Pilargis maculata Hartman, 1947

Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. & Harris, Leslie H., 2006, Revision of Pilargis de Saint-Joseph, 1899 (Annelida, Polychaeta, Pilargidae), Journal of Natural History 40 (3 - 4), pp. 119-159 : 140-147

Pilargis maculata Hartman, 1947

( Figure 8 A–F)

Pilargis maculata Hartman 1947, p 494 –496, Plate 60, Figures 1–5 ; Hartman 1968, p 385– 386, 4 figures; Blake 1994, p 282–283, Figure 10.5 .

Type material

Eastern Pacific Ocean : California, USA: lectotype (LACNHM-148) and paralectotype (LACNHM-147), all collected in Moss Beach , Marine View, San Mateo County, low intertidal, in crevice of sandstone, July 1933, coll. D. Hammond (148 with four fragments, two anterior ones; larger selected as lectotype; smaller anterior fragment 2 mm long, 0.9 mm wide in last setiger, 13 setigers; larger median fragment 44 mm long, 1 mm wide around its middle, ca. 195 setigers; some segments with a large egg in ventro-posterior space in the segment; a smaller fragment 8 mm long, 0.9 mm wide about its middle, 40 setigers. Paralectotype is a posterior and a median fragment, probably coming from different specimens, because they differ in their condition.

Redescription

Lectotype (LACNHM-148) anterior fragment twisted, 7 mm long, 0.7 mm wide at setiger 20, 50 setigers. Body pale, large, dark; dorsal cirri with pigmented glands, smaller dark glands on ventral surface of parapodial base. Verrucae sparse, minute, concentrated on anterior end, especially over palps and antennae; dorsal cirri with few verrucae ( Figure 8A ).

Prostomium fused dorsally with peristomium. Palps biarticulated; antennae rise from lateral elevations, at the base of palps, almost reach anterior margin of palps ( Figure 8B ). Dorsal tentacular cirri thicker, longer than ventral ones; subspherical gland close to the base of ventral tentacular cirri.

First setiger with dorsal cirri about as long as dorsal tentacular cirri, two times longer than dorsal cirri of second setiger. Parapodia with few contraction lines, short cirrophore and cirrostyles; dorsal cirrophore truncated. Pigmented dark glands below integument, arranged in an oblique elliptical area, concentrated over anterior surface of cirrophore ( Figure 8C ), starting from setiger 1 or 2; first as few glands, in following setigers individual size enlarges and increase their number. Dorsal cirrostyles digitate, about half the length of cirrophore ( Figure 8D ). Ventral cirri cirriform, smaller than acicular lobe. Ventral dark small glands, one or two per parapodium, are placed towards the parapodial base.

Most setae broken; setae include superior large, inferior smaller, bidentate laterally spinulose capillaries. Sometimes in anterior setigers, long setae may look smooth but they are finely spinulose ( Figure 8E ).

Posterior end (observed in a paralectotype) with pygidium rugose, without anal cirri. Pharynx not everted. Gut diverticula not seen by transparency, but present along the body ( Figure 8F ). Some segments have few eggs inside them, each 90–140 mm.

Discussion

Pettibone (1966) stated that this species is conspecific with P. berkeleyae Monro , but both can be recognized using glandular development over the dorsal cirrophore, being superficial and oval-shaped in this species, while in P. berkeleyae glands tend to fill the cirrophore and provide a dark color for it. The terms type and cotype should not be used in nomenclature ( ICZN 1999, Recomm. 73E); further, the type cannot be regarded as the holotype because it consists of two fragments, which apparently are not coming from the same specimen. One specimen formerly included as part of the cotype is herein being designated as the lectotype; it fits the original description.

Distribution

Restricted to the California current coastal ecosystem.

Pilargis modesta Intes and le Loeuff, 1975

( Figure 9 A–E)

Pilargis modesta Intes and le Loeuff 1975, p 299 , Figure 8 g–k.

Pilargis berkeleyae: Kirkegaard 1983, p 211 (non Monro, 1933).

