the latter species (see above), and the two seem to share the greatest number of morphological characters. Molecular data ( Fig. 23 View FIGURE 23 ), on the other hand, suggest that these two species are not so closely related, but rather indicate that K. uranusi is more closely related to an undescribed species from line P ( Kinnecaris sp. ) and to K. linesae sp. nov. The latter species, however, differs from K. uranusi in so many morphological characters that we have to accept the results of our molecular analysis with some reservation. Among other morphological differences suffice to mention here: the caudal rami shape ( Figs. 16D View FIGURE 16 , 21G View FIGURE 21 ), ornamentation of urosomites ( Figs. 18E View FIGURE 18 , 22A View FIGURE 22 ), ornamentation of the fourth leg basis and exopod in male ( Figs. 16E View FIGURE 16 , 17E View FIGURE 17 , 21F View FIGURE 21 ), and shape of the third leg apophysis in male ( Figs. 17D View FIGURE 17 , 21E View FIGURE 21 ).