Pilargis υerrucosa: Fauvel 1936, p 25–26; Katzmann et al. 1974, p 16–21, Figures 6 , 7 (partim: Figures 6B , 7B ) (non de Saint-Joseph, 1899).

Material examined

Northwestern Africa : holotype ( MNHN-A856 ) of Pilargis modesta Intes and le Loeuff, 1975 , coll. A. Intes and P. le Loeuff, off Ivory Coast, Stat. TD 7 (5 ° 05.49N, 3 ° 52.89W), 2 March 1966, 40 m.

Additional material

One complete specimen and a posterior fragment of a mature female (ZMUC-904), Bay of Lobito, Angola, Galathea Stat. 120 (12 ° 209S, 13 ° 409E), 20 December 1950, 27 m, id. J. B. Kirkegaard (complete 10.6 mm long, 1.3 mm wide, 376 setigers; posterior fragment 4 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 142 setigers). An anterior fragment ( MNHN-A 397), off Western Morocco, Stat. 102 (30 ° 409N, 9 ° 579W), 16 August 1926, 80 m, id. P. Fauvel (14 mm long, 1 mm wide, 74 setigers; darker than other materials, setigers 30–31 wider, breaking apart).

Redescription

Holotype mature female, colorless, posteriorly incomplete, damaged, breaking in several portions; 38 mm long, 1.1 mm wide, 212 setigers; body breaking apart by setiger 169/170. Body with many small verrucae over anterior end, less abundant in median segments, almost disappear completely by posterior end. Verrucae smaller, less abundant over parapodial lobes in median and posterior segments.

Prostomium dorsally free from prostomium; palps large biarticulated, directed ventrally. Lateral antennae over anterior prostomial margin; few tiny dark internal spherical structures. Tentacular cirri directed anteroventrally, both of about the same size ( Figure 9A ).

First setiger with dorsal cirri larger than the one of setiger 2. Parapodia with acuminate, globose dorsal cirri, digitate ventral cirri. Anterior parapodia with large dorsal cirri, about 1.3 times as long as ventral cirri; cirrophore massive with two to three middorsal verrucae, few spherical internal glands, cirrostyles small, about one-fifth as long as cirrophore. Setal lobe rounded with projected acicular lobe ( Figure 9C ). Median setigers with less abundant verrucae ( Figure 9D ), often setal lobe deeply invaginated in parapodium; dorsal cirri become larger, 1.5 times longer than ventral ones; size proportions between cirrophore and cirrostyles remain constant posteriorly but glands in cirrophore become more abundant. Posterior parapodia with large ova, each ca. 150 mm ( Figure 9E ), can be seen in holotype from setiger 87, continue to the end of fragment, more abundant by setiger 200 ( Figure 9B ). Neurosetae long or short, sometimes curled; few long capillaries, most limbates very finely spinulose, limbus almost smooth.

Posterior end (observed in specimens from Angola, ZMUC-904) with one asetiger before pygidial bulb. An inverted truncated cone, distally covered with verrucae; two lateral anal cirri, covered with smaller verrucae. Ova from setiger 87, each about 150 mm.

Discussion

The inclusion of some records of P. υerrucosa in P. modesta was briefly discussed under the latter species. The description of Pilargis modesta Intes and le Loeuff (1975) was overlooked by Kirkegaard (1983), who identified his material using the revision by Pettibone (1966). The name was not explained by Intes and le Loeuff; it might indicate the small size of animals, in comparison with P. berkeleyae , or more likely the weak development of dorsal verrucae. The original illustration shows very large divergent tentacular cirri but they are actually directed forwards and are rather short. There are two interesting features regarding the verrucae in P. modesta : they are linked to the internal layer through a very thin cuticle tunnel, without the internal development seen in other species, and fungiform verrucae are possibly artifacts, as they are not necessarily fixed over a cuticle tunnel. The verrucae in this species are very flat, with a tiny discoid outer layer and a hardly visible thin cuticle tunnel. Further, in two notes related to P. modesta ( Intes and le Loeuff 1975, p 299; Kirkegaard 1983, p 211), neurosetae were described as spinulose, but all have smooth limbus.

Pilargis modesta differs from P. berkeleyae in that the former has conical or slightly swollen dorsal cirrophores (two to three times wider than the cirrostyles), and little glandular development, while in P. berkeleyae the dorsal cirrophore is globose (four to five times wider than the cirrostyles).

Pilargis sp. Uruguay

( Figure 9F )

Pilargis berkeleyae: Salazar-Vallejo and Orensanz 1991, p 274 , Figure 3 A–C. Material examined

Southwestern Atlantic Ocean: one anterior fragment in bad shape (MNHNM-1186).

Discussion

It was identified as, and formerly characterized in relation to P. berkeleyae , but it does not belong in it. The main difference is that this specimen does not have a large cirrophore nor do the pigmented glands layer in it ( Figure 9F ). Further, its lower shorter neurosetae are clearly spinulose and spines are large enough to be seen with low magnification (10X), while in P. berkeleyae neurosetae are very slightly spinulose. This seems to be an undescribed species, close to P. modesta , but different from it by having spinulose neurosetae. More and better material should be gathered in order to propose a new name.

Pilargis mohri Gallardo, 1968

( Figure 10 )

Pilargis mohri Gallardo 1968, p 60 –61, Plate 12, Figure 8 , Plate 13, Figures 1–6 .

Type material

Central Western Pacific Ocean : holotype (LANHM-326), RV Mao Tien, Stat. 73, 20 January 1960, 9 m, sandy mud, coll. T. N. Loi. Paratype ( LACNHM 1861 ), RV Stranger, Stat. 154-2, 24 February 1960, 43 m, mud, coll. T. N. Loi (two fragments; anterior one 29 mm long, 1.0 mm wide, 96 setigers; posterior one, slightly constricted 13 mm long, 0.9 mm wide, 57 setigers) .

Redescription

Holotype includes a long anterior, and a posterior fragment; anterior one 96 mm long, 1.0 mm wide, 179 setigers; posterior one 14 mm long, 1.0 mm wide, 33 setigers (plus a few more in regeneration). Body pale, tapered towards anterior and posterior end, slightly wider towards the middle of the body; abundant verrucae. Anterior and posterior ends with verrucae small, diffuse; dorsum with verrucae in three longitudinal bands, two lateral close to parapodial lobes, one mid-dorsal with larger verrucae ( Figure 10A ). Parapodial lobes with smaller, fewer verrucae, especially on dorsal cirri. Ventral cirri and ventral surface smooth.

Prostomium fused with peristomium. Palps divergent, rounded, palpostyles small rounded (cirriform in paratype). Lateral antennae placed about the middle of the prostomium, rounded, do not reach anterior margin of palps. Tentacular cirri cirriform, dorsal slightly longer and wider than ventral one, tips bent or slightly eroded.

Parapodial lobes short, as long as one-fourth to one-fifth of body width. First dorsal cirri slightly longer than dorsal cirri of setiger 2. Dorsal and ventral cirri fusiform; dorsal cirri one-tenth longer than ventral cirri. Cirrophore not distinct. No glandular material nor pigment spots. Paratype with ventral cirri longer than setal lobe ( Figure 10 B–E). Dorsal cirrophore with slightly smaller verrucae than those present on the back. Coelom with small eggs. Neurosetae few, very finely spinulose unidentate limbates, and many long smooth capillaries.

Posterior end regenerating about eight setigers; pygidium with verrucae and lateral anal cirri, slightly longer than adjacent verrucae (arranged in three or four concentric rows in paratype). Pharynx completely everted; it has a transparent outer layer with a muscular and glandular core that separate in distal and basal portions. Paratype with gut diverticula present from setiger 4; with small eggs in median and posterior setigers, each about 50 mm.

Remarks

Pilargis mohri differs from other species in the genus because it has a definite pattern of verrucae abundance, and parapodia are small, in relation to body width, making it resemble other pilargids with slender bodies, like Loandalia Monro.

Distribution

Restricted to the type locality, Southern Vietnam, Western Pacific Ocean .

Figures

Figure 1. Pilargis υerrucosa de Saint-Joseph, syntype MNHN-A278, female. (A) Anterior end in dorsal view; (B) posterior end in ventral view; (C) median setiger in anterior view; (D) posterior setiger in anterior view. Scale bars: 500 mm (A, B); 270 mm (C, D).

Figure 2. Pilargis υerrucosa de Saint-Joseph, juveniles. (A, B): ECOSUR (unnumbered): (A) anterior end in dorsal view, verrucae mostly omitted (inserts: close-up of some verrucae); (B) posterior end in ventral view. (C, D) SMF- 11214/1: (C) anterior end in dorsal view, most verrucae omitted; (D) posterior end in dorsal view. Scale bars: 125 mm (A, C, D); 112 mm (B).

Figure 3. Pilargis υerrucosa de Saint-Joseph. (A–D) MNHN-A437 Arcachon: (A) posterior end in ventral view; (B) right setiger 25 in anterior view; (C) right setiger 50 in anterior view; (D) right setiger 108 in anterior view. (E, F) MNHN-A71: (E) anterior setiger (insert: side view of a verruca on cirrophore); (F) posterior setiger (insert: side view of a verruca on cirrostyles). Scale bars: 450 mm (A, F); 600 mm (B–D); 300 mm (E).

Figure 4. (A–D) Pilargis angeli n. sp. UANL-1474: (A) anterior end in dorsal view (verrucae are mostly restricted to parapodia); (B) right setiger 10 in anterior view; (C) median setiger in anterior view; (D) right setiger 60 in anterior view. (E) Pilargis sp. juvenile BLM 85401 BF1, complete organism in dorsal view, slightly distorted by cover slip. Scale bars: 225 mm (A); 120 mm (B–D); 500 mm (E).

Figure 5. Pilargis berkeleyae Monro, holotype BMNH-1933.1.14.1. (A) Anterior end in dorsal view (body laterally distorted); (B) same, close-up; (C) right setiger 22 in posterior view; (D) right setiger 46 in posterior view; (E) dorsal view of setigers 41–44. Scale bars: 380 mm (A); 200 mm (B); 270 mm (C, D); 700 mm (E).

Figure 6. Pilargis berkeleyae Monro, juveniles LACNHM (unnumbered). (A) Anterior end in dorsal view (glandular areas dotted on parapodia); (B) median segments (108–113) in dorsal view; (C) same, ventral view showing parapodial dark glands. Scale bars: 350 mm (A); 400 mm (B); 300 mm (C).

Figure 7. Pilargis cholae n. sp., holotype USNM-86958. (A) Anterior end in dorsal view; (B) posterior end in ventral view; (C) right setiger 12 in anterior view; (D) right setiger 90 in anterior view; (E) last right setiger in anterior view (insert: enlargement of a verruca). Scale bars: 225 mm (A); 112 mm (B); 112 mm (C–E).

Figure 8. Pilargis maculata Hartman, lectotype LACNHM 148. (A) Anterior end in dorsal view; (B) same, enlarged; (C) median segments (41–44) in dorsal view; (D) left setiger 45 in anterior view; (E) neurosetae; (F) schematic cross-section of a parapodium showing gut diverticula separated in upper and lower sacs. Scale bars: 250 mm (A–C); 203 mm (D); 33 mm (E).

Figure 9. (A–E) Pilargis modesta Intes and le Loeuff, holotype MNHN-A856: (A) anterior end in dorsal view; (B) posterior segments (205–208) in dorsal view; (C) right setiger 12 in posterior view; (D) right setiger 80 in anterior view; (E) right posterior setiger in anterior view. (F) Pilargis sp. Uruguay, right setiger 12 in posterior view. Scale bars: 100 mm (A); 450 mm (B); 38 mm (C–D); 112 mm (E); 225 mm (F).

Figure 10. Pilargis mohri Gallardo. (A) Paratype LANHM 1861, posterior fragment in cross-section. (B–E) Holotype LANHM-326: (B) right setiger 20 in anterior view; (C) median right setiger (about 45th) in anterior view; (D) right setiger 49 in anterior view; (E) left setiger 97 in anterior view. Scale bars: 225 mm (A); 112 mm (B–E).